1
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Improving Drug Sensitivity of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors by Restriction of Cellular Efflux System in a Fission Yeast Model. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070804. [PMID: 35890048 PMCID: PMC9318301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission yeast can be used as a cell-based system for high-throughput drug screening. However, higher drug concentrations are often needed to achieve the same effect as in mammalian cells. Our goal here was to improve drug sensitivity so reduced drugs could be used. Three different methods affecting drug uptakes were tested using an FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) drug Darunavir (DRV). First, we tested whether spheroplasts without cell walls increase the drug sensitivity. Second, we examined whether electroporation could be used. Although small improvements were observed, neither of these two methods showed significant increase in the EC50 values of DRV compared with the traditional method. In contrast, when DRV was tested in a mutant strain PR836 that lacks key proteins regulating cellular efflux, a significant increase in the EC50 was observed. A comparison of nine FDA-approved HIV-1 PI drugs between the wild-type RE294 strain and the mutant PR836 strain showed marked enhancement of the drug sensitivities ranging from an increase of 0.56 log to 2.48 logs. Therefore, restricting cellular efflux through the adaption of the described fission yeast mutant strain enhances the drug sensitivity, reduces the amount of drug used, and increases the chance of success in future drug discovery.
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2
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Hwang W, Toda T, Yukawa M. Complementation of fission yeast kinesin-5/Cut7 with human Eg5 provides a versatile platform for screening of anticancer compounds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:254-259. [PMID: 34864879 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 family proteins are essential for bipolar spindle assembly to ensure mitotic fidelity. Here, we demonstrate evolutionary functional conservation of kinesin-5 between human and fission yeast. Human Eg5 expressed in the nucleus replaces fission yeast counterpart Cut7. Intriguingly, Eg5 overproduction results in cytotoxicity. This phenotype provides a useful platform for the development of novel kinesin-5 inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosang Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Toda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Yukawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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3
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Tomita K, Yashiroda Y, Matsuo Y, Piotrowski JS, Li SC, Okamoto R, Yoshimura M, Kimura H, Kawamura Y, Kawamukai M, Boone C, Yoshida M, Nojiri H, Okada K. Genome-wide Screening of Genes Associated with Momilactone B Sensitivity in the Fission Yeast. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6270786. [PMID: 33956138 PMCID: PMC8496333 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Momilactone B is a natural product with dual biological activities, including antimicrobial and allelopathic properties, and plays a major role in plant chemical defense against competitive plants and pathogens. The pharmacological effects of momilactone B on mammalian cells have also been reported. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its broad bioactivity. In this study, the genetic determinants of momilactone B sensitivity in yeast were explored to gain insight into its mode of action. We screened fission yeast mutants resistant to momilactone B from a pooled culture containing genome-wide gene-overexpressing strains in a drug-hypersensitive genetic background. Overexpression of pmd1, bfr1, pap1, arp9, or SPAC9E9.06c conferred resistance to momilactone B. In addition, a drug-hypersensitive, barcoded deletion library was newly constructed and the genes that imparted altered sensitivity to momilactone B upon deletion were identified. Gene Ontology and fission yeast phenotype ontology enrichment analyses predicted the biological pathways related to the mode of action of momilactone B. The validation of predictions revealed that momilactone B induced abnormal phenotypes such as multiseptated cells and disrupted organization of the microtubule structure. This is the first investigation of the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of momilactone B against yeast. The results and datasets obtained in this study narrow the possible targets of momilactone B and facilitate further studies regarding its mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tomita
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoko Yashiroda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Jeff S Piotrowski
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sheena C Li
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Reika Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mami Yoshimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yumi Kawamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Charles Boone
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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4
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Jamroskovic J, Doimo M, Chand K, Obi I, Kumar R, Brännström K, Hedenström M, Nath Das R, Akhunzianov A, Deiana M, Kasho K, Sulis Sato S, Pourbozorgi PL, Mason JE, Medini P, Öhlund D, Wanrooij S, Chorell E, Sabouri N. Quinazoline Ligands Induce Cancer Cell Death through Selective STAT3 Inhibition and G-Quadruplex Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2876-2888. [PMID: 31990532 PMCID: PMC7307907 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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The signal transducer
and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
protein is a master regulator of most key hallmarks and enablers of
cancer, including cell proliferation and the response to DNA damage.
