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Wu D, Tang Z, Dong L, Li G, Li D, Wang L, Shi T, Rahman MM, Zhang X. Enhanced ultrasonic spray ionization for direct mass spectrometry analysis of aqueous solution and complex samples using a single-orifice piezoelectric atomizer. Talanta 2023; 255:124237. [PMID: 36587426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and superior soft ionization approach for direct mass spectrometry analysis of a variety of samples such as aqueous solution, raw biological sample and proteins, was developed based on commercially available piezoelectric atomizers. A single conical orifice (5 μm in diameter) was created on the atomizer, which resulted in generation of uniform fine droplets and long-duration of MS signal. The two electrodes of piezoelectric atomizer were connected to the two sides of ceramic ring which was insulated from the metallic substrate. The unique design allowed an additional high voltage input towards the spray reagents, which facilitated direct analysis of more complex samples without sample pre-treatment, such as biological samples (tomato tissue). The ionization was driven by an extremely low electrical power (3.5 V rechargeable battery) yet providing an efficient and superior soft ionization. The method displayed a better thermal and pH stability than nano electrospray ionization (nanoESI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) on direct analysis of Vitamin B and protein aqueous solutions. Quantitative analysis of Vitamin B and Rhodamine B aqueous solutions was also investigated, showing a good linearity (R2 > 0.99). In addition, our results suggested that compared with ESI and nanoESI, the method not only could be used for direct analysis of intact protein, but also provide more information concerning the association between intact protein and the subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China.
| | - Ziyang Tang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Lulu Dong
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Guolin Li
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Dian Li
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China.
| | - Tong Shi
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Md Matiur Rahman
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xinglei Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Guanglan Avenue 418, 330013, Nanchang, PR China
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Huang DY, Wang MJ, Wu JJ, Chen YC. Ionization of Volatile Organics and Nonvolatile Biomolecules Directly from a Titanium Slab for Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226760. [PMID: 34833852 PMCID: PMC8623480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS can cover the analysis of analytes from low to high polarities. Thus, an ion source that possesses these two ionization functions is useful. Atmospheric surface-assisted ionization (ASAI), which can be used to ionize polar and nonpolar analytes in vapor, liquid, and solid forms, was demonstrated in this study. The ionization of analytes through APCI or ESI was induced from the surface of a metal substrate such as a titanium slab. ASAI is a contactless approach operated at atmospheric pressure. No electric contacts nor any voltages were required to be applied on the metal substrate during ionization. When placing samples with high vapor pressure in condensed phase underneath a titanium slab close to the inlet of the mass spectrometer, analytes can be readily ionized and detected by the mass spectrometer. Furthermore, a sample droplet (~2 μL) containing high-polarity analytes, including polar organics and biomolecules, was ionized using the titanium slab. One titanium slab is sufficient to induce the ionization of analytes occurring in front of a mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Moreover, this ionization method can be used to detect high volatile or polar analytes through APCI-like or ESI-like processes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yi Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jiy Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-5131527; Fax: +886-3-5723764
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Reactive carbon fiber ionization-mass spectrometry for characterization of unsaturated hydrocarbons from plant aroma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5489-5497. [PMID: 32583215 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber ionization (CFI)-mass spectrometry (MS) is an ambient technique that can be used to detect samples in gas, liquid, and solid forms simply by using a piece of carbon fiber as the ionization emitter. Reactive MS can be performed to selectively detect target analytes by conducting fast reactions during ionization. Most ambient ionization MS techniques used to monitor chemical reactions are limited to liquid-phase reactions. Herein, we develop reactive CFI-MS to be a suitable tool for monitoring of reaction products derived from volatile unsaturated hydrocarbons in the gas phase. Hydroamination is a fast reaction that can form a carbon-nitrogen bond through the addition of an amine to unsaturated hydrocarbons. In this study, reactive CFI-MS was used to selectively characterize aroma molecules, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons derived from plants, through hydroamination. A piece of carbon fiber was placed close (~ 1 mm) to the inlet of the mass spectrometer and deposited with dried methylamine. The sample in either liquid or solid form was placed underneath the carbon fiber. The volatiles derived from the sample reacted with amine on the carbon fiber were simultaneously determined once the mass spectrometer was switched on. For proof of concept, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, which has double bonds and is highly volatile, was initially selected as the model sample to demonstrate the feasibility of using reactive CFI-MS to detect its hydroamination derivative. Banana, garlic, and ginger, which possess aroma molecules with unsaturated hydrocarbons, were selected as real-world samples. Graphical abstract.
