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Squaraine-Based Optical Sensors: Designer Toolbox for Exploring Ionic and Molecular Recognitions. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule-based chromogenic and fluorogenic probes play an indispensable role in many sensing applications. Ideal optical chemosensors should provide selectivity and sensitivity towards a variety of analytes. Synthetic accessibility and attractive photophysical properties have made squaraine dyes an enticing platform for the development of chemosensors. This review highlights the versatility of modular assemblies of squaraine-based chemosensors and chemodosimeters that take advantage of the availability of various structurally and functionally diverse recognition motifs, as well as utilizing additional recognition capabilities due to the unique structural features of the squaraine ring.
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2
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Tian R, Wang C, Chi W, Fan J, Du J, Long S, Guo L, Liu X, Peng X. Emerging Design Principle of Near-Infrared Upconversion Sensitizer Based on Mitochondria-Targeted Organic Dye for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2021; 27:16707-16715. [PMID: 34648222 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Upconversion luminescent (UCL) triggered photodynamic therapy (PDT) affords superior outcome for cancer treatment. However, conventional UCL materials which all work by a multiphoton absorption (MPA) process inevitably need extremely high power density far over the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) to laser. Here, a one-photon absorption molecular upconversion sensitizer Cy5.5-Br based on frequency upconversion luminescent (FUCL) is designed for PDT. The unusual super heavy atom effect (SHAE) in Cy5.5-Br strongly enhances its spin-orbit coupling (0.23 cm-1 ), triplet quantum yield (11.1 %) and triplet state lifetime (18.8 μs) while the potential hot-band absorption of Cy5.5-Br is well maintained. Importantly, Cy5.5-Br can efficiently target the tumour site and kill cancer cells by destroying mitochondria under a biosafety MPE to 808 nm laser. The photostability and antitumor results are obviously superior to that of a Stokes process. This work provides a design criterion for FUCL dyes to realize effective PDT upon a biosafety optical density, possibly bringing more clinical benefits than conventional MPA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weijie Chi
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Saran Long
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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3
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Ilina K, MacCuaig WM, Laramie M, Jeouty JN, McNally LR, Henary M. Squaraine Dyes: Molecular Design for Different Applications and Remaining Challenges. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:194-213. [PMID: 31365819 PMCID: PMC7845514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Squaraine dyes are a class of organic dyes with strong and narrow absorption bands in the near-infrared. Despite high molar absorptivities and fluorescence quantum yields, these dyes have been less explored than other dye scaffolds due to their susceptibility to nucleophilic attack. Recent strategies in probe design including encapsulation, conjugation to biomolecules, and new synthetic modifications have seen squaraine dyes emerging into the forefront of biomedical imaging and other applications. Herein, we provide a concise overview of (1) the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical squaraine dyes, (2) the relationship between structure and photophysical properties of squaraine dyes, and (3) current applications of squaraine dyes in the literature. Given the recent successes at overcoming the limitations of squaraine dyes, they show high potential in biological imaging, in photodynamic and photothermal therapies, and as molecular sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ilina
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - William M. MacCuaig
- Department of Bioengineering, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Matthew Laramie
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jannatun N. Jeouty
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- Department of Bioengineering, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Rao GH, Rana PJS, Chitumalla RK, Jang J, Singh SP. Molecular Engineering and Structure-Related Properties of Squaraine Dyes Based on the Core and Wings Concept. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15416-15425. [PMID: 31458198 PMCID: PMC6643624 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three new squaraine-based functional π-conjugated molecules were synthesized considering the core and wings concept. The molecules, SQ-DICN, SQ-DIEt-RH, and SQ-DICN-RH, were end-capped with three different wings, such as malononitrile, 2-(3-hexyl-4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidene)malononitrile, and 3-ethyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one. Among the three dyes, SQ-DICN-RH showed the highest molar extinction coefficient. The photoluminescence of all the dyes showed an opposite trend to that of the absorption maximum. The electrochemical results showed that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of all the dyes ranged from -3.72 to -3.82 eV, whereas the highest occupied molecular orbital ranged from -4.89 to -4.94 eV. Solvatochromism was carried out to observe the effects of the solvent containing the dyes. The electronic structure of the dyes was examined using ab initio simulations. The dyes were characterized theoretically, and the red-shifted absorption of SQ-DICN-RH was explained and correlated with its biradicaloid character and singlet-triplet energy gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Hanumantha Rao
- Polymers
and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prem Jyoti Singh Rana
- Polymers
and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Chitumalla
- Department
of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National
University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonkyung Jang
- Department
of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National
University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Polymers
and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
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5
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Liu T, Liu X, Zhang Y, Bondar MV, Fang Y, Belfield KD. Far‐Red‐ to NIR‐Emitting Adamantyl‐Functionalized Squaraine Dye: J‐Aggregation, Dissociation, and Cell Imaging. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taihong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University 710062 Xi′an P. R. China
| | - Xinglei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ United States
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ United States
| | | | - Yu Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University 710062 Xi′an P. R. China
| | - Kevin D. Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University 710062 Xi′an P. R. China
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Wu J, Si C, Chen Y, Yang L, Hu B, Chen G, Lu Z, Huang Y. Photovoltaic Devices Prepared through a Trihydroxy Substitution Strategy on an Unsymmetrical Squaraine Dye. Chemistry 2018; 24:3234-3240. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Changfeng Si
