1
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Mills CM, Benton TZ, Piña I, Francis MJ, Reyes L, Dolloff NG, Peterson YK, Woster PM. Stimulation of natural killer cells with small molecule inhibitors of CD38 for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2168-2182. [PMID: 36845935 PMCID: PMC9945084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05749b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma (NB) accounts for 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. Refractory disease for high-risk NB patients is attributed to chemotherapy resistance and immunotherapy failure. The poor prognosis for high-risk NB patients demonstrates an unmet medical need for the development of new, more efficacious therapeutics. CD38 is an immunomodulating protein that is expressed constitutively on natural killer (NK) cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, CD38 over expression is implicated in propagating an immunosuppressive milieu within the TME. Through virtual and physical screening, we have identified drug-like small molecule inhibitors of CD38 with low micromolar IC50 values. We have begun to explore structure activity relationships for CD38 inhibition through derivatization of our most effective hit molecule to develop a new compound with lead-like physicochemical properties and improved potency. We have demonstrated that our derivatized inhibitor, compound 2, elicits immunomodulatory effects in NK cells by increasing cell viability by 190 ± 36% in multiple donors and by significantly increasing interferon gamma. Additionally, we have illustrated that NK cells exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity toward NB cells (14% reduction of NB cells over 90 minutes) when given a combination treatment of our inhibitor and the immunocytokine ch14.18-IL2. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecule CD38 inhibitors and demonstrate their potential utility as a novel approach to NB immunotherapy. These compounds represent the first examples of small molecules that stimulate immune function for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mills
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Thomas Z Benton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Ivett Piña
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Megan J Francis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Nathan G Dolloff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
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2
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Lagu B, Wu X, Kulkarni S, Paul R, Becherer JD, Olson L, Ravani S, Chatzianastasiou A, Papapetropoulos A, Andrzejewski S. Orally Bioavailable Enzymatic Inhibitor of CD38, MK-0159, Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Murine Heart. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9418-9446. [PMID: 35762533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is one of the major nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)-consuming enzymes in mammals. NAD+, NADP+, and their reduced counterparts are essential coenzymes for numerous enzymatic reactions, including the maintenance of cellular and mitochondrial redox balance. CD38 expression is upregulated in age-associated inflammation as well as numerous metabolic diseases, resulting in cellular and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent literature studies demonstrate that CD38 is activated upon ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), leading to a depletion of NADP+, which results in endothelial damage and myocardial infarction in the heart. Despite increasing evidence of CD38 involvement in various disease states, relatively few CD38 enzymatic inhibitors have been reported to date. Herein, we describe a CD38 enzymatic inhibitor (MK-0159, IC50 = 3 nM against murine CD38) that inhibits CD38 in in vitro assay. Mice treated with MK-0159 show strong protection from myocardial damage upon cardiac I/R injury compared to those treated with NAD+ precursors (nicotinamide riboside) or the known CD38 inhibitor, 78c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Lagu
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Santosh Kulkarni
- Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Rakesh Paul
- Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - J David Becherer
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lyndsay Olson
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Stella Ravani
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasia Chatzianastasiou
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sylvia Andrzejewski
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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3
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Ugamraj HS, Dang K, Ouisse LH, Buelow B, Chini EN, Castello G, Allison J, Clarke SC, Davison LM, Buelow R, Deng R, Iyer S, Schellenberger U, Manika SN, Bijpuria S, Musnier A, Poupon A, Cuturi MC, van Schooten W, Dalvi P. TNB-738, a biparatopic antibody, boosts intracellular NAD+ by inhibiting CD38 ecto-enzyme activity. MAbs 2022; 14:2095949. [PMID: 35867844 PMCID: PMC9311320 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2095949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is an ecto-enzyme expressed primarily on immune cells that metabolize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to adenosine diphosphate ribose or cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Other substrates of CD38 include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide mononucleotide, a critical NAD+ precursor in the salvage pathway. NAD+ is an important coenzyme involved in several metabolic pathways and is a required cofactor for the function of sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases. Declines in NAD+ levels are associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. To inhibit CD38 enzyme activity and boost NAD+ levels, we developed TNB-738, an anti-CD38 biparatopic antibody that pairs two non-competing heavy chain-only antibodies in a bispecific format. By simultaneously binding two distinct epitopes on CD38, TNB-738 potently inhibited its enzymatic activity, which in turn boosted intracellular NAD+ levels and SIRT activities. Due to its silenced IgG4 Fc, TNB-738 did not deplete CD38-expressing cells, in contrast to the clinically available anti-CD38 antibodies, daratumumab, and