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GUO XY, HUANG XM, ZHAI JF, BAI H, LI XX, MA XX, MA Q. Research Advances in Ambient Ionization and Miniature Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Wu ML, Wu YC, Chen YC. Detection of pesticide residues on intact tomatoes by carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1095-1105. [PMID: 30613840 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Trace and toxic pesticide residues may still remain on crops after harvest. Thus, maximum residual levels (MRLs) of pesticides on crops have been regulated. To determine whether the remaining pesticide residue level is below MRL, time-consuming sample pretreatment is needed prior to analysis of crop samples by suitable analytical tools. By elimination of sample pretreatment steps, a high-throughput method can be developed to determine the presence of pesticide residues directly on intact crops. Carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry (CFI-MS) is effective in determining analytes with different polarities in solid, liquid, and vapor phases in open air. Moreover, the vapor derived from solid or liquid samples possessing high vapor pressure can be readily detected by CFI-MS. The setup of CFI-MS is straightforward. A carbon fiber (diameter of ~ 10 μm and length of ~ 1 cm) is placed close (~ 1 mm) to the inlet of the mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage (- 4.5 kV). No direct electrical contact applied on the carbon fiber is required. When placing the sample with certain vapor pressure underneath the carbon fiber, analyte ions derived from the sample can be readily detected by the mass spectrometer. Given that most pesticides possess a certain vapor pressure (~ 1.33 × 10-5-~ 1.33 × 10-4 Pa), we herein develop a qualitative and quantitative analysis method to determine pesticide residues on intact fruits such as tomato based on CFI-MS without requiring any sample pretreatment. Atrazine, ametryn, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, and methomyl were selected as model samples. Low limits of detection (at nM range) were achieved for the model pesticides using the current approach. Moreover, we demonstrated that the precision and accuracy of quantitative analysis of ~ 5% and ~ 2%, respectively, could be achieved using this approach. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Li Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hseuch Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hseuch Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hseuch Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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7
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Chen TY, Wu ML, Chen YC. Ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization-based micro-reactors for online monitoring of fast chemical reactions by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:26-34. [PMID: 30407688 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics can be used to handle relatively small volumes of samples and to conduct reactions in microliter-sized volumes. Electrospray ionization can couple microfluidics with mass spectrometry (MS) to monitor chemical reactions online. However, fabricating microfluidic chips is time-consuming. We herein propose the use of a micro-reactor that is sustained by two capillaries and an ultrasonicator. The inlets of the capillaries were individually immersed to two different sample vials that were subjected to the ultrasonicator. The tapered outlets of the two capillaries were placed cross with an angle of ~60° close to the inlet of the mass spectrometer to fuse the eluents. On the basis of capillary action and ultrasonication, the samples from the two capillaries can be continuously directed to the capillary outlets and fuse simultaneously to generate gas phase ions for MS analysis through ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization (UASI). Any electric contact applied on the capillaries is not required. Nevertheless, UASI spray derived from the eluents can readily occur in front of the mass spectrometer. That is, a micro-reactor was created from the fusing of the eluent containing different reactants from these two UASI capillaries, allowing reactions to be conducted in situ. The solvent in the fused droplets was evaporated quickly, and the product ions could be immediately observed by MS because of the extreme rise in the concentration of the reactants. For proof of concept, pyrazole synthesis reaction and cortisone derivatization by Girard T reagent were selected as the model reactions. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using UASI-based micro-reactor for online MS analysis to detect reaction intermediates and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yu Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Min-Li Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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8