G-Quadruplex (G4) structures are four-stranded noncanonical DNA structures
enriched at telomeres and oncogenes’ promoters. In cancer cells,
stabilization of G4 DNAs leads to replication stress and DNA damage
accumulation and is therefore considered a promising target for oncotherapy.
Here, we designed and synthesized novel quinazoline-based compounds
that simultaneously and selectively affect these two well-recognized
cancer targets, G4 DNA structures and the STAT3 protein. Using a combination
of in vitro assays, NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show
that these small, uncharged compounds not only bind to the STAT3 protein
but also stabilize G4 structures. In human cultured cells, the compounds
inhibit phosphorylation-dependent activation of STAT3 without affecting
the antiapoptotic factor STAT1 and cause increased formation of G4
structures, as revealed by the use of a G4 DNA-specific antibody.
As a result, treated cells show slower DNA replication, DNA damage
checkpoint activation, and an increased apoptotic rate. Importantly,
cancer cells are more sensitive to these molecules compared to noncancerous
cell lines. This is the first report of a promising class of compounds
that not only targets the DNA damage cancer response machinery but
also simultaneously inhibits the STAT3-induced cancer cell proliferation,
demonstrating a novel approach in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jamroskovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Mara Doimo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Karam Chand
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Ikenna Obi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Brännström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | | | | | - Almaz Akhunzianov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology , Kazan Federal University , Kazan 420008 , Russia
| | - Marco Deiana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Kazutoshi Kasho
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Sebastian Sulis Sato
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Parham L Pourbozorgi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - James E Mason
- Department of Radiation Sciences , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Paolo Medini
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Daniel Öhlund
- Department of Radiation Sciences , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Sjoerd Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Erik Chorell
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
| | - Nasim Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå University , Umeå 90736 , Sweden
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5
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Yukawa M, Yamauchi T, Kurisawa N, Ahmed S, Kimura KI, Toda T. Fission yeast cells overproducing HSET/KIFC1 provides a useful tool for identification and evaluation of human kinesin-14 inhibitors. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Takenaka K, Tanabe T, Kawamukai M, Matsuo Y. Overexpression of the transcription factor Rst2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe indicates growth defect, mitotic defects, and microtubule disorder. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:247-257. [PMID: 29316864 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1415126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the transcription factor Rst2 regulates ste11 in meiosis and fbp1 in glucogenesis downstream of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway. Here, we demonstrate that Rst2 regulates additional cellular events. Overexpressed Rst2 elevated the frequency of oval, bent, branched, septated, and multi-septated cells. Cells showed normal nuclear divisions but exhibited abnormal nuclear organization at low frequency. In oval cells, microtubules were curved but they were rescued by the deletion of mal3. Since growth defect was not rescued by mal3 deletion, we argue that it is regulated independently. Loss of functional Pka1 exaggerated growth defect upon Rst2 overexpression because its downregulation by Pka1 was lost. Overexpression of Rst2 also caused sensitivity to KCl and CaCl2. These findings suggest that, in addition to meiosis and glucogenesis, Rst2 is involved in cellular events such as regulation of cell growth, cell morphology, mitosis progression, microtubules structure, nuclear structure, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Takenaka
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Takuma Tanabe
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
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7
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Wang Z. Plant-derived antifungal compounds trigger a common transcriptional response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [PMID: 28625541 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs is vital for better control of mycosis, which kills >1.3 million lives every year thus remains a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we investigate the activities of three different categories of plant-derived antifungal compounds (resveratrol, honokiol and osthole) via transcriptomics and bioinformatics analysis, with the goal of discovering the common Mode-of-Action (MoA) at molecular level. The result shows that a common transcriptional response (72 gene are up-regulated while 10 genes are down-regulated, commonly) are triggered by above representative antifungal compounds in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) yeast. By virtue of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene functional annotation study, we identify that the genes involved in oxidative stress response, sugar metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and glycolysis are significantly up-regulated, while the genes involved in nucleosome assembly, transcription and RNA processing are down-regulated, by any of these antifungal compounds. These observations demonstrate that the common MoA includes a strengthened anti-oxidative cell adaptation, a faster metabolic rate and a generally suppressed gene transcriptional activity. It implies a genetically encoded common redistribution of intracellular energy flux and molecules synthesis, after the challenging of antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Song-Hu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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8
