Structural Diversity in 2,2'-[Naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide)-N,N'-diyl]-bis(ethylammonium) Iodoplumbates

Crystallization from solutions containing 2,2'-[naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide)-N,N'-diyl]-bis(ethylammonium) diiodide ((NDIC2)I₂) and PbI₂ has been investigated. Eight different materials are obtained, either by variation of crystallization conditions or by subsequent thermal or solvent-induced transformations. Crystal structures have been determined for five materials. [(NDIC2)₂Pb₅I₁₄(DMF)₂]·4DMF (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) (1), [(NDIC2)Pb₄I₁₀]·4DMF (3), [(NDIC2)Pb₂I₆]·4NMP (NMP = N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) (4), and [(NDIC2)Pb₂I₆]·2H₂O (5) form 1-dimensional (1D) chains consisting of PbI₆ (and, in the case of 1, PbI₅(DMF)) octahedra, either solely face-sharing or a mixture of face-sharing and vertex-sharing. The structure of [(NDIC₂)₃Pb₅I₁₆]·6NMP (2) contains 0D clusters; these consist of three PbI₆ octahedra and two unusually coordinated lead centers that exhibit three relatively short Pb-I bonds, two very long Pb-I contacts, and η²-coordination of an aromatic ring of NDIC2 to the lead. Close contacts between iodide ions and the imide rings of NDIC2 in four of the structures suggest that an iodide-to-NDIC2 charge-transfer interaction may be responsible for the observed red coloration of the materials. The optical and electrical properties of 1 have been studied; its onset of absorption is at 2.0 eV, and its conductivity was measured as 5.4 × 10^-5 ± 1.1 × 10^-5 S m^-1.

Semiconductive donor promoted photochromism of iodoplumbate hybrids

The entirely different photochromic behaviors of two iodoplumbate hybrids indicate the driving role of excitation of the PbI₃⁻ chain donor and the negative role of charge transfer in photoinduced electron transfer and photochromism.

Organic cation directed hybrid lead halides of zero-dimensional to two-dimensional structures with tunable photoluminescence properties

A series of new inorganic–organic hybrid lead halides have been solvothermally synthesized and characterized with tunable luminescence properties from yellow, orange to red emissions with the largest reported Stokes shift.

A lead-iodide based single crystal semiconductor: exploring multi-orientation photoconductive behaviour via intervening isopropyl viologen component between the inorganic [Pb2I6]2−n wires

A lead-iodide single crystal semiconductor with multi-orientation photoconductive property and broad spectrum absorption has been designed and constructed by crystal engineering technique.

Viologen-templated bromoplumbate: a new in situ synthetic method and energy gap engineering

A newin situsynthesis strategy for viologen-based compounds was developed, which is much milder than the traditional solvothermal method.

New discrete iodometallates with in situ generated triimidazole derivatives as countercations (Mn+ = Ag+, Pb2+, Bi3+)

By employing solvothermal in situ N-alkylation of organic bases with alcohols, four new iodometallates were obtained, and their structures are reported.

Three iodocuprate hybrids symmetrically modulated by positional isomers and the chiral conformation of N-benzyl-methylpyridinium

The successful synthesis and structural analysis of three novel iodocuprate frameworks, [N-Bz-2-MePy]₂[Cu₅I₇] (1), [N-Bz-3-MePy]₂[Cu₅I₇] (2), and [N-Bz-4-MePy][Cu₄I₅] (3), exhibit an excellent structural directing effect of the conformationally chiral N-Bz-MePy⁺.

Syntheses, crystal structures and photocatalytic properties of four hybrid iodoargentates with zero- and two-dimensional structures

Four new hybrid iodoargentates have been solvothermally prepared and structurally characterized. The title compounds possess semiconductor characterizations and efficient photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation.

A new nanocrystalline inorganic–organic hybrid exhibiting semiconducting properties and applications

A new nanocrystalline inorganic–organic hybrid semiconductor [(BV)₂(Ag₅Br₉)]_n (1) with an intriguing windmill-like 1-D [Ag₅Br₉]_nⁿ⁻ polymeric chain was assembled. Great efforts were devoted to investigate its semiconducting properties and applications.