isatuximab. TNB-738 offers numerous advantages compared to other NAD-boosting therapeutics, including small molecules, and supplements, due to its long half-life, specificity, safety profile, and activity. Overall, TNB-738 represents a novel treatment with broad therapeutic potential for metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with NAD+ deficiencies.Abbreviations: 7-AAD: 7-aminoactinomycin D; ADCC: antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ADCP: antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis; ADPR: adenosine diphosphate ribose; APC: allophycocyanin; cADPR: cyclic ADP-ribose; cDNA: complementary DNA; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD38: cluster of differentiation 38; CDC: complement dependent cytotoxicity; CFA: Freund's complete adjuvant; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CCP4: collaborative computational project, number 4; COOT: crystallographic object-oriented toolkit; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; 3D: three dimensional; εNAD+: nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide; ECD: extracellular domain; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting; FcγR: Fc gamma receptors; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; IgG: immunoglobulin; IFA: incomplete Freund's adjuvant; IFNγ: Interferon gamma; KB: kinetic buffer; kDa: kilodalton; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; M: molar; mM: millimolar; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; NA: nicotinic acid; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAM: nicotinamide; NGS: next-generation sequencing; NHS/EDC: N-Hydroxysuccinimide/ ethyl (dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide; Ni-NTA: nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid; nL: nanoliter; NK: natural killer; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; OD: optical density; PARP: poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PDB: protein data bank; PE: phycoerythrin; PISA: protein interfaces, surfaces, and assemblies: PK: pharmacokinetics; mol: picomolar; RNA: ribonucleic acid; RLU: relative luminescence units; rpm: rotations per minute; RU: resonance unit; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SEM: standard error of the mean; SIRT: sirtuins; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; µg: microgram; µM: micromolar; µL: microliter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kogod Center on Aging, Mitochondrial Care Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Deng
- R&D Q-Pharm consulting LLC, Pleasanton, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Cuturi
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
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4
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Watt JM, Graeff R, Potter BVL. Small Molecule CD38 Inhibitors: Synthesis of 8-Amino- N1-inosine 5'-monophosphate, Analogues and Early Structure-Activity Relationship. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237165. [PMID: 34885748 PMCID: PMC8658804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a monoclonal antibody targeting the multifunctional ectoenzyme CD38 is an FDA-approved drug, few small molecule inhibitors exist for this enzyme that catalyzes inter alia the formation and metabolism of the N1-ribosylated, Ca2+-mobilizing, second messenger cyclic adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (cADPR). N1-Inosine 5′-monophosphate (N1-IMP) is a fragment directly related to cADPR. 8-Substituted-N1-IMP derivatives, prepared by degradation of cyclic parent compounds, inhibit CD38-mediated cADPR hydrolysis more efficiently than related cyclic analogues, making them attractive for inhibitor development. We report a total synthesis of the N1-IMP scaffold from adenine and a small initial compound series that facilitated early delineation of structure-activity parameters, with analogues evaluated for inhibition of CD38-mediated hydrolysis of cADPR. The 5′-phosphate group proved essential for useful activity, but substitution of this group by a sulfonamide bioisostere was not fruitful. 8-NH2-N1-IMP is the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 7.6 μM) and importantly HPLC studies showed this ligand to be cleaved at high CD38 concentrations, confirming its access to the CD38 catalytic machinery and demonstrating the potential of our fragment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Watt
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Richard Graeff
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1865-271945
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5
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Benton TZ, Mills CM, Turner JM, Francis MJ, Solomon DJ, Burger PB, Peterson YK, Dolloff NG, Bachmann AS, Woster PM. Selective targeting of CD38 hydrolase and cyclase activity as an approach to immunostimulation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33260-33270. [PMID: 35497564 PMCID: PMC9042253 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoenzyme CD38 is highly expressed on the surface of mature immune cells, where they are a marker for cell activation, and also on the surface of multiple tumor cells such as multiple myeloma (MM). CD38-targeted monoclonal antibodies (MABs) such as daratumumab and isatuximab bind to CD38 and promote cancer cell death by stimulating the antitumor immune response. Although MABs are achieving unprecedented success in a percentage of cases, high rates of resistance limit their efficacy. Formation of the immunosuppressive intermediate adenosine is a major route by which this resistance is mediated. Thus there is an urgent need for small molecule agents that boost the immune response in T-cells. Importantly, CD38 is a dual-function enzyme, serving as a hydrolase and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cyclase, and both of these activities promote immunosuppression. We have employed virtual and physical screening to identify novel compounds that are selective for either the hydrolase or the cyclase activity of CD38, and have demonstrated that these compounds activate T cells in vitro. We are currently optimizing these inhibitors for use in immunotherapy. These small molecule inhibitors of the CD38-hydrolase or cyclase activity can serve as chemical probes to determine the mechanism by which CD38 promotes resistance to MAB therapy, and could become novel and effective therapeutic agents that produce immunostimulatory effects. Our studies have identified the first small molecule inhibitors of CD38 specifically for use as immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Z Benton