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Wei Y, Diao LX, Lu S, Wang HT, Suo F, Dong MQ, Du LL. SUMO-Targeted DNA Translocase Rrp2 Protects the Genome from Top2-Induced DNA Damage. Mol Cell 2017; 66:581-596.e6. [PMID: 28552615 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The action of DNA topoisomerase II (Top2) creates transient DNA breaks that are normally concealed inside Top2-DNA covalent complexes. Top2 poisons, including ubiquitously present natural compounds and clinically used anti-cancer drugs, trap Top2-DNA complexes. Here, we show that cells actively prevent Top2 degradation to avoid the exposure of concealed DNA breaks. A genome-wide screen revealed that fission yeast cells lacking Rrp2, an Snf2-family DNA translocase, are strongly sensitive to Top2 poisons. Loss of Rrp2 enhances SUMOylation-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of Top2, which in turn increases DNA damage at sites where Top2-DNA complexes are trapped. Rrp2 possesses SUMO-binding ability and prevents excessive Top2 degradation by competing against the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) for SUMO chain binding and by displacing SUMOylated Top2 from DNA. The budding yeast homolog of Rrp2, Uls1, plays a similar role, indicating that this genome protection mechanism is widely employed, a finding with implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Xue Diao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Suo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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9
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Chinen T, Nagumo Y, Usui T. Construction of a genetic analysis-available multidrug sensitive yeast strain by disruption of the drug efflux system and conditional repression of the membrane barrier system. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2015; 60:160-2. [PMID: 25273990 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.60.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Chinen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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10
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Construction of Multidrug-Sensitive Yeast with High Sporulation Efficiency. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1588-93. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Ziegler S, Pries V, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Identifizierung der Zielproteine bioaktiver Verbindungen: Die Suche nach der Nadel im Heuhaufen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Ziegler S, Pries V, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Target identification for small bioactive molecules: finding the needle in the haystack. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2744-92. [PMID: 23418026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification and confirmation of bioactive small-molecule targets is a crucial, often decisive step both in academic and pharmaceutical research. Through the development and availability of several new experimental techniques, target identification is, in principle, feasible, and the number of successful examples steadily grows. However, a generic methodology that can successfully be applied in the majority of the cases has not yet been established. Herein we summarize current methods for target identification of small molecules, primarily for a chemistry audience but also the biological community, for example, the chemist or biologist attempting to identify the target of a given bioactive compound. We describe the most frequently employed experimental approaches for target identification and provide several representative examples illustrating the state-of-the-art. Among the techniques currently available, protein affinity isolation using suitable small-molecule probes (pulldown) and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated proteins appears to be most powerful and most frequently applied. To provide guidance for rapid entry into the field and based on our own experience we propose a typical workflow for target identification, which centers on the application of chemical proteomics as the key step to generate hypotheses for potential target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Abt. Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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13
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Singh-Babak SD, Shekhar T, Smith AM, Giaever G, Nislow C, Cowen LE. A novel calcineurin-independent activity of cyclosporin A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:2575-84. [PMID: 22751784 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungi rely on regulatory networks to coordinate sensing of environmental stress with initiation of responses crucial for survival. Antifungal drugs are a specific type of environmental stress with broad clinical relevance. Small molecules with antifungal activity are ubiquitous in the environment, and are produced by a myriad of microbes in competitive natural communities. The echinocandins are fungal fermentation products and the most recently developed class of antifungals, with those in clinical use being semisynthetic derivatives that target the fungal cell wall by inhibiting 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase. Recent studies implicate the protein phosphatase calcineurin as a key regulator of cellular stress responses