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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Bujor A, Hanganu A, Baratoiu R, Hristea EN, Tudose M, Tecuceanu V, Madalan AM, Ionita P. Novel Derivatives of Nitrobenzofurazan with Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:6146. [PMID: 37630398 PMCID: PMC10459551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new derivatives were obtained utilizing 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-chloride) in combination with furfurylamine, adamantylamine, aminohippuric acid, phenylalanine, and dehydroabietylamine. These derivatives were then subjected to a comparative analysis of their physical, chemical, and certain biological properties alongside two analogous and known compounds derived from the glycine and 4-amino-TEMPO free radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Bujor
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.B.); (A.H.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Anamaria Hanganu
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.B.); (A.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Rodica Baratoiu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (E.N.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Elena N. Hristea
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (E.N.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Madalina Tudose
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (E.N.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Victorita Tecuceanu
- Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Augustin M. Madalan
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.B.); (A.H.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Petre Ionita
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.B.); (A.H.); (A.M.M.)
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3
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Goldmann AS, Boase NRB, Michalek L, Blinco JP, Welle A, Barner-Kowollik C. Adaptable and Reprogrammable Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902665. [PMID: 31414512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Establishing control over chemical reactions on interfaces is a key challenge in contemporary surface and materials science, in particular when introducing well-defined functionalities in a reversible fashion. Reprogrammable, adaptable and functional interfaces require sophisticated chemistries to precisely equip them with specific functionalities having tailored properties. In the last decade, reversible chemistries-both covalent and noncovalent-have paved the way to precision functionalize 2 or 3D structures that provide both spatial and temporal control. A critical literature assessment reveals that methodologies for writing and erasing substrates exist, yet are still far from reaching their full potential. It is thus critical to assess the current status and to identify avenues to overcome the existing limitations. Herein, the current state-of-the-art in the field of reversible chemistry on surfaces is surveyed, while concomitantly identifying the challenges-not only synthetic but also in current surface characterization methods. The potential within reversible chemistry on surfaces to function as true writeable memories devices is identified, and the latest developments in readout technologies are discussed. Finally, we explore how spatial and temporal control over reversible, light-induced chemistries has the potential to drive the future of functional interface design, especially when combined with powerful laser lithographic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja S Goldmann
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Beejapur HA, Zhang Q, Hu K, Zhu L, Wang J, Ye Z. TEMPO in Chemical Transformations: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazi Ahmad Beejapur
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Ye
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
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5
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Abstract
Empty spaces are abhorred by nature, which immediately rushes in to fill the void. Humans have learnt pretty well how to make ordered empty nanocontainers, and to get useful products out of them. When such an order is imparted to molecules, new properties may appear, often yielding advanced applications. This review illustrates how the organized void space inherently present in various materials: zeolites, clathrates, mesoporous silica/organosilica, and metal organic frameworks (MOF), for example, can be exploited to create confined, organized, and self-assembled supramolecular structures of low dimensionality. Features of the confining matrices relevant to organization are presented with special focus on molecular-level aspects. Selected examples of confined supramolecular assemblies - from small molecules to quantum dots or luminescent species - are aimed to show the complexity and potential of this approach. Natural confinement (minerals) and hyperconfinement (high pressure) provide further opportunities to understand and master the atomistic-level interactions governing supramolecular organization under nanospace restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tabacchi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio, 9 I-22100, Como, Italy
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6
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Bacakova L, Vandrovcova M, Kopova I, Jirka I. Applications of zeolites in biotechnology and medicine – a review. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:974-989. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zeolites are microporous natural or synthetic tectosilicates, promising for organism detoxification, improvement of the nutrition status and immunity, separation of various biomolecules and cells, detection of biomarkers of various diseases, controlled drug and gene delivery, radical scavenging, haemostasis, tissue engineering and biomaterial coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bacakova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 14220 Prague 4
- Czech Republic
| | - Marta Vandrovcova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 14220 Prague 4
- Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kopova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 14220 Prague 4
- Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Jirka
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
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7
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Prescott C, Bottle SE. Biological Relevance of Free Radicals and Nitroxides. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 75:227-240. [PMID: 27709467 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable, kinetically-persistent free radicals which have been successfully used in the study and intervention of oxidative stress, a critical issue pertaining to cellular health which results from an imbalance in the levels of damaging free radicals and redox-active species in the cellular environment. This review gives an overview of some of the biological processes that produce radicals and other reactive oxygen species with relevance to oxidative stress, and then discusses interactions of nitroxides with these species in terms of the use of nitroxides as redox-sensitive probes and redox-active therapeutic agents.