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education; Shanghai University; 149 Yanchang Road Shanghai 200072 P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education; Shanghai University; 149 Yanchang Road Shanghai 200072 P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
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7
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Liu T, Liu X, Valencia MA, Sui B, Zhang Y, Belfield KD. Far‐Red‐Emitting TEG‐Substituted Squaraine Dye: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Selective Detection of Cyanide in Aqueous Solution. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taihong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ USA
| | - Xinglei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ USA
| | - Maira A. Valencia
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ USA
| | - Binglin Sui
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ USA
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ USA
| | - Kevin D. Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science College of Science and Liberal Arts New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. 07102 Newark NJ USA
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8
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Friães S, Silva AM, Boto RE, Ferreira D, Fernandes JR, Souto EB, Almeida P, Ferreira LFV, Reis LV. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biological evaluation of unsymmetrical aminosquarylium cyanine dyes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3803-3814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Squaraine dyes: The hierarchical synthesis and its application in optical detection. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mehraban N, Freeman HS. Developments in PDT Sensitizers for Increased Selectivity and Singlet Oxygen Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:4421-4456. [PMID: 28793448 PMCID: PMC5455656 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally-invasive procedure that has been clinically approved for treating certain types of cancers. This procedure takes advantage of the cytotoxic activity of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by visible and NIR light irradiation of dye sensitizers following their accumulation in malignant cells. The main two concerns associated with certain clinically-used PDT sensitizers that have been influencing research in this arena are low selectivity toward malignant cells and low levels of ¹O₂ production in aqueous media. Solving the selectivity issue would compensate for photosensitizer concerns such as dark toxicity and aggregation in aqueous media. One main approach to enhancing dye selectivity involves taking advantage of key methods used in pharmaceutical drug delivery. This approach lies at the heart of the recent developments in PDT research and is a point of emphasis in the present review. Of particular interest has been the development of polymeric micelles as nanoparticles for delivering hydrophobic (lipophilic) and amphiphilic photosensitizers to the target cells. This review also covers methods employed to increase ¹O₂ production efficiency, including the design of two-photon absorbing sensitizers and triplet forming cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Mehraban
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA.
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Shafeekh KM, Soumya MS, Rahim MA, Abraham A, Das S. Synthesis and characterization of near-infrared absorbing water soluble squaraines and study of their photodynamic effects in DLA live cells. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:585-95. [PMID: 24417651 DOI: 10.1111/php.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis, photophysical properties and photodynamic effects in DLA live cells of three water soluble squaraine dyes, viz. bisbenzothiazolium squaraine dyes SQMI and SQDI with iodine in one and both benzothiazolium units, respectively, and an unsymmetrical squaraine dye ASQI containing iodinated benzothiazolium and aniline substituents. The diiodinated SQDI showed an anomalous trend in both fluorescence and triplet quantum yields over the monoiodinated SQMI, with SQDI showing higher fluorescence and lower triplet quantum yields compared to SQMI. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis of SQDI and SQMI indicated the formation of triplet excited states with quantum yield of 0.19 and 0.26, respectively. On photoirradiation, both the SQDI and SQMI generate singlet oxygen and it was observed that both dyes undergoing oxidation reactions with the singlet oxygen generated. ASQI which exhibited a lower triplet quantum yield of 0.06 was, however, stable and did not react with the singlet oxygen generated. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of these dyes in DLA live cells were performed using Trypan blue dye exclusion method and it reflect an order of cytotoxicity of SQDI>SQMI>ASQI. Intracellular generation of the ROS was confirmed by dichlorofluorescein assay after the in vitro PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulathinte M Shafeekh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST-CSIR), Trivandrum, India
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Belfield KD, Bondar MV, Haniff HS, Mikhailov IA, Luchita G, Przhonska OV. Superfluorescent Squaraine with Efficient Two-Photon Absorption and High Photostability. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3532-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Puyad AL, Krishna Chaitanya G, Thomas A, Paramasivam M, Bhanuprakash K. DFT studies of squarylium and core-substituted squarylium dye derivatives: understanding the causes of the additional shorter wavelength absorption in the latter. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash L. Puyad
- School of Chemical Sciences; SRTM University; Nanded 431 606 India
- Computational Chemistry Lab, I & PC Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad-7 India
| | | | - Anup Thomas
- Computational Chemistry Lab, I & PC Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad-7 India
| | - Mahalingavelar Paramasivam
- Computational Chemistry Lab, I & PC Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad-7 India
| | - K. Bhanuprakash
- Computational Chemistry Lab, I & PC Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad-7 India
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Avirah RR, Jayaram DT, Adarsh N, Ramaiah D. Squaraine dyes in PDT: from basic design to in vivo demonstration. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:911-20. [PMID: 22179414 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of novel squaraine dyes as sensitisers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications has grown tremendously in the last decade from the time when a squaraine dye was proposed to be a potential candidate, to-date when the use of such dyes have been demonstrated in animal models for skin cancer. This perspective article highlights the basic design, tuning of absorption, triplet excited state and two-photon absorption properties and recent developments of the squaraines as PDT sensitisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha R Avirah
- Photosciences and Photonics, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, India
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