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Catherine M Mills
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Jonathan M Turner
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Megan J Francis
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Dalan J Solomon
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Nathan G Dolloff
- Dept of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - André S Bachmann
- Dept of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University 400 Monroe Ave. NW Grand Rapids MI 49503 USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
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6
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Piedra-Quintero ZL, Wilson Z, Nava P, Guerau-de-Arellano M. CD38: An Immunomodulatory Molecule in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:597959. [PMID: 33329591 PMCID: PMC7734206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.597959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a molecule that can act as an enzyme, with NAD-depleting and intracellular signaling activity, or as a receptor with adhesive functions. CD38 can be found expressed either on the cell surface, where it may face the extracellular milieu or the cytosol, or in intracellular compartments, such as endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, and mitochondria. The main expression of CD38 is observed in hematopoietic cells, with some cell-type specific differences between mouse and human. The role of CD38 in immune cells ranges from modulating cell differentiation to effector functions during inflammation, where CD38 may regulate cell recruitment, cytokine release, and NAD availability. In line with a role in inflammation, CD38 appears to also play a critical role in inflammatory processes during autoimmunity, although whether CD38 has pathogenic or regulatory effects varies depending on the disease, immune cell, or animal model analyzed. Given the complexity of the physiology of CD38 it has been difficult to completely understand the biology of this molecule during autoimmune inflammation. In this review, we analyze current knowledge and controversies regarding the role of CD38 during inflammation and autoimmunity and novel molecular tools that may clarify current gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayda L. Piedra-Quintero
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Wilson
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), México City, México
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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7
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Assessing Molecular Docking Tools to Guide Targeted Drug Discovery of CD38 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155183. [PMID: 32707824 PMCID: PMC7432575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising protein target for computational drug development, the human cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes, primarily through the upstream regulation of factors that control cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. Recently, a small-molecule inhibitor of CD38 was shown to slow down pathways relating to aging and DNA damage. We examined the performance of seven docking programs for their ability to model protein-ligand interactions with CD38. A test set of twelve CD38 crystal structures, containing crystallized biologically relevant substrates, were used to assess pose prediction. The rankings for each program based on the median RMSD between the native and predicted were Vina, AD4 > PLANTS, Gold, Glide, Molegro > rDock. Forty-two compounds with known affinities were docked to assess the accuracy of the programs at affinity/ranking predictions. The rankings based on scoring power were: Vina, PLANTS > Glide, Gold > Molegro >> AutoDock 4 >> rDock. Out of the top four performing programs, Glide had the only scoring function that did not appear to show bias towards overpredicting the affinity of the ligand-based on its size. Factors that affect the reliability of pose prediction and scoring are discussed. General limitations and known biases of scoring functions are examined, aided in part by using molecular fingerprints and Random Forest classifiers. This machine learning approach may be used to systematically diagnose molecular features that are correlated with poor scoring accuracy.
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8
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Depaix A, Kowalska J. NAD Analogs in Aid of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224187. [PMID: 31752261 PMCID: PMC6891637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) serves as an essential redox co-factor and mediator of multiple biological processes. Besides its well-established role in electron transfer reactions, NAD serves as a substrate for other biotransformations, which, at the molecular level, can be classified as protein post-translational modifications (protein deacylation, mono-, and polyADP-ribosylation) and formation of signaling molecules (e.g., cyclic ADP ribose). These biochemical reactions control many crucial biological processes, such as cellular signaling and recognition, DNA repair and epigenetic modifications, stress response, immune response, aging and senescence, and many others. However, the links between the biological effects and underlying molecular processes are often poorly understood. Moreover, NAD has recently been found to tag the 5′-ends of some cellular RNAs, but the function of these NAD-capped RNAs remains largely unrevealed. Synthetic NAD analogs are invaluable molecular tools to detect, monitor, structurally investigate, and modulate activity of NAD-related enzymes and biological processes in order to aid their deeper understanding. Here, we review the recent advances in the design and development of NAD analogs as probes for various cellular NAD-related enzymes, enzymatic inhibitors with anticancer or antimicrobial therapeutic potential, and other NAD-related chemical biology tools. We focus on research papers published within the last 10 years.
