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Alhassani RY, Bagadood RM, Balubaid RN, Barno HI, Alahmadi MO, Ayoub NA. Drug Therapies Affecting Renal Function: An Overview. Cureus 2021; 13:e19924. [PMID: 34976524 PMCID: PMC8712249 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesirable side effects of medication are inevitable. Due to the role of the kidneys in clearance and filtration, the renal system faces a unique situation when it comes to the side effects of drugs. It has an important role for different classes of drugs to be excreted, and drugs are a key factor for this system to be at risk. Medications in articles were divided into classes using the standard set by the Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. Many drug classes cause renal insults. The top six classes were pain killers, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, antidiabetics, antihyperlipidemics, and agents for erectile dysfunction. Renal insults caused by these agents could vary in severity. Some drugs could cause nephrotoxicity from one dose, while others may only need continuous monitoring. Different populations also operate under different rules, as some people need dose adjustments while others who are medically free of major illnesses do not. A variety of unfavorable outcomes for the kidney could take place, such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and end-stage renal disease, and unfortunately, some of these issues could lead to the need for renal replacement therapies. The outcome of this review paper will help multidisciplinary physicians to understand the renal side effects of the most used drug classes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, their destructive mechanisms, and most importantly, the clinical presentations of renal dysfunction in relation to each class. Emphasizing these adverse effects will prevent future unfavorable outcomes, especially in commonly used drugs that are frequently prescribed for different age groups. Moreover, some of these drugs are considered to be over-the-counter medications, which makes them a serious problem that needs to be handled cautiously.
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Alternatives to Fight Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococci and Enterococci. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091116. [PMID: 34572698 PMCID: PMC8471638 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram positive pathogens are a significant cause of healthcare-associated infections, with Staphylococci and Enterococci being the most prevalent ones. Vancomycin, a last resort glycopeptide, is used to fight these bacteria but the emergence of resistance against this drug leaves some patients with few therapeutic options. To counter this issue, new generations of antibiotics have been developed but resistance has already been reported. In this article, we review the strategies in place or in development to counter vancomycin-resistant pathogens. First, an overview of traditional antimicrobials already on the market or in the preclinical or clinical pipeline used individually or in combination is summarized. The second part focuses on the non-traditional antimicrobials, such as antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages and nanoparticles. The conclusion is that there is hitherto no substitute equivalent to vancomycin. However, promising strategies based on drugs with multiple mechanisms of action and treatments based on bacteriophages possibly combined with conventional antibiotics are hoped to provide treatment options for vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
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Du Q, Wu X, Bi W, Xing B, Yeow EKL. Increasing antibiotic activity by rapid bioorthogonal conjugation of drug to resistant bacteria using an upconverted light-activated photocatalyst. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3136-3142. [PMID: 33656045 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic vancomycin (Van) is often used as the drug of last resort to treat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Due to the emergence of Van-resistant microbes, it is necessary to continuously design strategies to increase the efficacy of Van against resistant cells. In this study, an efficient method of bio-conjugating Van to bacteria is proposed using near-infrared (NIR)-light activation. A Nd3+-sensitized upconversion nanocrystal (UCNC) decorated with toluidine blue O (TB) on its surface undergoes upconverted energy transfer from the UCNC to TB when excited by 808 nm light. The photoexcited TB then catalyses the conversion of the dihydrotetrazine (dHTz) moiety in a Van-dHTz conjugate system to tetrazine which undergoes an efficient inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction with prior attached norbornene molecules on bacterial cell walls. The enhanced affinity of Van to bacteria by covalent bonding improves the activity of the drug against drug-resistant Enterococci, and the MIC is reduced by 6- to 7-fold as compared to neat Van. We demonstrate that the mode of action is due to increased inhibition of peptidoglycan cell wall biosynthesis. The findings in this study demonstrate that on-demand NIR-light activated bioorthogonal conjugation of Van to microbes is a viable alternative treatment in combating drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Du
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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4
