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Audebert P, Kroke E, Posern C, Lee SH. State of the Art in the Preparation and Properties of Molecular Monomeric s-Heptazines: Syntheses, Characteristics, and Functional Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2515-2544. [PMID: 33449621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an account on the fast expanding field of monomeric (or molecular) heptazines, at the exclusion of their various polymeric forms, often referred to as carbon nitrides. While examples of monomeric heptazines were extremely limited until the beginning of this century, the field has started expanding quickly since then, as has the number of reports on polymeric materials, though previous reviews did not separate these fields. We provide here a detailed report on the synthetic procedures for molecular heptazines. We also extensively report on the different achievements realized from these new molecules, in the fields of physical chemistry, spectroscopy, materials preparation, (photo)catalysis, and devices. After a comprehensive summary and discussion on heptazines syntheses and characteristics, we show that starting from well-defined molecules allows a versatility of approaches and a wide tunability of the expected properties. It comes out that the field of monomeric heptazines is now emerging and possibly heading toward maturity, while diverging from the one of polymeric carbon nitrides. It is likely that this area of research will quickly surge to the forefront of the search for active organic molecules, with special attention to the domains of catalysis and organic-based functional materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France.,XLIM Institute, CNRSUMR 7252, 123 Av Albert Thomas, Limoges 87000, France
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christian Posern
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France
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Posern C, Böhme U, Kroke E. The Reactivity of Cyameluric Chloride C6
N7
Cl3
towards Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Posern
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
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Siva Kumar I, Kumar S. Tri-s-triazine (s-heptazine), a novel electron-deficient core for soft self-assembled supramolecular structures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11445-11448. [PMID: 28980675 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular structures formed by disc-shaped molecules, commonly known as discotic liquid crystals (DLCs), have attracted tremendous interest during the past decade due to their potential applications in wide-viewing liquid crystal displays, sensors, photovoltaic solar cells, light emitting diodes, thin film transistors, etc. Since the discovery, only about sixty different core molecules have been explored to prepare about 3500 DLCs. We have realised a new heterocyclic aromatic molecular motif, s-heptazine, which functions as a core fragment for the synthesis of discotic liquid crystals on appropriate functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irla Siva Kumar
- Raman Research Institute, Soft Condensed Matter, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Near Mekhri Circle, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Posern C, Böhme U, Wagler J, Höhne CC, Kroke E. Arylthio- and Arylseleno-Substituted s
-Heptazines. Chemistry 2017; 23:12510-12518. [PMID: 28558163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Posern
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Jörg Wagler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Carl-Christoph Höhne
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT; 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
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Rational design of carbon nitride photocatalysts by identification of cyanamide defects as catalytically relevant sites. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12165. [PMID: 27387536 PMCID: PMC4941108 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The heptazine-based polymer melon (also known as graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4) is a promising photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Nonetheless, attempts to improve its inherently low activity are rarely based on rational approaches because of a lack of fundamental understanding of its mechanistic operation. Here we employ molecular heptazine-based model catalysts to identify the cyanamide moiety as a photocatalytically relevant ‘defect'. We exploit this knowledge for the rational design of a carbon nitride polymer populated with cyanamide groups, yielding a material with 12 and 16 times the hydrogen evolution rate and apparent quantum efficiency (400 nm), respectively, compared with the unmodified melon. Computational modelling and material characterization suggest that this moiety improves coordination (and, in turn, charge transfer kinetics) to the platinum co-catalyst and enhances the separation of the photogenerated charge carriers. The demonstrated knowledge transfer for rational catalyst design presented here provides the conceptual framework for engineering high-performance heptazine-based photocatalysts. Graphitic carbon nitride is a promising hydrogen evolution photocatalyst, although there is limited understanding of its mechanistic operation. Here, the authors employ molecular heptazine-based model catalysts to identify catalytically relevant defects and to rationally design a highly active carbon nitride photocatalyst.
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Dang QQ, Zhan YF, Wang XM, Zhang XM. Heptazine-Based Porous Framework for Selective CO2 Sorption and Organocatalytic Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:28452-28458. [PMID: 26641732 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new heptazine-based polymer network (Cy-pip) with highly rich nitrogen sites has been synthesized via catalyst-free direct coupling of cyameluric chloride (Cy) and piperazine (Pip). Cy-pip exhibits large CO2 uptake capacity (103.4 mg/g, 9.4 wt %, 1 bar/273 K) with high selectivity (117) toward CO2 over N2. Furthermore, this framework with high Lewis basic nitrogen sites has also been exploited as heterogeneous catalyst for Knoevenagel reaction of aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes with active methylene compounds. Moreover, the catalyst can recycle up to four times with only a minor loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Qin Dang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen, Shanxi 041004, China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen, Shanxi 041004, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen, Shanxi 041004, China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen, Shanxi 041004, China
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Zambon A, Mouesca JM, Gheorghiu C, Bayle PA, Pécaut J, Claeys-Bruno M, Gambarelli S, Dubois L. s-Heptazine oligomers: promising structural models for graphitic carbon nitride. Chem Sci 2015; 7:945-950. [PMID: 29896365 PMCID: PMC5954616 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02992a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, linear s-heptazine oligomers were synthesized to serve as well-defined molecular models for g-CN..