required for fungal survival of echinocandin-induced cell wall stress. Pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin can be achieved using the natural product and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin by binding to the immunophilin Cpr1. This drug-protein complex inhibits the interaction between the regulatory and catalytic subunits of calcineurin, an interaction necessary for calcineurin function. Here, we report on potent activity of cyclosporin A when combined with the echinocandin micafungin against the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is independent of its known mechanism of action of calcineurin inhibition. This calcineurin-independent synergy does not involve any of the 12 immunophilins known in yeast, individually or in combination, and is not mediated by any of the multidrug transporters encoded or controlled by YOR1, SNQ2, PDR5, PDR10, PDR11, YCF1, PDR15, ADP1, VMR1, NFT1, BPT1, YBT1, YNR070w, YOL075c, AUS1, PDR12, PDR1 and/or PDR3. Genome-wide haploinsufficiency profiling (HIP) and homozygous deletion profiling (HOP) strongly implicate the cell wall biosynthesis and integrity pathways as being central to the calcineurin-independent activity of cyclosporin A. Thus, systems level chemical genomic approaches implicate key cellular pathways in a novel mechanism of antifungal drug synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena D Singh-Babak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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14
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Kawashima SA, Takemoto A, Nurse P, Kapoor TM. Analyzing fission yeast multidrug resistance mechanisms to develop a genetically tractable model system for chemical biology. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2012; 19:893-901. [PMID: 22840777 PMCID: PMC3589755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors can help analyze dynamic cellular processes, particularly when probes are active in genetically tractable model systems. Although fission yeast has served as an important model system, which shares more cellular processes (e.g., RNAi) with humans than budding yeast, its use for chemical biology has been limited by its multidrug resistance (MDR) response. Using genomics and genetics approaches, we identified the key transcription factors and drug-efflux transporters responsible for fission yeast MDR and designed strains sensitive to a wide-range of chemical inhibitors, including commonly used probes. We used this strain, along with acute chemical inhibition and high-resolution imaging, to examine metaphase spindle organization in a "closed" mitosis. Together, our findings suggest that our fission yeast strains will allow the use of several inhibitors as probes, discovery of new inhibitors, and analysis of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai Takemoto
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Nurse
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Azad MA, Wright GD. Determining the mode of action of bioactive compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1929-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Andrusiak K, Piotrowski JS, Boone C. Chemical-genomic profiling: systematic analysis of the cellular targets of bioactive molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1952-60. [PMID: 22261022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical-genomic (CG) profiling of bioactive compounds is a powerful approach for drug target identification and mode of action studies. Within the last decade, research focused largely on the development and application of CG approaches in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The success of these methods has sparked interest in transitioning CG profiling to other biological systems to extend clinical and evolutionary relevance. Additionally, CG profiling has proven to enhance drug-synergy screens for developing combinatorial therapies. Herein, we briefly review CG profiling, focusing on emerging cross-species technologies and novel drug-synergy applications, as well as outlining needs within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Andrusiak
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
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17
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Cho YS, Kwon HJ. Identification and validation of bioactive small molecule target through phenotypic screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1922-8. [PMID: 22153994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
For effective bioactive small molecule discovery and development into new therapeutic drug, a systematic screening and target protein identification is required. Different from the conventional screening system, herein phenotypic screening in combination with multi-omics-based target identification and validation (MOTIV) is introduced. First, phenotypic screening provides visual effect of bioactive small molecules in the cell or organism level. It is important to know the effect on the cell or organism level since small molecules affect not only a single target but the entire cellular mechanism within a cell or organism. Secondly, MOTIV provides systemic approach to discover the target protein of bioactive small molecule. With the chemical genomics and proteomics approach of target identification methods, various target protein candidates are identified. Then network analysis and validations of these candidates result in identifying the biologically relevant target protein and cellular mechanism. Overall, the combination of phenotypic screening and MOTIV will provide an effective approach to discover new bioactive small molecules and their target protein and mechanism identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sun Cho
- Chemical Genomics National Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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