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Abdel Monaim SAH, Somboro AM, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Bacteria Hunt Bacteria through an Intriguing Cyclic Peptide. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:24-51. [PMID: 30394699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, peptides have been victorious over small molecules as therapeutics due to their broad range of applications, high biological activity, and high specificity. However, the main challenges to overcome if peptides are to become effective drugs is their low oral bioavailability and instability under physiological conditions. Cyclic peptides play a vital role in this context because they show higher stability under physiological conditions, higher membrane permeability, and greater oral bioavailability than that of their corresponding linear analogues. In this regard, cyclic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of novel antibiotic development. Bacterial strains produce cyclic AMPs through two pathways: ribosomal and nonribosomal. This review provides an overview of the chemical classification of cyclic AMPs isolated from bacteria, and provides a description of their biological activity and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 12321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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5
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Laccase catalysis for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:13-33. [PMID: 27872999 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The demand for compounds of therapeutic value is increasing mainly because of new applications of bioactive compounds in medicine, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. This has necessitated the search for cost-effective methods for producing bioactive compounds and therefore the intensification of the search for enzymatic approaches in organic synthesis. Laccase is one of the enzymes that have shown encouraging potential as biocatalysts in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Laccases are multicopper oxidases with a diverse range of catalytic activities revolving around synthesis and degradative reactions. They have attracted much attention as potential industrial catalysts in organic synthesis mainly because they are essentially green catalysts with a diverse substrate range. Their reaction only requires molecular oxygen and releases water as the only by-product. Laccase catalysis involves the abstraction of a single electron from their substrates to produce reactive radicals. The free radicals subsequently undergo homo- and hetero-coupling to form dimeric, oligomeric, polymeric, or cross-coupling products which have practical implications in organic synthesis. Consequently, there is a growing body of research focused on the synthetic applications of laccases such as organic synthesis, hair and textile dyeing, polymer synthesis, and grafting processes. This paper reviews the major advances in laccase-mediated synthesis of bioactive compounds, the mechanisms of enzymatic coupling, structure-activity relationships of synthesized compounds, and the challenges that might guide future research directions.
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Silverman SM, Moses JE, Sharpless KB. Reengineering Antibiotics to Combat Bacterial Resistance: Click Chemistry [1,2,3]-Triazole Vancomycin Dimers with Potent Activity against MRSA and VRE. Chemistry 2016; 23:79-83. [PMID: 27747932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin has long been considered a drug of last resort. Its efficiency in treating multiple drug-resistant bacterial infections, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has had a profound effect on the treatment of life-threatening infections. However, the emergence of resistance to vancomycin is a cause for significant worldwide concern, prompting the urgent development of new effective treatments for antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. Harnessing the benefits of multivalency and cooperativity against vancomycin-resistant strains, we report a Click Chemistry approach towards reengineered vancomycin derivatives and the synthesis of a number of dimers with increased potency against MRSA and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE; VanB). These semi-synthetic dimeric ligands were linked together with great efficiency using the powerful CuAAC reaction, demonstrating high levels of selectivity and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John E Moses
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Pichavant L, Carrié H, Nguyen MN, Plawinski L, Durrieu MC, Héroguez V. Vancomycin Functionalized Nanoparticles for Bactericidal Biomaterial Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1339-46. [PMID: 26938371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a simple and powerful way to synthesize antibacterial biomaterials with applications as implants in orthopedic surgery. Such implants are obtained by covalently grafting onto the Ti90A16 V4 alloy surface with vancomycin-functionalized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were produced by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of α-norbornenyl-ω-vancomycin poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomers. Vancomycin is an interesting candidate because of its use in the field of implant associated infection as it is a glycopeptide which acts on bacterial walls. As a consequence, vancomycin does not need to be released for it to be active. In the first part of this paper, the synthesis and the complete characterization of these materials are described. In a second part, the in vitro antibacterial behavior is analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Pichavant
