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Than L, Wolfe KD, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Drop-casted Photosystem I/cytochrome c multilayer films for biohybrid solar energy conversion. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:299-308. [PMID: 36564600 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the main barriers to making efficient Photosystem I-based biohybrid solar cells is the need for an electrochemical pathway to facilitate electron transfer between the P700 reaction center of Photosystem I and an electrode. To this end, nature provides inspiration in the form of cytochrome c6, a natural electron donor to the P700 site. Its natural ability to access the P700 binding pocket and reduce the reaction center can be mimicked by employing cytochrome c, which has a similar protein structure and redox chemistry while also being compatible with a variety of electrode surfaces. Previous research has incorporated cytochrome c to improve the photocurrent generation of Photosystem I using time consuming and/or specialized electrode preparation. While those methods lead to high protein areal density, in this work we use the quick and facile vacuum-assisted drop-casting technique to construct a Photosystem I/cytochrome c photoactive composite film with micron-scale thickness. We demonstrate that this simple fabrication technique can result in high cytochrome c loading and improvement in cathodic photocurrent over a drop-casted Photosystem I film without cytochrome c. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the cytochrome c/Photosystem I system at varying applied potentials to show that the improvement in performance can be attributed to enhancement of the electron transfer rate to P700 sites and therefore the PSI turnover rate within the composite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Than
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA
| | - Kody D Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science and Engineering Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-0106, USA
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1822, USA
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA.
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Abstract
ConspectusThis Account summarizes the progress in protein-calixarene complexation, tracing the developments from binary recognition to the glue activity of calixarenes and beyond to macrocycle-mediated frameworks. During the past 10 years, we have been tackling the question of protein-calixarene complexation in several ways, mainly by cocrystallization and X-ray structure determination as well as by solution state methods, NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and light scattering. Much of this work benefitted from collaboration, highlighted here. Our first breakthrough was the cocrystallization of cationic cytochrome c with sulfonato-calix[4]arene leading to a crystal structure defining three binding sites. Together with NMR studies, a dynamic complexation was deduced in which the calixarene explores the protein surface. Other cationic proteins were similarly amenable to cocrystallization with sulfonato-calix[4]arene, confirming calixarene-arginine/lysine encapsulation and consequent protein assembly. Calixarenes bearing anionic substituents such as sulfonate or phosphonate, but not carboxylate, have proven useful.Studies with larger calix[n]arenes (n = 6, 8) demonstrated the bigger better binder phenomenon with increased affinities and more interesting assemblies, including solution-state oligomerization and porous frameworks. While the calix[4]arene cavity accommodates a single cationic side chain, the larger macrocycles adopt different conformations, molding to the protein surface and accommodating several residues (hydrophobic, polar, and/or charged) in small cavities. In addition to accommodating protein features, the calixarene can bind exogenous components such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), metal ions, buffer, and additives. Ternary cocrystallization of cytochrome c, sulfonato-calix[8]arene, and spermine resulted in altered framework fabrication due to calixarene encapsulation of the tetraamine. Besides host-guest chemistry with exogenous components, the calixarene can also self-assemble, with numerous instances of macrocycle dimers.Calixarene complexation enables protein encapsulation, not merely side chain encapsulation. Cocrystal structures of sulfonato-calix[8]arene with cytochrome c or Ralstonia solanacearum lectin (RSL) provide evidence of encapsulation, with multiple calixarenes masking the same protein. NMR studies of cytochrome c and sulfonato-calix[8]arene are also consistent with multisite binding. In the case of RSL, a C3 symmetric trimer, up to six calixarenes bind the protein yielding a cubic framework mediated by calixarene dimers. Biomolecular calixarene complexation has evolved from molecular recognition to framework construction. This latter development contributes to the challenge in design and preparation of porous molecular materials. Cytochrome c and sulfonato-calix[8]arene form frameworks with >60% solvent in which the degree of porosity depends on the protein:calixarene ratio and the crystallization conditions. Recent developments with RSL led to three frameworks with varying porosity depending on the crystallization conditions, particularly the pH. NMR studies indicate a pH-triggered assembly in which two acidic residues appear to play key roles. The field of supramolecular protein chemistry is growing, and this Account aims to encourage new developments at the interface between biomolecular and synthetic/supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Crowley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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Temoçin Z. Fabrication of a κ-carrageenan-based electroactive cytochrome c multilayer thin film by an electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 129:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wettstein C, Kano K, Schäfer D, Wollenberger U, Lisdat F. Interaction of Flavin-Dependent Fructose Dehydrogenase with Cytochrome c as Basis for the Construction of Biomacromolecular Architectures on Electrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6382-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wettstein
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Kenji Kano
- Division
of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8502, Japan
| | - Daniel Schäfer
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Ulla Wollenberger
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biology, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse