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Audran G, Bagryanskaya EG, Brémond P, Edeleva MV, Marque SRA, Parkhomenko DA, Rogozhnikova OY, Tormyshev VM, Tretyakov EV, Trukhin DV, Zhivetyeva SI. Trityl-based alkoxyamines as NMP controllers and spin-labels. Polym Chem 2016; 7:6490-6499. [PMID: 28989533 PMCID: PMC5627662 DOI: 10.1039/c6py01303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new applications of trityl-nitroxide biradicals were proposed. In the present study, attachment of a trityl radical to alkoxyamines was performed for the first time. The rate constants kd of C-ON bond homolysis in these alkoxyamines were measured and found to be equal to those for alkoxyamines without trityl. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the products of alkoxyamine homolysis (trityl-TEMPO and trityl-SG1 biradicals) were recorded, and the corresponding exchange interactions were estimated. The decomposition of trityl-alkoxyamine showed more than an 80% yield of biradicals, meaning that the C-ON bond homolysis is the main reaction. The suitability of these labelled initiators/controllers for polymerisation was exemplified by means of successful nitroxide-mediated polymerisation (NMP) of styrene. Thus, this is the first report of a spin-labelled alkoxyamine suitable for NMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Audran
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Elena G. Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Paul Brémond
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Mariya V. Edeleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A. Parkhomenko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Rogozhnikova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Victor M. Tormyshev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Tretyakov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Trukhin
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana I. Zhivetyeva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS. 9, Lavrentjev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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9
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Surmiak SK, Doerenkamp C, Selter P, Peterlechner M, Schäfer AH, Eckert H, Studer A. Palladium Nanoparticle Loaded Bifunctional Silica Hybrid Material: Preparation and Applications as Catalyst in Hydrogenation Reactions. Chemistry 2016; 23:6019-6028. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K. Surmiak
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Carsten Doerenkamp
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Martin Peterlechner
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Institut für Materialphysik; Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | | | - Hellmut Eckert
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
- Instituto de Física em Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400 Sao Carlos, S.P. 13560-590 Brazil
| | - Armido Studer
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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10
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Wessely I, Mugnaini V, Bihlmeier A, Jeschke G, Bräse S, Tsotsalas M. Radical exchange reaction of multi-spin isoindoline nitroxides followed by EPR spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06510d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and exchange reaction of a rigid, isoindoline-functionalized tetraphenylmethane multi-spin system is described. The exchange reaction was followed using EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Wessely
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - V. Mugnaini
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - A. Bihlmeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - G. Jeschke
- ETH Zurich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - S. Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
| | - M. Tsotsalas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
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11
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Sato T, Ohishi T, Higaki Y, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Radical crossover reactions of alkoxyamine-based dynamic covalent polymer brushes on nanoparticles and the effect on their dispersibility. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Klinska M, Smith LM, Gryn'ova G, Banwell MG, Coote ML. Experimental demonstration of pH-dependent electrostatic catalysis of radical reactions. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5623-5627. [PMID: 29861899 PMCID: PMC5949849 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01307k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated pH-dependent electrostatic effects on the kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrogen atom transfer between 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid and {2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-1-piperidinyl}oxidanyl radical in dichloromethane.
Time-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate significant pH-dependent electrostatic effects on the kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrogen atom transfer between 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid (4-CT-H) and the profluorescent nitroxide {2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-1-piperidinyl}oxidanyl radical (PFN) in dichloromethane. This pH switching does not occur when 4-CT-H is replaced with a structurally analogous hydroxylamine that lacks an acid-base group, or when the polarity of the solvent is increased. These findings validate our recent theoretical predictions that electrostatic stabilisation of delocalised radicals is of functional significance in low polarity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klinska
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - Leesa M Smith
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia . .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Australia
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13
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Buscher T, Barroso Á, Denz C, Studer A. Synthesis and photo-postmodification of zeolite L based polymer brushes. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zeolite L macroinitiators are used for controlled radical copolymerization of a photo-active monomer and subsequent spin trapping of nitroxides results in diversely functionalized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Buscher
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Álvaro Barroso
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Institute of Applied Physics
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Cornelia Denz
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Institute of Applied Physics
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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14
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SATO T, AKAMINE K, TAKAHARA A, OTSUKA H. Macromolecular Design of Alkoxyamine-Containing Radically Reactive Polymers Based on Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2015. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya SATO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | | | - Atsushi TAKAHARA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Hideyuki OTSUKA
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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15
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Sato T, Amamoto Y, Ohishi T, Higaki Y, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Radical crossover reactions of a dynamic covalent polymer brush for reversible hydrophilicity control. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Mardyukov A, Li Y, Dickschat A, Schäfer AH, Studer A. Chemical modification of polymer brushes via nitroxide photoclick trapping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6369-6376. [PMID: 23675823 DOI: 10.1021/la401179s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of polymer brushes (PBs) bearing α-hydroxyalkylphenylketone (2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one) moieties as photoreactive polymer backbone substituents is presented. Photoreactive polymer brushes with defined thicknesses (up to 60 nm) and high grafting densities are readily prepared by surface initiated nitroxide mediated radical polymerization (SINMP). The photoactive moieties can be transformed via Norrish-type I photoreaction to surface-bound acyl radicals. Photolysis in the presence of a persistent nitroxide leads to chemically modified PBs bearing acylalkoxyamine moieties as side chains resulting from trapping of the photogenerated acyl radicals with nitroxides. Application of functionalized nitroxides to the photochemical PB postmodification provides functionalized PBs bearing cyano, polyethylene glycol (PEG), perfluoroalkyl, and biotin moieties. As shown for one case, photochemical postfunctionalization of the PB through a mask using a biotin-conjugated nitroxide as the trapping reagent leads to the corresponding site-selective chemically modified PB, which is successfully used for site-specific streptavidin immobilization. Surface analysis of PBs was performed by contact angle (CA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection (ATR), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mardyukov
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Dickschat AT, Behrends F, Surmiak S, Weiß M, Eckert H, Studer A. Bifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles as cooperative catalysts for the Tsuji–Trost reaction – tuning the reactivity of silica nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2195-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Dickschat AT, Behrends F, Bühner M, Ren J, Weiß M, Eckert H, Studer A. Preparation of Bifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles by Orthogonal Click Reactions and Their Application in Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2012; 18:16689-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mardyukov A, Studer A. Preparation of Photoactive Polymers and Postmodification via Nitroxide Trapping Under UV Irradiation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:94-101. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sato T, Amamoto Y, Yamaguchi H, Ohishi T, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Dynamic covalent polymer brushes: reversible surface modification of reactive polymer brushes with alkoxyamine-based dynamic covalent bonds. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20294h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tebben L, Studer A. Nitroxides: applications in synthesis and in polymer chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5034-68. [PMID: 21538729 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Tebben
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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