Structural diversity in hybrid organic-inorganic lead iodide materials

The structural chemistry of hybrid organic-inorganic lead iodide materials has become of increasing significance for energy applications since the discovery and development of perovskite solar cells based on methylammonium lead iodide. Seven new hybrid lead iodide compounds have been synthesized and structurally characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The lead iodide units in materials templated with bipyridyl, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and imidazole adopt one-dimensional chain structures, while crystallization from solutions containing piperazinium cations generates a salt containing isolated [PbI6](4-) octahedral anions. Templating with 4-chlorobenzylammonium lead iodide adopts the well known two-dimensional layered perovskite structure with vertex shared sheets of composition [PbI4](2-) separated by double layers of organic cations. The relationships between the various structures determined, their compositions, stability and hydrogen bonding between the protonated amine and the iodide ions of the PbI6 octahedra are described.

A comparison study of aliphatic and aromatic structure directing agents influencing the crystal and electronic structures, and properties of iodoplumbate hybrids: water induced structure conversion and visible light photocatalytic properties

The introduction of the aliphatic amines en (ethylenediamine), aep (N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine) and tepa (tetraethylenepentamine), and the aromatic species 2,2'-bipy (2,2'-bipyridine) and dpe (1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene) as structure directing agents (SDAs) into inorganic iodoplumbates affords six hybrids, namely [(Hen)4(H2.5O)2I](PbI6) (1), Cs2n[Pb3I8(en)2]n (2), (H3tepa)n(PbI5)n (3), (H2aep)n(PbI4)n (4), (Et22,2'-bipy)n(Pb2I6)n (5) and (Et2dpe)n(Pb2I6)n (6). 1 contains a discrete octahedral (PbI6)(4-) anion generated under the direction of a novel co-template, [(Hen)4(H2.5O)2I](4+). 2 contains inorganic Cs(+) ions and a novel hybrid anionic layer [Pb3I8(en)2]n(2n-) that has never been encountered in iodoplumbate hybrids. 3 features a zigzag (PbI5)(3-) chain with the charge being compensated by a triprotonated tepa cation. 4 is composed of perovskite sheets of lead(ii) octahedra and aep cations that are generated from tepa via an unprecedented in situ ligand reaction. Both 5 and 6 have (Pb2I6)n(2n-) chains and represent the first example of introducing a 2,2'-bipy or dpe derivative cation in iodoplumbate hybrids, respectively. The comparative study reveals that aliphatic amines and aromatic species contribute differently to the crystal and electronic structures, and the properties of the hybrids. Importantly, 1-4 exhibit interesting water induced structure conversions, while 5 and 6 can be used as heterogeneous photocatalysts for dye wastewater treatment under visible light irradiation.

Hydrogen bonds and steric effects induced structural modulation of three layered iodoplumbate hybrids from nonperovskite to perovskite structure

Directed by diprotonated organic diamines containing both primary and tertiary ammonium groups, three layered iodoplumbate hybrids, {[H2DMPDA][PbI4]}n (1), {[H2DEPDA]4[Pb5I18]}n (2) and {[H2TMEDA][Pb3I8]}n (3) (DMPDA = N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, DEPDA = N,N-diethyl-1,3-propanediamine, TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), have been synthesized solvothermally. 1 presents a layered perovskite structure based on corner-sharing PbI6 octahedra, compound 2 consists of a Pb4I20 perovskite motif and a Pb2I10 dimeric motif and compound 3 comprises Pb3I13 units connected by face-sharing and edge-sharing modes. Structural modulations from nonperovskite to perovskite structure are strongly correlated to steric effects and hydrogen bonding interaction at the organic-inorganic interface. Band gaps for 1-3 , estimated as 2.21, 2.58 and 2.73 eV, respectively, also reveal an interesting correlation with structural modulation, and the red shift for 1 is attributed to large Pb-I(equatorial)-Pb bond angles.

A panchromatic hybrid crystal of iodoplumbate nanowires and J-aggregated naphthalene diimides with long-lived charge-separated states

A panchromatic hybrid crystal of anionic iodoplumbate nanowires and J-aggregated protonated naphthalene diimides has been formed through charge-assisted anion–π and lone pair–π interactions.