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9
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Yang L, Li T, Li S, Wu Y, Shi X, Jin H, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Lee HC, Zhang L. Rational Design and Identification of Small-Molecule Allosteric Inhibitors of CD38. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2485-2493. [PMID: 31081167 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a multi-functional signaling enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of two calcium-mobilizing second messengers: cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It also regulates intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contents, associated with multiple pathophysiological processes such as aging and cancer. As such, enzymatic inhibitors of CD38 offer great potential in drug development. Here, through virtual screening and enzymatic assays, we discovered compound LX-102, which targets CD38 on the side opposite its enzymatic pocket with a binding affinity of 7.7 μm. It inhibits the NADase activity of CD38 with an IC50 of 14.9 μm. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry experiments verified that LX-102 competitively binds to the epitope of the therapeutic SAR 650984 antibody in an allosteric manner. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to demonstrate the binding dynamics of CD38 with the allosteric ligand. In summary, we established that the cavity to which SAR 650984 binds was an allosteric site and was accessible for the rational design of small chemical modulators of CD38. The lead compound LX-102 that we identified in this study could also be a useful tool for probing CD38 functions and promoting drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Songlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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10
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Wang W, Hu Y, Yang C, Zhu S, Wang X, Zhang Z, Deng H. Decreased NAD Activates STAT3 and Integrin Pathways to Drive Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2005-2017. [PMID: 29980616 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays an essential role in all aspects of human life. NAD levels decrease as humans age, and supplementation with NAD precursors plays a protective role against aging and associated disease. Less is known about the effects of decreased NAD on cellular processes, which is the basis for understanding the relationship between cellular NAD levels and aging-associated disease. In the present study, cellular NAD levels were decreased by overexpression of CD38, a NAD hydrolase, or by treating cells with FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Quantitative proteomics revealed that declining NAD levels downregulated proteins associated with primary metabolism and suppressed cell growth in culture and nude mice. Decreased glutathione synthesis caused a 4-fold increase in cellular reactive oxygen species levels, and more importantly upregulated proteins related to movement and adhesion. In turn, this significantly changed cell morphology and caused cells to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Secretomic analysis also showed that decreased NAD triggered interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) secretion, which activated integrin-β-catenin, TGFβ-MAPK, and inflammation signaling pathways to sustain the signaling required for EMT. We further revealed that decreased NAD inactivated sirtuin 1, resulting in increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) acetylation and phosphorylation, and STAT3 activation. Repletion of nicotinamide or nicotinic acid inactivated STAT3 and reversed EMT, as did STAT3 inhibition. Taken together, these results indicate that decreased NAD activates multiple signaling pathways to promote EMT and suggests that age-dependent decreases in NAD may contribute to tumor progression. Consequently, repletion of NAD precursors has potential benefits for inhibiting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,§Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changmei Yang
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- ¶Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;
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11
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Deaton DN, Haffner CD, Henke BR, Jeune MR, Shearer BG, Stewart EL, Stuart JD, Ulrich JC. 2,4-Diamino-8-quinazoline carboxamides as novel, potent inhibitors of the NAD hydrolyzing enzyme CD38: Exploration of the 2-position structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2107-2150. [PMID: 29576271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting from 4-amino-8-quinoline carboxamide lead 1a and scaffold hopping to the chemically more tractable quinazoline, a systematic exploration of the 2-substituents of the quinazoline ring, utilizing structure activity relationships and conformational constraint, resulted in the identification of 39 novel CD38 inhibitors. Eight of these analogs were 10-100-fold more potent human CD38 inhibitors, including the single digit nanomolar inhibitor 1am. Several of these molecules also exhibited improved therapeutic indices relative to hERG activity. A representative analog 1r exhibited suitable pharmacokinetic parameters for in vivo animal studies, including moderate clearance and good oral bioavailability. These inhibitor compounds will aid in the exploration of the enzymatic functions of CD38, as well as furthering the study of the therapeutic implications of NAD enhancement in metabolic disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Curt D Haffner
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brad R Henke
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael R Jeune
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Barry G Shearer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eugene L Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - J Darren Stuart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John C Ulrich
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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12