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Zhang H, Li X, Yu K, Li N, He J, You H, Jiang J. On-line monitoring of photolysis reactions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with pressurized photoreactor. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1013:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Meher AK, Chen YC. Electrospray Modifications for Advancing Mass Spectrometric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0057. [PMID: 28573082 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Generation of analyte ions in gas phase is a primary requirement for mass spectrometric analysis. One of the ionization techniques that can be used to generate gas phase ions is electrospray ionization (ESI). ESI is a soft ionization method that can be used to analyze analytes ranging from small organics to large biomolecules. Numerous ionization techniques derived from ESI have been reported in the past two decades. These ion sources are aimed to achieve simplicity and ease of operation. Many of these ionization methods allow the flexibility for elimination or minimization of sample preparation steps prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Such ion sources have opened up new possibilities for taking scientific challenges, which might be limited by the conventional ESI technique. Thus, the number of ESI variants continues to increase. This review provides an overview of ionization techniques based on the use of electrospray reported in recent years. Also, a brief discussion on the instrumentation, underlying processes, and selected applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
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10
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Liu C, Yang J, Wang J, Hu Y, Zhao W, Zhou Z, Qi F, Pan Y. Extractive Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (EAPPI) Mass Spectrometry: Rapid Analysis of Chemicals in Complex Matrices. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1597-1605. [PMID: 27460208 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization (EAPPI) mass spectrometry was designed for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemicals in complex matrices. In this method, an ultrasonic nebulization system was applied to sample extraction, nebulization, and vaporization. Mixed with a gaseous dopant, vaporized analytes were ionized through ambient photon-induced ion-molecule reactions, and were mass-analyzed by a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). After careful optimization and testing with pure sample solution, EAPPI was successfully applied to the fast screening of capsules, soil, natural products, and viscous compounds. Analysis was completed within a few seconds without the need for preseparation. Moreover, the quantification capability of EAPPI for matrices was evaluated by analyzing six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. The correlation coefficients (R (2) ) for standard curves of all six PAHs were above 0.99, and the detection limits were in the range of 0.16-0.34 ng/mg. In addition, EAPPI could also be used to monitor organic chemical reactions in real time. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
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Crawford EA, Esen C, Volmer DA. Real Time Monitoring of Containerless Microreactions in Acoustically Levitated Droplets via Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8396-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Crawford
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cemal Esen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ingram AJ, Boeser CL, Zare RN. Going beyond electrospray: mass spectrometric studies of chemical reactions in and on liquids. Chem Sci 2015; 7:39-55. [PMID: 28757996 PMCID: PMC5508663 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02740c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed and applied ionization techniques have brought mass spectrometry to bear on previously inaccessible chemistry. We offer our perspective on this field and its application for studying reaction mechanisms.
There has been a burst in the number and variety of available ionization techniques to use mass spectrometry to monitor chemical reactions in and on liquids. Chemists have gained the capability to access chemistry at unprecedented timescales, and monitor reactions and detect intermediates under almost any set of conditions. Herein, recently developed ionization techniques that facilitate mechanistic studies of chemical processes are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of our perspective on the judicious application of these and similar techniques in order to study reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ingram
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | | | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
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Abstract
The analytical performance and a suggested mechanism for zero volt paper spray using chromatography paper are presented. A spray is generated by the action of the pneumatic force of the mass spectrometer (MS) vacuum at the inlet. Positive and negative ion signals are observed, and comparisons are made with standard kV paper spray (PS) ionization and nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI). While the range of analytes to which zero volt PS is applicable is very similar to kV PS and nESI, differences in the mass spectra of mixtures are interpreted in terms of the more significant effects of analyte surface activity in the gentler zero volt experiment than in the other methods due to the significantly lower charge. The signal intensity of zero volt PS is also lower than in the other methods. A Monte Carlo simulation based on statistical fluctuation of positive and negative ions in solution has been implemented to explain the production of ions from initially uncharged droplets. Uncharged droplets first break up due to aerodynamics forces until they are in the 2-4 μm size range and then undergo Coulombic fission. A model involving statistical charge fluctuations in both phases predicts detection limits similar to those observed experimentally and explains the effects of binary mixture components on relative ionization efficiencies. The proposed mechanism may also play a role in ionization by other voltage-free methods.
