1
|
Valente A, Podolski-Renić A, Poetsch I, Filipović N, López Ó, Turel I, Heffeter P. Metal- and metalloid-based compounds to target and reverse cancer multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 58:100778. [PMID: 34403910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains the major cause of cancer treatment failure especially at the late stage of the disease. However, based on their versatile chemistry, metal and metalloid compounds offer the possibility to design fine-tuned drugs to circumvent and even specifically target drug-resistant cancer cells. Based on the paramount importance of platinum drugs in the clinics, two main areas of drug resistance reversal strategies exist: overcoming resistance to platinum drugs as well as multidrug resistance based on ABC efflux pumps. The current review provides an overview of both aspects of drug design and discusses the open questions in the field. The areas of drug resistance covered in this article involve: 1) Altered expression of proteins involved in metal uptake, efflux or intracellular distribution, 2) Enhanced drug efflux via ABC transporters, 3) Altered metabolism in drug-resistant cancer cells, 4) Altered thiol or redox homeostasis, 5) Altered DNA damage recognition and enhanced DNA damage repair, 6) Impaired induction of apoptosis and 7) Altered interaction with the immune system. This review represents the first collection of metal (including platinum, ruthenium, iridium, gold, and copper) and metalloid drugs (e.g. arsenic and selenium) which demonstrated drug resistance reversal activity. A special focus is on compounds characterized by collateral sensitivity of ABC transporter-overexpressing cancer cells. Through this approach, we wish to draw the attention to open research questions in the field. Future investigations are warranted to obtain more insights into the mechanisms of action of the most potent compounds which target specific modalities of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isabella Poetsch
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nenad Filipović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jarvis AG, Obrecht L, Deuss PJ, Laan W, Gibson EK, Wells PP, Kamer PCJ. Enzyme Activity by Design: An Artificial Rhodium Hydroformylase for Linear Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13596-13600. [PMID: 28841767 PMCID: PMC5659135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) are hybrid catalysts that offer a unique opportunity to combine the superior performance of natural protein structures with the unnatural reactivity of transition‐metal catalytic centers. Therefore, they provide the prospect of highly selective and active catalytic chemical conversions for which natural enzymes are unavailable. Herein, we show how by rationally combining robust site‐specific phosphine bioconjugation methods and a lipid‐binding protein (SCP‐2L), an artificial rhodium hydroformylase was developed that displays remarkable activities and selectivities for the biphasic production of long‐chain linear aldehydes under benign aqueous conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates that judiciously chosen protein‐binding scaffolds can be adapted to obtain metalloenzymes that provide the reactivity of the introduced metal center combined with specifically intended product selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Lorenz Obrecht
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Peter J Deuss
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Laan
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.,Current address: Phoreon, Bioincubator I, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma K Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.,UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Peter P Wells
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Paul C J Kamer
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.,Bioinspired Homo- & Heterogeneous Catalysis, Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jarvis AG, Obrecht L, Deuss PJ, Laan W, Gibson EK, Wells PP, Kamer PCJ. Enzyme Activity by Design: An Artificial Rhodium Hydroformylase for Linear Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. Jarvis
- School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Lorenz Obrecht
- School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG); University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Laan
- School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Current address: Phoreon; Bioincubator I; Gaston Geenslaan 1 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Emma K. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry; University College London; 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
- UK Catalysis Hub; Research Complex at Harwell; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Harwell Science & Innovation Campus; Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0FA UK
| | - Peter P. Wells
- UK Catalysis Hub; Research Complex at Harwell; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Harwell Science & Innovation Campus; Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0FA UK
- School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Diamond Light Source; Harwell Science & Innovation Campus; Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Bioinspired Homo- & Heterogeneous Catalysis; Leibniz Institute for Catalysis; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwizer F, Okamoto Y, Heinisch T, Gu Y, Pellizzoni MM, Lebrun V, Reuter R, Köhler V, Lewis JC, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzymes: Reaction Scope and Optimization Strategies. Chem Rev 2017; 118:142-231. [PMID: 28714313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a synthetic, catalytically competent metallocofactor into a protein scaffold to generate an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) has been explored since the late 1970's. Progress in the ensuing years was limited by the tools available for both organometallic synthesis and protein engineering. Advances in both of these areas, combined with increased appreciation of the potential benefits of combining attractive features of both homogeneous catalysis and enzymatic catalysis, led to a resurgence of interest in ArMs starting in the early 2000's. Perhaps the most intriguing of potential ArM properties is their ability to endow homogeneous catalysts with a genetic memory. Indeed, incorporating a homogeneous catalyst into a genetically encoded scaffold offers the opportunity to improve ArM performance by directed evolution. This capability could, in turn, lead to improvements in ArM efficiency similar to those obtained for natural enzymes, providing systems suitable for practical applications and greater insight into the role of second coordination sphere interactions in organometallic catalysis. Since its renaissance in the early 2000's, different aspects of artificial metalloenzymes have been extensively reviewed and highlighted. Our intent is to provide a comprehensive overview of all work in the field up to December 2016, organized according to reaction class. Because of the wide range of non-natural reactions catalyzed by ArMs, this was done using a functional-group transformation classification. The review begins with a summary of the proteins and the anchoring strategies used to date for the creation of ArMs, followed by a historical perspective. Then follows a summary of the reactions catalyzed by ArMs and a concluding critical outlook. This analysis allows for comparison of similar reactions catalyzed by ArMs constructed using different metallocofactor anchoring strategies, cofactors, protein scaffolds, and mutagenesis strategies. These data will be used to construct a searchable Web site on ArMs that will be updated regularly by the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schwizer