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Wang W, Hu Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Deng H. ROS-Mediated 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Degradation via Cysteine Oxidation Promotes NAD +-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:255-261.e4. [PMID: 29307841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels decrease with aging as a result of aging-associated CD38 upregulation. Here, we established a cell model with decreased cellular NAD levels by overexpressing CD38 or treating cells with FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. We revealed that decreased NAD triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated degradation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which drove cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, we showed that oxidation of the Cys44 residue to sulfonic acid in 15-PGDH led to its degradation via non-canonical ubiquitination-proteasome and autophagy pathways. Mutation of Cys44 to alanine abolished ROS-induced 15-PGDH degradation. We demonstrated that 15-PGDH silencing promoted EMT, whereas supplementation with NAD precursors increased NAD and 15-PGDH stability, and reversed the EMT process. Taken together, these results suggest that declining NAD levels contribute to age-dependent increases in cancer incidence, and repletion of NAD precursors is beneficial for increasing 15-PGDH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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13
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Deshpande DA, Guedes AGP, Lund FE, Subramanian S, Walseth TF, Kannan MS. CD38 in the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease: Potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 172:116-126. [PMID: 27939939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD38 is an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) to cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR) and adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR) and NADP to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and adenosine diphosphoribose-2'-phosphate (ADPR-P). The metabolites of NAD and NADP have roles in calcium signaling in different cell types including airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. In ASM cells, inflammatory cytokines augment CD38 expression and to a greater magnitude in cells from asthmatics, indicating a greater capacity for the generation of cADPR and ADPR in ASM from asthmatics. CD38 deficient mice develop attenuated airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine following allergen sensitization and challenge compared to wild-type mice indicating its potential role in asthma. Regulation of CD38 expression in ASM cells is achieved by mitogen activated protein kinases, specific isoforms of PI3 kinases, the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, and post-transcriptionally by microRNAs. This review will focus on the role of CD38 in intracellular calcium regulation in ASM, contribution to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulation of expression, and outline approaches to inhibit its expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | | | - Timothy F Walseth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, USA
| | - Mathur S Kannan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, USA.
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14
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Sepehri B, Ghavami R. Molecular docking and CoMFA studies of thiazoloquin(az)olin(on)es as CD38 inhibitors: determination of inhibitory mechanism, pharmacophore interactions, and design of new inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1890-1898. [PMID: 27577102 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1197152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this research, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies were carried out on a series of 79 thiazoloquin(az)olin(on)es as CD38 inhibitors. Based on docking results, four interactions including hydrogen bonding with main chain of GLU-226 (H-M-GLU-226), Van der Waals interactions with side chain of TRP-125 (V-S-TRP-125), TRP-189 (V-S-TRP-189), and THR-221 (V-S-THR-221) were considered as pharmacological interactions. Active conformation of each ligand was extracted from docking studies and was used for carrying out 3D-QSAR modeling. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was performed on CD38 inhibitory activities of these compounds on human and mouse. We developed CoMFA models with five components as optimum models for both data-sets. For human data-set, a model with high predictive power was developed. R2, RMSE, and F-test values for training set of this model were .94, .24, and 179.58, respectively, and R2 and RMSE for its test set were .92 and .32, respectively. The q2 and RMSE values for leave-one-out cross validation test on training set were .78 and .46, respectively, that demonstrate created model is robust. Based on extracted steric and electrostatic contour maps for this model, three inhibitors with pIC50 larger than 8.85 were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtyar Sepehri
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 416 , Sanandaj , Iran
| | - Raouf Ghavami
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 416 , Sanandaj , Iran
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15
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Becherer JD, Boros EE, Carpenter TY, Cowan DJ, Deaton DN, Haffner CD, Jeune MR, Kaldor IW, Poole JC, Preugschat F, Rheault TR, Schulte CA, Shearer BG, Shearer TW, Shewchuk LM, Smalley TL, Stewart EL, Stuart JD, Ulrich JC. Discovery of 4-Amino-8-quinoline Carboxamides as Novel, Submicromolar Inhibitors of NAD-Hydrolyzing Enzyme CD38. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7021-56. [PMID: 26267483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the micromolar 8-quinoline carboxamide high-throughput screening hit 1a, a systematic exploration of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the 4-, 6-, and 8-substituents of the quinoline ring resulted in the identification of approximately 10-100-fold more potent human CD38 inhibitors. Several of these molecules also exhibited pharmacokinetic parameters suitable for in vivo animal studies, including low clearances and decent oral bioavailability. Two of these CD38 inhibitors, 1ah and 1ai, were shown to elevate NAD tissue levels in liver and muscle in a diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mouse model. These inhibitor tool compounds will enable further biological studies of the CD38 enzyme as well as the investigation of the therapeutic implications of NAD enhancement in disease models of abnormally low NAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Becherer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eric E Boros