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Meher AK, Chen YC. Polarization induced electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of liquid, viscous and solid samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:444-450. [PMID: 25800179 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a polarization-induced electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was developed. A micro-sized sample droplet was deposited on a naturally available dielectric substrate such as a fruit or a stone, and then placed close to (~2 mm) the orifice of a mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Taylor cone was observed from the sample droplet, and a spray emitted from the cone apex was generated. The analyte ion signals derived from the droplet were obtained by the mass spectrometer. The ionization process is similar to that in ESI although no direct electric contact was applied on the sample site. The sample droplet polarized by the high electric field provided by the mass spectrometer initiated the ionization process. The dielectric sample loading substrate facilitated further the polarization process, resulting in the formation of Taylor cone. The mass spectral profiles obtained via this approach resembled those obtained using ESI-MS. Multiply charged ions dominated the mass spectra of peptides and proteins, whereas singly charged ions dominated the mass spectra of small molecules such as amino acids and small organic molecules. In addition to liquid samples, this approach can be used for the analysis of solid and viscous samples. A small droplet containing suitable solvent (5-10 µl) was directly deposited on the surface of the solid (or viscous) sample, placed close the orifice of mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Taylor cone derived from the droplet was immediately formed followed by electrospray processes to generate gas-phase ions for MS analysis. Analyte ions derived from the main ingredients of pharmaceutical tablets and viscous ointment can be extracted into the solvent droplet in situ and observed using a mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Meher
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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15
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Monitoring of an esterification reaction by on-line direct liquid sampling mass spectrometry and in-line mid infrared spectrometry with an attenuated total reflectance probe. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 849:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Huang TY, Zulueta MML, Hung SC. Regioselective one-pot protection, protection-glycosylation and protection-glycosylation-glycosylation of carbohydrates: a case study with D-glucose. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:376-82. [PMID: 24263464 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined oligosaccharides are important requirements in evaluating structure-activity relationships to decipher the roles of carbohydrates in various physiological processes. These oligosaccharides are accessed mainly through chemical synthesis, which nonetheless remains a huge undertaking despite the many advances in recent years. A combinatorial and regioselective one-pot protection strategy was previously disclosed by us to reduce the effort and wastes associated with carbohydrate synthesis. With the tetra-trimethylsilylated 4-methylphenyl thioglucoside as the starting material, we herein show the one-pot preparations of diols, triols and fully protected derivatives of thioglucosides, and, more importantly, we generated building blocks in situ that effectively acted as glycosyl donors and glycosyl acceptors for further coupling with other monosaccharide building blocks. Our one-pot protection-glycosylation and protection-glycosylation-glycosylation approaches made use of the perceived reactivity differences between thioglycoside donors to conveniently supply disaccharide and trisaccharide skeletons as well as the backbone of a recently discovered compatible solute from two thermophilic bacteria of the Petrotoga species. The demonstrated protocol is another step in reducing the enormous work in carbohydrate synthesis and efficiently delivering sugar constructs for application in other areas of glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yi Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Hsu FJ, Liu TL, Laskar AH, Shiea J, Huang MZ. Gravitational sampling electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for real-time reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1979-1986. [PMID: 25132298 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The elucidation of chemical reaction mechanisms has attracted tremendous interest in recent years. Here, gravitational sampling electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (GS-ESI-MS) is used to explore a simple method for the real-time monitoring of chemical and biochemical reactions. METHODS A sample solution in a stainless steel sample well is directly delivered through a fused-silica capillary due to the forces of gravity, capillary action, and electroosmotic flow (EOF). Analyte ions are continuously generated via electrospray ionization from the capillary tip when a high voltage is applied on the sample well. RESULTS Liquid solutions (<5 μL) of small organic compounds (e.g., crystal violet) and large biomolecules (e.g., reserpine, angiotensin II, and insulin) were directly analyzed via GS-ESI-MS. In addition, the technique was successfully applied to continuously monitor chemical [e.g. chelation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with copper(II), and addition-elimination of aminophenol and acetic anhydride] and biochemical (e.g., unfolding of cytochrome c) reactions in real time, where chelation complexes, reaction intermediates, and protein conformation changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS GS-ESI-MS is a very simple modification of the ESI technique that does not require sample delivery pumps or nebulizer gases. It is particularly suitable for the analysis of liquid samples and the real-time monitoring of inorganic/organic chemical or biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yan X, Sokol E, Li X, Li G, Xu S, Cooks RG. On-Line Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Studies by Mass Spectrometry: Negishi Cross-Coupling, Hydrogenolysis, and Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5931-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yan X, Sokol E, Li X, Li G, Xu S, Cooks RG. On-Line Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Studies by Mass Spectrometry: Negishi Cross-Coupling, Hydrogenolysis, and Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lin SH, Lo TJ, Kuo FY, Chen YC. Real time monitoring of accelerated chemical reactions by ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:50-56. [PMID: 24446263 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonication has been used to accelerate chemical reactions. It would be ideal