1
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Lucas M, Qin Y, Yang L, Sun G, Zhang J. Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of the 1-Methylallyl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5556-5566. [PMID: 38953902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation dynamics of the 1-methylallyl (1-MA) radical were studied using the high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight (HRTOF) technique in the wavelength region of 226-244 nm. The 1-MA radicals were produced by 193 nm photodissociation of the 3-chloro-1-butene and 1-chloro-2-butene precursor. The 1 + 1 REMPI spectrum of 1-MA agrees with the previous UV absorption spectrum in this wavelength region. Quantum chemistry calculations show that the UV absorption is mainly attributed to the 3pz Rydberg state (perpendicular to the allyl plane). The H atom photofragment yield (PFY) spectrum of 1-MA from 3-chloro-1-butene displays a broad peak around 230 nm, while that from 1-chloro-2-butene peaks at ∼236 nm. The translational energy distributions of the H atom loss product channel, P (ET)'s, show a bimodal distribution indicating two dissociation pathways in 1-MA. The major pathway is isotropic in product angular distribution with β ∼ 0 and has a low fraction of average translational energy in the total excess energy, ⟨fT⟩, in the range of 0.13-0.17; this pathway corresponds to unimolecular dissociation of 1-MA after internal conversion to form 1,3-butadiene + H. The minor pathway is anisotropic with β ∼ -0.23 and has a large ⟨fT⟩ of ∼0.62-0.72. This fast pathway suggests a direct dissociation of the methyl H atom on a repulsive excited state surface or the repulsive part of the ground state surface to form 1,3-butadiene + H. The fast/slow pathway branching ratio is in the range of 0.03-0.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ge Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Preitschopf T, Sturm F, Stroganova I, Lemmens AK, Rijs AM, Fischer I. IR/UV Double Resonance Study of the 2-Phenylallyl Radical and its Pyrolysis Products. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202943. [PMID: 36479856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isolated 2-phenylallyl radicals (2-PA), generated by pyrolysis from a nitrite precursor, have been investigated by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy using free electron laser radiation. 2-PA is a resonance-stabilized radical that is considered to be involved in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in combustion, but also in interstellar space. The radical is identified based on its gas-phase IR spectrum. Furthermore, a number of bimolecular reaction products are identified, showing that the self-reaction as well as reactions with unimolecular decomposition products of 2-PA form several PAH efficiently. Possible mechanisms are discussed and the chemistry of 2-PA is compared with the one of the related 2-methylallyl and phenylpropargyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Preitschopf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Floriane Sturm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iuliia Stroganova
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander K Lemmens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Röder A, Petersen J, Issler K, Fischer I, Mitrić R, Poisson L. Exploring the Excited-State Dynamics of Hydrocarbon Radicals, Biradicals, and Carbenes Using Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Field-Induced Surface Hopping Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10643-10662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Issler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Hirsch F, Constantinidis P, Fischer I, Bakels S, Rijs AM. Dimerization of the Benzyl Radical in a High-Temperature Pyrolysis Reactor Investigated by IR/UV Ion Dip Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018. [PMID: 29528193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the self-reaction of benzyl, C7 H7 , in a high-temperature pyrolysis reactor. The work is motivated by the observation that resonance-stabilized benzyl radicals can accumulate in reactive environments and contribute to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot. Reaction products are detected by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy, using infrared radiation from the free electron laser FELIX, and are identified by comparison with computed spectra. Among the reaction products identified by their IR absorption are several PAHs linked to toluene combustion such as bibenzyl, phenanthrene, diphenylmethane, and fluorene. The identification of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene provides evidence for a mechanism of phenanthrene formation from bibenzyl that proceeds by initial cyclization rather than an initial hydrogen loss to stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hirsch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland Süd, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Constantinidis
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland Süd, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland Süd, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sjors Bakels
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7-c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7-c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Brown AR, Franke PR, Douberly GE. Helium Nanodroplet Isolation of the Cyclobutyl, 1-Methylallyl, and Allylcarbinyl Radicals: Infrared Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Computations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7576-7587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaina R. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Peter R. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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6
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Röder A, Issler K, Poisson L, Humeniuk A, Wohlgemuth M, Comte M, Lepetit F, Fischer I, Mitric R, Petersen J. Femtosecond dynamics of the 2-methylallyl radical: A computational and experimental study. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:013902. [PMID: 28688397 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the photodynamics of the 2-methylallyl radical by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging. The experiments are accompanied by field-induced surface hopping dynamics calculations and the simulation of time-resolved photoelectron intensities and anisotropies, giving insight into the photochemistry and nonradiative relaxation of the radical. 2-methylallyl is excited at 236 nm, 238 nm, and 240.6 nm into a 3p Rydberg state, and the subsequent dynamics is probed by multiphoton ionization using photons of 800 nm. The photoelectron image exhibits a prominent band with considerable anisotropy, which is compatible with the result of theory. The simulations show that the initially excited 3p state is rapidly depopulated to a 3s Rydberg state, from which photoelectrons of high anisotropy are produced. The 3s state then decays within several 100 fs to the D1 (nπ) state, followed by the deactivation of the D1 to the electronic ground state on the ps time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Issler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michel Comte
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Fabien Lepetit
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Röder A, Humeniuk A, Giegerich J, Fischer I, Poisson L, Mitrić R. Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the benzyl radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:12365-12374. [PMID: 28453017 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a joint experimental and computational study of the nonradiative deactivation of the benzyl radical, C7H7, after UV excitation. Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging was applied to investigate the photodynamics of the radical. The experiments were accompanied by excited state dynamics simulations using surface hopping. Benzyl has been excited at 265 nm into the D-band (ππ*) and the dynamics was probed using probe wavelengths of 398 nm or 798 nm. At a probe wavelength of 398 nm a single time constant of around 70-80 fs was observed. When the dynamics was probed at 798 nm, a second time constant τ2 = 1.5 ps was visible, which can be attributed to further non-radiative deactivation to the lower-lying D1/D2 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Lang M, Holzmeier F, Hemberger P, Fischer I. Threshold Photoelectron Spectra of Combustion Relevant C4H5 and C4H7 Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3995-4000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lang
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
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10
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Samanta D, Rana A, Schmittel M. Quantification of Nonstatistical Dynamics in an Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cyclization without Trajectory Computation. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2368-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500035b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Anup Rana
- Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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11
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Herterich J, Gerbich T, Fischer I. Excited-State Dynamics of the 2-Methylallyl Radical. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3906-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Trevitt AJ, Prendergast MB, Goulay F, Savee JD, Osborn DL, Taatjes CA, Leone SR. Product Branching Fractions of the CH + Propene Reaction from Synchrotron Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6450-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404965k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Trevitt
- School of
Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW
2522 Australia
| | | | - Fabien Goulay
- Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, West Virginia
26506, United States
| | - John D. Savee
- Combustion
Research Facility,
Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion
Research Facility,
Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Craig A. Taatjes
- Combustion
Research Facility,
Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics,
and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Samanta D, Cinar ME, Das K, Schmittel M. Nonstatistical Dynamic Effects in the Thermal C2–C6 Diels–Alder Cyclization of Enyne–Allenes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1451-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Samanta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Emin Cinar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Kalpataru Das
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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