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany Y Carpenter
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David J Cowan
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David N Deaton
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Curt D Haffner
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael R Jeune
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Istvan W Kaldor
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - J Chuck Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Frank Preugschat
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tara R Rheault
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christie A Schulte
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Barry G Shearer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Todd W Shearer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lisa M Shewchuk
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Terrence L Smalley
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eugene L Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - J Darren Stuart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John C Ulrich
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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16
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Zhang S, Xue X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Liu Z. Comparative Analysis of Pharmacophore Features and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for CD38 Covalent and Non-covalent Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1411-24. [PMID: 26072680 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the discovery, synthesis, and evaluation for hundreds of CD38 covalent and non-covalent inhibitors has been reported sequentially by our group and partners; however, a systematic structure-based guidance is still lacking for rational design of CD38 inhibitor. Here, we carried out a comparative analysis of pharmacophore features and quantitative structure-activity relationships for CD38 inhibitors. The results uncover that the essential interactions between key residues and covalent/non-covalent CD38 inhibitors include (i) hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions with residues Glu226 and Trp125, (ii) electrostatic or hydrogen bond interaction with the positively charged residue Arg127 region, and (iii) the hydrophobic interaction with residue Trp189. For covalent inhibitors, besides the covalent effect with residue Glu226, the electrostatic interaction with residue Arg127 is also necessary, while another hydrogen/non-bonded interaction with residues Trp125 and Trp189 can also be detected. By means of the SYBYL multifit alignment function, the best CoMFA and CoMSIA with CD38 covalent inhibitors presented cross-validated correlation coefficient values (q(2)) of 0.564 and 0.571, and non-cross-validated values (r(2)) of 0.967 and 0.971, respectively. The CD38 non-covalent inhibitors can be classified into five groups according to their chemical scaffolds, and the residues Glu226, Trp189, and Trp125 are indispensable for those non-covalent inhibitors binding to CD38, while the residues Ser126, Arg127, Asp155, Thr221, and Phe222 are also important. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA with the F12 analogues presented cross-validated correlation coefficient values (q(2)) of 0.469 and 0.454, and non-cross-validated values (r(2)) of 0.814 and 0.819, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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17
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Haffner CD, Becherer JD, Boros EE, Cadilla R, Carpenter T, Cowan D, Deaton DN, Guo Y, Harrington W, Henke BR, Jeune MR, Kaldor I, Milliken N, Petrov KG, Preugschat F, Schulte C, Shearer BG, Shearer T, Smalley TL, Stewart EL, Stuart JD, Ulrich JC. Discovery, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Thiazoloquin(az)olin(on)es as Potent CD38 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3548-71. [PMID: 25828863 DOI: 10.1021/jm502009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiazoloquin(az)olinones were synthesized and found to have potent inhibitory activity against CD38. Several of these compounds were also shown to have good pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrated the ability to elevate NAD levels in plasma, liver, and muscle tissue. In particular, compound 78c was given to diet induced obese (DIO) C57Bl6 mice, elevating NAD > 5-fold in liver and >1.2-fold in muscle versus control animals at a 2 h time point. The compounds described herein possess the most potent CD38 inhibitory activity of any small molecules described in the literature to date. The inhibitors should allow for a more detailed assessment of how NAD elevation via CD38 inhibition affects physiology in NAD deficient states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt D Haffner
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - J David Becherer
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eric E Boros
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rodolfo Cadilla
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany Carpenter
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Cowan
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David N Deaton
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yu Guo
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Wallace Harrington
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brad R Henke
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael R Jeune
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Istvan Kaldor
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Naphtali Milliken
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kim G Petrov
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Frank Preugschat
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christie Schulte
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Barry G Shearer
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Todd Shearer
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Terrence L Smalley
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eugene L Stewart