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann Heinisch
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Gu
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michela M Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Lebrun
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Pàmies O, Diéguez M, Bäckvall JE. Artificial Metalloenzymes in Asymmetric Catalysis: Key Developments and Future Directions. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Basauri-Molina M, Riemersma CF, Würdemann MA, Kleijn H, Klein Gebbink RJM. Lipase active site covalent anchoring of Rh(NHC) catalysts: towards chemoselective artificial metalloenzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6792-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09700a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Artificial metallo-enzymes derived from active site-inhibited lipases show chemoselective reactivity in catalytic hydrogenations. Embedding of a non-natural metallic center leads to full and competitive selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Basauri-Molina
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - C. F. Riemersma
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Würdemann
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - H. Kleijn
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - R. J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raynal M, Ballester P, Vidal-Ferran A, van Leeuwen PWNM. Supramolecular catalysis. Part 2: artificial enzyme mimics. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1734-87. [PMID: 24365792 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial catalysts able to compete with the catalytic proficiency of enzymes is an intense subject of research. Non-covalent interactions are thought to be involved in several properties of enzymatic catalysis, notably (i) the confinement of the substrates and the active site within a catalytic pocket, (ii) the creation of a hydrophobic pocket in water, (iii) self-replication properties and (iv) allosteric properties. The origins of the enhanced rates and high catalytic selectivities associated with these properties are still a matter of debate. Stabilisation of the transition state and favourable conformations of the active site and the product(s) are probably part of the answer. We present here artificial catalysts and biomacromolecule hybrid catalysts which constitute good models towards the development of truly competitive artificial enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Raynal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang H, Srivastava P, Zhang C, Lewis JC. A general method for artificial metalloenzyme formation through strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Chembiochem 2013; 15:223-7. [PMID: 24376040 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) can be used to generate artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) from scaffold proteins containing a p-azido-L-phenylalanine (Az) residue and catalytically active bicyclononyne-substituted metal complexes. The high efficiency of this reaction allows rapid ArM formation when using Az residues within the scaffold protein in the presence of cysteine residues or various reactive components of cellular lysate. In general, cofactor-based ArM formation allows the use of any desired metal complex to build unique inorganic protein materials. SPAAC covalent linkage further decouples the native function of the scaffold from the installation process because it is not affected by native amino acid residues; as long as an Az residue can be incorporated, an ArM can be generated. We have demonstrated the scope of this method with respect to both the scaffold and cofactor components and established that the dirhodium ArMs generated can catalyze the decomposition of diazo compounds and both Si-H and olefin insertion reactions involving these carbene precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jantke D, Marziale AN, Reiner T, Kraus F, Herdtweck E, Raba A, Eppinger J. Synthetic strategies for efficient conjugation of organometallic complexes with pendant protein reactive markers. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Deuss PJ, Popa G, Slawin AMZ, Laan W, Kamer PCJ. Artificial Copper Enzymes for Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Reiner T, Jantke D, Marziale AN, Raba A, Eppinger J. Metal-conjugated affinity labels: a new concept to create enantioselective artificial metalloenzymes. ChemistryOpen 2013; 2:50-4. [PMID: 24551533 PMCID: PMC3646430 DOI: 10.1002/open.201200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reiner
- Chemistry Department, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching (Germany)
| | - Dominik Jantke
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900 (Saudi Arabia)
| | - Alexander N Marziale
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900 (Saudi Arabia)
| | - Andreas Raba
- Chemistry Department, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching (Germany)
| | - Jörg Eppinger
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900 (Saudi Arabia)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wieczorek B, Snelders DJM, Dijkstra HP, Versluis K, Lutz M, Spek AL, Egmond MR, Klein Gebbink RJM, van Koten G. Coordination Chemistry in Water of a Free and a Lipase-Embedded Cationic NCN-Pincer Platinum Center with Neutral and Ionic Triarylphosphines. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om2010832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wieczorek
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J. M. Snelders
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harm P. Dijkstra
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Koten
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Allen
- Biomedical Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Deuss PJ, den Heeten R, Laan W, Kamer PCJ. Bioinspired Catalyst Design and Artificial Metalloenzymes. Chemistry 2011; 17:4680-98. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Sykora RE, Harris AG, Clements JW, Hoffman NW. Dichlorido(η-p-cymene)(4-fluoro-aniline-κN)ruthenium(II). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 67:m99-m100. [PMID: 21522611 PMCID: PMC3050405 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810051962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, [RuCl2(C10H14)(C6H6FN)], a pseudo-octahedral d6 complex, has the expected piano-stool geometry around the Ru(II) atom. The fluoroaniline ring forms a dihedral angle of 19.3 (2)° with the p-cymene ring. In the crystal, two molecules form an inversion dimer via a pair of N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. Weak intermolecular C—H⋯Cl interactions involving the p-cymene ring consolidate the crystal packing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Sykora
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|