24-25, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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Gladisch J, Sarauli D, Schäfer D, Dietzel B, Schulz B, Lisdat F. Towards a novel bioelectrocatalytic platform based on "wiring" of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase with an electrospun conductive polymeric fiber architecture. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19858. [PMID: 26822141 PMCID: PMC4731776 DOI: 10.1038/srep19858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is known as a fabrication technique for electrode architectures that serve as immobilization matrices for biomolecules. The current work demonstrates a novel approach to construct a conductive polymeric platform, capable not only of immobilization, but also of electrical connection of the biomolecule with the electrode. It is produced upon electrospinning from mixtures of three different highly conductive sulfonated polyanilines and polyacrylonitrile on ITO electrodes. The resulting fiber mats are with a well-retained conductivity. After coupling the enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) to polymeric structures and addition of the substrate glucose an efficient bioelectrocatalysis is demonstrated. Depending on the choice of the sulfonated polyanilline mediatorless bioelectrocatalysis starts at low potentials; no large overpotential is needed to drive the reaction. Thus, the electrospun conductive immobilization matrix acts here as a transducing element, representing a promising strategy to use 3D polymeric scaffolds as wiring agents for active enzymes. In addition, the mild and well reproducible fabrication process and the active role of the polymer film in withdrawing electrons from the reduced PQQ-GDH lead to a system with high stability. This could provide access to a larger group of enzymes for bioelectrochemical applications including biosensors and biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gladisch
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - David Sarauli
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schäfer
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Birgit Dietzel
- Institute for Thin Film and Microsensor Technologies, Kantstraße 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schulz
- Institute for Thin Film and Microsensor Technologies, Kantstraße 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
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Sarauli D, Wettstein C, Peters K, Schulz B, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Lisdat F. Interaction of Fructose Dehydrogenase with a Sulfonated Polyaniline: Application for Enhanced Bioelectrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sarauli
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Wettstein
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Kristina Peters
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schulz
- Institute for Thin Film and Microsensor Technologies, Kantstraße 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems
Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
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8
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Tanne J, Dietzel B, Scheller FW, Bier F. Nanohybrid Materials Consisting of Poly[(3-aminobenzoic acid)-co-(3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid)-co-aniline] and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Immobilization of Redox Active Cytochrome c. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sarauli D, Xu C, Dietzel B, Schulz B, Lisdat F. A multilayered sulfonated polyaniline network with entrapped pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase: tunable direct bioelectrocatalysis. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3196-3203. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differently sulfonated polyaniline copolymers have been utilized as matrices for the entrapment of PQQ-GDH, resulting in a direct bioelectrocatalytic response together with a colour change upon addition of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarauli
- Biosystems Technology
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau
- D-15745 Wildau, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Dietzel
- Institute for Thin Film and Microsensor Technologies
- D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schulz
- University of Potsdam
- Institute for Chemistry
- D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau
- D-15745 Wildau, Germany
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Sarauli D, Xu C, Dietzel B, Schulz B, Lisdat F. Differently substituted sulfonated polyanilines: the role of polymer compositions in electron transfer with pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8290-8. [PMID: 23777884 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonated polyanilines have become promising building blocks in the construction of biosensors, and therefore we use here differently substituted polymer forms to investigate the role of their structural composition and properties in achieving a direct electron transfer with the redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH). To this end, new copolymers containing different ratios of 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid (MAS), 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (ABS) and 3-aminobenzoic acid (AB) units have been chemically synthesized. All polymers have been studied with respect to their ability to react directly with PQQ-GDH. This interaction has been monitored initially in solution, and subsequently on electrode surfaces. The results show that only copolymers with MAS and aniline units can directly react with PQQ-GDH in solution; the background can be mainly ascribed to the emeraldine salt redox state of the polymer, allowing rather easy reduction. However, when polymers and the enzyme are immobilized on the surface of carbon nanotube-containing electrodes, direct bioelectrocatalysis is also feasible in the case of copolymers composed of ABS/AB and MAS/AB units, existing initially in pernigraniline base form. This verifies that a productive interaction of the enzyme with differently substituted polymers is feasible when the electrode potential can be used to drive the reaction towards the oxidation of the substrate-reduced enzyme. These results clearly demonstrate that enzyme electrodes based on sulfonated polyanilines and direct bioelectrocatalysis can be successfully constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarauli
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, Bahnhofstr. 1, Wildau, D-15745 Wildau, Germany
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Feifel SC, Kapp A, Lisdat F. Protein Multilayer Architectures on Electrodes for Analyte Detection. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:253-98. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Speight RE, Cooper MA. A Survey of the 2010 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Literature. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:451-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Speight
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia; Brisbane; 4072; Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia; Brisbane; 4072; Australia
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Fandrich A, Buller J, Wischerhoff E, Laschewsky A, Lisdat F. Electrochemical Detection of the Thermally Induced Phase Transition of a Thin Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Film. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2020-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Tanne J, Schäfer D, Khalid W, Parak WJ, Lisdat F. Light-Controlled Bioelectrochemical Sensor Based on CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7778-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201329u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Tanne
- Biosystems Technology, Technical University Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - D. Schäfer
- Biosystems Technology, Technical University Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - W. Khalid
- Philips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - W. J. Parak
- Philips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - F. Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Technical University Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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