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - J Darren Stuart
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John C Ulrich
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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18
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Guedes AGP, Jude JA, Paulin J, Rivero-Nava L, Kita H, Lund FE, Kannan MS. Airway responsiveness in CD38-deficient mice in allergic airway disease: studies with bone marrow chimeras. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L485-93. [PMID: 25575514 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00227.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a cell-surface protein involved in calcium signaling and contractility of airway smooth muscle. It has a role in normal airway responsiveness and in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) developed following airway exposure to IL-13 and TNF-α but appears not to be critical to airway inflammation in response to the cytokines. CD38 is also involved in T cell-mediated immune response to protein antigens. In this study, we assessed the contribution of CD38 to AHR and inflammation to two distinct allergens, ovalbumin and the epidemiologically relevant environmental fungus Alternaria. We also generated bone marrow chimeras to assess whether Cd38(+/+) inflammatory cells would restore AHR in the CD38-deficient (Cd38(-/-)) hosts following ovalbumin challenge. Results show that wild-type (WT) mice develop greater AHR to inhaled methacholine than Cd38(-/-) mice following challenge with either allergen, with comparable airway inflammation. Reciprocal bone marrow transfers did not change the native airway phenotypic differences between WT and Cd38(-/-) mice, indicating that the lower airway reactivity of Cd38(-/-) mice stems from Cd38(-/-) lung parenchymal cells. Following bone marrow transfer from either source and ovalbumin challenge, the phenotype of Cd38(-/-) hosts was partially reversed, whereas the airway phenotype of the WT hosts was preserved. Airway inflammation was similar in Cd38(-/-) and WT chimeras. These results indicate that loss of CD38 on hematopoietic cells is not sufficient to prevent AHR and that the magnitude of airway inflammation is not the predominant underlying determinant of AHR in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Joseph A Jude
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaime Paulin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Hirohito Kita
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Frances E Lund
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mathur S Kannan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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19
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Swarbrick J, Graeff R, Zhang H, Thomas MP, Hao Q, Potter BVL. Cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose analogs without a "southern" ribose inhibit ADP-ribosyl cyclase-hydrolase CD38. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8517-29. [PMID: 25226087 PMCID: PMC4207131 DOI: 10.1021/jm501037u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose (cADPR) analogs based on the cyclic inosine 5'-diphosphate ribose (cIDPR) template were synthesized by recently developed stereo- and regioselective N1-ribosylation. Replacing the base N9-ribose with a butyl chain generates inhibitors of cADPR hydrolysis by the human ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38 catalytic domain (shCD38), illustrating the nonessential nature of the "southern" ribose for binding. Butyl substitution generally improves potency relative to the parent cIDPRs, and 8-amino-N9-butyl-cIDPR is comparable to the best noncovalent CD38 inhibitors to date (IC50 = 3.3 μM). Crystallographic analysis of the shCD38:8-amino-N9-butyl-cIDPR complex to a 2.05 Å resolution unexpectedly reveals an N1-hydrolyzed ligand in the active site, suggesting that it is the N6-imino form of cADPR that is hydrolyzed by CD38. While HPLC studies confirm ligand cleavage at very high protein concentrations, they indicate that hydrolysis does not occur under physiological concentrations. Taken together, these analogs confirm that the "northern" ribose is critical for CD38 activity and inhibition, provide new insight into the mechanism of cADPR hydrolysis by CD38, and may aid future inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna
M. Swarbrick
- Wolfson
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Graeff
- Department
of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department
of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark P. Thomas
- Wolfson
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Hao
- Department
of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Wolfson
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom,Phone: ++44-1225-386639. Fax: ++44-1225-386114. E-mail:
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20
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Wei W, Graeff R, Yue J. Roles and mechanisms of the CD38/cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose/Ca 2+ signaling pathway. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:58-67. [PMID: 24600514 PMCID: PMC3942542 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores is involved in many diverse cell functions, including: cell proliferation; differentiation; fertilization; muscle contraction; secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones and enzymes; and lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is an endogenous Ca2+ mobilizing nucleotide present in many cell types and species, from plants to animals. cADPR is formed by ADP-ribosyl cyclases from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The main ADP-ribosyl cyclase in mammals is CD38, a multi-functional enzyme and a type II membrane protein. It has been shown that many extracellular stimuli can induce cADPR production that leads to calcium release or influx, establishing cADPR as a second messenger. cADPR has been linked to a wide variety of cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms regarding cADPR signaling remain elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize the CD38/cADPR/Ca2+ signaling pathway, focusing on the recent advances involving the mechanism and physiological functions of cADPR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization.