if ultrasonication-assisted chemical reactions could be monitored by suitable detection tools such as mass spectrometry in real time. It would be helpful to clarify reaction intermediates/products and to have a better understanding of reaction mechanism. In this work, we developed a system for ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization mass spectrometry (UASI-MS) with an ~1.7 MHz ultrasonic transducer to monitor chemical reactions in real time. We demonstrated that simply depositing a sample solution on the MHz-based ultrasonic transducer, which was placed in front of the orifice of a mass spectrometer, the analyte signals can be readily detected by the mass spectrometer. Singly and multiply charged ions from small and large molecules, respectively, can be observed in the UASI mass spectra. Furthermore, the ultrasonic transducer used in the UASI setup accelerates the chemical reactions while being monitored via UASI-MS. The feasibility of using this approach for real-time acceleration/monitoring of chemical reactions was demonstrated. The reactions of Girard T reagent and hydroxylamine with steroids were used as the model reactions. Upon the deposition of reactant solutions on the ultrasonic transducer, the intermediate/product ions are readily generated and instantaneously monitored using MS within 1 s. Additionally, we also showed the possibility of using this reactive UASI-MS approach to assist the confirmation of trace steroids from complex urine samples by monitoring the generation of the product ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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Gawande MB, Bonifácio VDB, Luque R, Branco PS, Varma RS. Solvent-free and catalysts-free chemistry: a benign pathway to sustainability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:24-44. [PMID: 24357535 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, alternative benign organic methodologies have become an imperative part of organic syntheses and chemical reactions. The various new and innovative sustainable organic reactions and methodologies using no solvents or catalysts and employing alternative energy inputs such as microwaves, sonication, conventional and room temperature heating conditions, mechanochemical mixing, and high-speed ball milling are discussed in detail. Environmentally benign and pharmaceutically important reactions such as multicomponent, condensation, and Michael addition reactions; ring opening of epoxides; and oxidation and other significant organic reactions are discussed. An overview of benign reactions through solvent- and catalyst-free (SF-CF) chemistry and a critical perspective on emerging synergies between SF-CF organic reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B Gawande
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21-2948550; current address: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc (Czech Republic). ,
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Zhu Z, Bartmess JE, McNally ME, Hoffman RM, Cook KD, Song L. Quantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions by autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7547-54. [PMID: 22881719 DOI: 10.1021/ac3017136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although qualitative and/or semiquantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions have been reported with a few mass spectrometric approaches, to our knowledge, no quantitative mass spectrometric approach has been reported so far to have a calibration valid up to molar concentrations as required by process control. This is mostly due to the absence of a practical solution that could well address the sample overloading issue. In this study, a novel autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FIA/APCI-MS) system, consisting of a 1 μL automatic internal sample injector, a postinjection splitter with 1:10 splitting ratio, and a detached APCI source connected to the mass spectrometer using a 4.5 in. long, 0.042 in. inner diameter (ID) stainless-steel capillary, was thus introduced. Using this system together with an optional FIA solvent modifier, e.g., 0.05% (v/v) isopropylamine, a linear quantitative calibration up to molar concentration has been achieved with 3.4-7.2% relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 4 replicates. As a result, quantitative real-time monitoring of a model reaction was successfully performed at the 1.63 M level. It is expected that this novel autosampling FIA/APCI-MS system can be used in quantitative real-time monitoring of a wide range of reactions under diverse reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Zhu
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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Hsieh CH, Chao CS, Mong KKT, Chen YC. Online monitoring of chemical reactions by contactless atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:586-590. [PMID: 22576871 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Lo TJ, Chen TY, Chen YC. Study of salt effects in ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:480-483. [PMID: 22689624 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Richard R, Li Y, Dubreuil B, Thiebaud-Roux S, Prat L. On-line monitoring of the transesterification reaction between triglycerides and ethanol using near infrared spectroscopy combined with gas chromatography. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6702-6709. [PMID: 21514822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical procedures have been developed to determine the composition of reaction mixtures during transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohols. However, despite their accuracy, these methods are time consuming and cannot be easily used for on-line monitoring. In this work, a fast analytical method was developed to on-line monitor the transesterification reaction of high oleic sunflower oil with ethanol using Near InfraRed spectroscopy and a multivariate approach. The reactions were monitored through sequential scans of the reaction medium with a probe in a one-liter batch reactor without collecting and preparing samples. To calibrate the NIR analytical method, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection was used as a reference method. The method was validated by studying the kinetics of the EtONa-catalyzed transesterification reaction. Activation energy (51.0 kJ/mol) was also determined by considering a pseudo second order kinetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Richard
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle), ENSIACET, 4 allée Emile Monso, F-31030 Toulouse, France
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Hsieh CH, Chang CH, Urban PL, Chen YC. Capillary Action-Supported Contactless Atmospheric Pressure Ionization for the Combined Sampling and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200479s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huan Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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