- CNRS UMR5629, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, IPB-ENSCBP, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33607 Pessac, France.,CNRS UMR5248, Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nanoobjets, Université de Bordeaux, INP Bordeaux, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F-33607 cedex Pessac France
| | - Hélène Carrié
- CNRS UMR5629, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, IPB-ENSCBP, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33607 Pessac, France.,CNRS UMR5248, Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nanoobjets, Université de Bordeaux, INP Bordeaux, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F-33607 cedex Pessac France
| | - Minh Ngoc Nguyen
- CNRS UMR5629, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, IPB-ENSCBP, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33607 Pessac, France.,Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science , Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Plawinski
- CNRS UMR5248, Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nanoobjets, Université de Bordeaux, INP Bordeaux, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F-33607 cedex Pessac France
| | - Marie-Christine Durrieu
- CNRS UMR5248, Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nanoobjets, Université de Bordeaux, INP Bordeaux, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F-33607 cedex Pessac France
| | - Valérie Héroguez
- CNRS UMR5629, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, IPB-ENSCBP, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33607 Pessac, France
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Hamoud R, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Synergistic interactions in two-drug and three-drug combinations (thymol, EDTA and vancomycin) against multi drug resistant bacteria including E. coli. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:443-447. [PMID: 24262063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of two or more drugs, which affect different targets, have frequently been used as a new approach against resistant bacteria. In our work we studied the antimicrobial activity (MIC, MBC) of individual drugs (the phenolic monoterpene thymol, EDTA and vancomycin), of two-drug interactions between thymol and EDTA in comparison with three-drug interactions with vancomycin against sensitive and resistant bacteria. Thymol demonstrated moderate bactericidal activity (MBC between 60 and 4000μg/ml) while EDTA only exhibited bacteriostatic activity over a range of 60-4000μg/ml. MICs of vancomycin were between 0.125 and 16μg/ml against Gram-positive and between 32 and 128μg/ml against Gram-negative bacteria. Checkerboard dilution and time-kill curve assays were performed to evaluate the mode of interaction of several combinations against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA NCTC 10442) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Checkerboard data indicate indifferent interaction against Gram-positive (FICI=1-1.3) and synergy against Gram-negative bacteria (FICI≈0.4), while time kill analyses suggest synergistic effect in different combinations against both types of bacteria. It is remarkable that the combinations could enhance the sensitivity of E. coli to vancomycin 16-fold to which it is normally insensitive. We have provided proof for the concept, that combinations of known antibiotics with modern phytotherapeutics can expand the spectrum of useful therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Hamoud
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Reichling
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kinouchi H, Arimoto H, Nishiguchi K, Oka M, Maki H, Kitagawa H, Kamimori H. Binding properties of antimicrobial agents to dipeptide terminal of lipid II using surface plasmon resonance. Anal Biochem 2014; 452:67-75. [PMID: 24556247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay to estimate the interactions of antimicrobial agents with the dipeptide terminal of lipid II (D-alanyl-D-alanine) and its analogous dipeptides (L-alanyl-L-alanine and D-alanyl-D-lactate) as ligands. The established SPR method showed the reproducible immobilization of ligands on sensor chip and analysis of binding kinetics of antimicrobial agents to ligands. The ligand-immobilized chip could be used repeatedly for at least 200 times for the binding assay of antimicrobial agents, indicating that the ligand-immobilized chip is sufficiently robust for the analysis of binding kinetics. In this SPR system, the selective and specific binding characteristics of vancomycin and its analogs to the ligands were estimated and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The kinetic parameters revealed that one of the remarkable binding characteristics was the specific interaction of vancomycin to only the D-alanyl-D-alanine ligand. In addition, the kinetic binding data of SPR showed close correlation with the antimicrobial activity. The SPR data of other antimicrobial agents (e.g., teicoplanin) to the ligands showed correlation with the antimicrobial activity on the basis of the therapeutic mechanism. Our SPR method could be a valuable tool for predicting the binding characteristics of antimicrobial agents to the dipeptide terminal of lipid II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kinouchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Arimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kenzo Nishiguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Masako Oka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hideki Maki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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10