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has interesting catalytic properties but is difficult to study due to its structure and how it is produced. In this study, linear s-heptazine oligomers were synthesized to serve as well-defined molecular models for g-CN. Cyclic voltammetry, absorption and emission spectroscopies showed a clear shift of properties towards those of g-CN as the number of heptazine units increased. DFT calculations supported the characterizations, and helped refine the properties observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zambon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France.,Aix Marseille Université , LISA EA4672 , 13397 Cedex 20 , Marseille , France
| | - J-M Mouesca
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - C Gheorghiu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - P A Bayle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - J Pécaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - M Claeys-Bruno
- French Environment and Energy Management Agency 20 , avenue du Grésillé-BP 90406 49004 , Angers Cedex 01 , France
| | - S Gambarelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - L Dubois
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France . ; .,CEA , INAC-SCIB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
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Schwarzer A, Kroke E. 5,8-Bis[bis-(pyridin-2-yl)amino]-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-hepta-aza-phenalen-2(1H)-one dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate dihydrate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o456-7. [PMID: 24826156 PMCID: PMC3998556 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814005698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C26H17N13O·C2H6OS·2H2O, there is one independent heptazine-based main molecule, one dimethyl sulfoxide molecule and two water molecules as solvents. The tri-s-triazine unit is substituted with two dipyridyl amine moieties and a carbonylic O atom. As indicated by the bond lengths in this acid unit of the heptazine derivative [C=O = 1.213 (2) Å, while the adjacent C—N(H) bond = 1.405 (2) Å] it is best described by the keto form. The cyameluric nucleus is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.061 Å) and the pyridine rings are inclined to its mean plane by dihedral angles varying from 47.47 (5) to 70.22 (5)°. The host and guest molecules are connected via N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a four-membered inversion dimer-like arrangement enclosing an R44(24) ring motif. These arrangements stack along [1-10] with a weak π–π interaction [inter-centroid distance = 3.8721 (12) Å] involving adjacent pyridine rings. There are also C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π interactions present within the host molecule and linking inversion-related molecules, forming a three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schwarzer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, D-09596 Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, D-09596 Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
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Schwarzer A, Saplinova T, Kroke E. Tri-s-triazines (s-heptazines)—From a “mystery molecule” to industrially relevant carbon nitride materials. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kailasam K, Schmidt J, Bildirir H, Zhang G, Blechert S, Wang X, Thomas A. Room Temperature Synthesis of Heptazine-Based Microporous Polymer Networks as Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1008-13. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schwarzer A, Böhme U, Kroke E. Use of Melem as a Nucleophilic Reagent to Form the Triphthalimide C6N7(phthal)3-New Targets and Prospects. Chemistry 2012; 18:12052-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Makowski SJ, Köstler P, Schnick W. Formation of a hydrogen-bonded heptazine framework by self-assembly of melem into a hexagonal channel structure. Chemistry 2012; 18:3248-57. [PMID: 22314938 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of melem C(6)N(7)(NH(2))(3) in hot aqueous solution leads to the formation of hydrogen-bonded, hexagonal rosettes of melem units surrounding infinite channels with a diameter of 8.9 Å. The channels are filled with strongly disordered water molecules, which are bound to the melem network through hydrogen bonds. Single-crystals of melem hydrate C(6)N(7)(NH(2))(3)⋅xH(2)O (x≈2.3) were obtained by hydrothermal treatment of melem at 200 °C and the crystal structure (R ̅3c, a=2879.0(4), c=664.01(13) pm, V=4766.4(13)×10(6) pm(3), Z=18) was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. With respect to the structural similarity to the well-known adduct between melamine and cyanuric acid, the composition of the obtained product was further analyzed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Hydrolysis of melem to cyameluric acid during syntheses at elevated temperatures could thus be ruled out. DTA/TG studies revealed that, during heating of melem hydrate, water molecules can be removed from the channels of the structure to a large extent. The solvent-free framework is stable up to 430 °C without transforming into the denser structure of anhydrous melem. Dehydrated melem hydrate was further characterized by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and sorption measurements to investigate structural changes induced by the removal of water from the channels. During dehydration, the hexagonal, layered arrangement of melem units is maintained whereas the formation of additional hydrogen bonds between melem entities requires the stacking mode of hexagonal layers to be altered. It is assumed that layers are shifted perpendicular to the direction of the channels, thereby making them inaccessible for guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Makowski
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Festkörperchemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
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Clauss C, Schmidt H, Schwarzer A, Kroke E. Copper(II) Melonates Cu3[C6N7(NCN)3]2·8H2O and [Cu(C2H8N2)2]3[C6N7(NCN)3]2·4H2O - Using the Terminal Cyano Group of the[C6N7(NCN)3]3- Ion for Complexation. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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