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Huang SH, Wu WS, Huang LY, Huang WF, Fu WC, Chen PT, Fang JM, Cheng WC, Cheng TJR, Wong CH. New continuous fluorometric assay for bacterial transglycosylase using Förster resonance energy transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17078-89. [PMID: 24131464 DOI: 10.1021/ja407985m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted scientists to search for new antibiotics. Transglycosylase (TGase) is an attractive target for new antibiotic discovery due to its location on the outer membrane of bacteria and its essential role in peptidoglycan synthesis. Though there have been a few molecules identified as TGase inhibitors in the past thirty years, none of them have been developed into antibiotics for humans. The slow pace of development is perhaps due to the lack of continuous, quantitative, and high-throughput assay available for the enzyme. Herein, we report a new continuous fluorescent assay based on Förster resonance energy transfer, using lipid II analogues with a dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonyl quencher in the lipid chain and a coumarin fluorophore in the peptide chain. During the process of transglycosylation, the quencher-appended polyprenol is released and the fluorescence of coumarin can be detected. Using this system, the substrate specificity and affinity of lipid II analogues bearing various numbers and configurations of isoprene units were investigated. Moreover, the inhibition constants of moenomycin and two previously identified small molecules were also determined. In addition, a high-throughput screening using the new assay was conducted to identify potent TGase inhibitors from a 120,000 compound library. This new continuous fluorescent assay not only provides an efficient and convenient way to study TGase activities, but also enables the high-throughput screening of potential TGase inhibitors for antibiotic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsien Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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Nakamura J, Yamashiro H, Miya H, Nishiguchi K, Maki H, Arimoto H. Staphylococcus aureus Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 Can Use Depsi-Lipid II Derived from Vancomycin-Resistant Strains for Cell Wall Synthesis. Chemistry 2013; 19:12104-12. [PMID: 23873669 PMCID: PMC4235313 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (VRSA) uses depsipeptide-containing modified cell-wall precursors for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. Transglycosylase is responsible for the polymerization of the peptidoglycan, and the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) plays a major role in the polymerization among several transglycosylases of wild-type S. aureus. However, it is unclear whether VRSA processes the depsipeptide-containing peptidoglycan precursor by using PBP2. Here, we describe the total synthesis of depsi-lipid I, a cell-wall precursor of VRSA. By using this chemistry, we prepared a depsi-lipid II analogue as substrate for a cell-free transglycosylation system. The reconstituted system revealed that the PBP2 of S. aureus is able to process a depsi-lipid II intermediate as efficiently as its normal substrate. Moreover, the system was successfully used to demonstrate the difference in the mode of action of the two antibiotics moenomycin and vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 0-22-217-6204
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Nakamura J, Yamashiro H, Hayashi S, Yamamoto M, Miura K, Xu S, Doi T, Maki H, Yoshida O, Arimoto H. Elucidation of the Active Conformation of Vancomycin Dimers with Antibacterial Activity against Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria. Chemistry 2012; 18:12681-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Ashford PA, Bew SP. Recent advances in the synthesis of new glycopeptide antibiotics. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:957-78. [PMID: 21829829 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vancomycin family of glycopeptide antibiotics has been inspiring research in the field of synthetic chemistry since the 1980s. Recent studies have moved away from the focus of total synthesis into new territory: the design and evaluation of novel compounds based on the natural products which exhibit improved antibacterial activity. Modern approaches to drug synthesis draw together investigations into the nature of the binding environment, and innovative synthetic methodologies which provide solutions to the challenging structural features and stereochemistry associated with this intriguing class of compounds. New analogues, derivatives and dimers of the natural products, as well as recent successes in the total synthesis of the complestatins are described in this tutorial review, covering literature from the last decade.
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