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21
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Hu Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Deng H. Overexpression of CD38 decreases cellular NAD levels and alters the expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:786-95. [PMID: 24295520 DOI: 10.1021/pr4010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells and mediates multiple cellular signaling pathways. In the present study, a 35% decrease of cellular NAD level is achieved by stable expression of the N-terminal truncated CD38, a NAD hydrolase. CD38-expressing (CD38(+)) cells have the lower growth rate and are more susceptive to oxidative stress than the wild type cells and empty vector-transfected (CD38(-)) cells. Quantitative proteomic analysis shows that 178 proteins are down-regulated in CD38(+) cells, which involve in diverse cellular processes including glycolysis, RNA processing and protein synthesis, antioxidant, and DNA repair. Down regulation of six selected proteins is confirmed by Western blotting. However, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of genes associated with glycolysis, antioxidant, and DNA repair is less significant than the corresponding change in protein expression, suggesting the low NAD level impairs the protein translational machinery in CD38(+) cells. Down-regulation of antioxidant protein and DNA-repair protein expression contributes to the susceptibility of CD38(+) cells to oxidative stress. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CD38(+) cells are a useful model to study effects of the cellular NAD levels on cellular processes and establish a new linker between cellular NAD levels and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Moreau C, Liu Q, Graeff R, Wagner GK, Thomas MP, Swarbrick JM, Shuto S, Lee HC, Hao Q, Potter BVL. CD38 Structure-Based Inhibitor Design Using the N1-Cyclic Inosine 5'-Diphosphate Ribose Template. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66247. [PMID: 23840430 PMCID: PMC3686795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few inhibitors exist for CD38, a multifunctional enzyme catalyzing the formation and metabolism of the Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messenger cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (cADPR). Synthetic, non-hydrolyzable ligands can facilitate structure-based inhibitor design. Molecular docking was used to reproduce the crystallographic binding mode of cyclic inosine 5'-diphosphoribose (N1-cIDPR) with CD38, revealing an exploitable pocket and predicting the potential to introduce an extra hydrogen bond interaction with Asp-155. The purine C-8 position of N1-cIDPR (IC50 276 µM) was extended with an amino or diaminobutane group and the 8-modified compounds were evaluated against CD38-catalyzed cADPR hydrolysis. Crystallography of an 8-amino N1-cIDPR:CD38 complex confirmed the predicted interaction with Asp-155, together with a second H-bond from a realigned Glu-146, rationalizing the improved inhibition (IC50 56 µM). Crystallography of a complex of cyclic ADP-carbocyclic ribose (cADPcR, IC50 129 µM) with CD38 illustrated that Glu-146 hydrogen bonds with the ligand N6-amino group. Both 8-amino N1-cIDPR and cADPcR bind deep in the active site reaching the catalytic residue Glu-226, and mimicking the likely location of cADPR during catalysis. Substantial overlap of the N1-cIDPR "northern" ribose monophosphate and the cADPcR carbocyclic ribose monophosphate regions suggests that this area is crucial for inhibitor design, leading to a new compound series of N1-inosine 5'-monophosphates (N1-IMPs). These small fragments inhibit hydrolysis of cADPR more efficiently than the parent cyclic compounds, with the best in the series demonstrating potent inhibition (IC50 = 7.6 µM). The lower molecular weight and relative simplicity of these compounds compared to cADPR make them attractive as a starting point for further inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Moreau
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Qun Liu
- Macromolar Diffraction Facility, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Graeff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerd K. Wagner
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Thomas
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Swarbrick
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Hao
- Macromolar Diffraction Facility, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Mouchiroud L, Houtkooper RH, Auwerx J. NAD⁺ metabolism: a therapeutic target for age-related metabolic disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:397-408. [PMID: 23742622 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.789479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a central metabolic cofactor by virtue of its redox capacity, and as such regulates a wealth of metabolic transformations. However, the identification of the longevity protein silent regulator 2 (Sir2), the founding member of the sirtuin protein family, as being NAD⁺-dependent reignited interest in this metabolite. The sirtuins (SIRT1-7 in mammals) utilize NAD⁺ to deacetylate proteins in different subcellular compartments with a variety of functions, but with a strong convergence on optimizing mitochondrial function. Since cellular NAD⁺ levels are limiting for sirtuin activity, boosting its levels is a powerful means to activate sirtuins as a potential therapy for mitochondrial, often age-related, diseases. Indeed, supplying excess precursors, or blocking its utilization by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes or CD38/CD157, boosts NAD⁺ levels, activates sirtuins and promotes healthy aging. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of NAD⁺ metabolism, primarily in relation to sirtuin function. We highlight how NAD⁺ levels change in diverse physiological conditions, and how this can be employed as a pharmacological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Morris BJ. Seven sirtuins for seven deadly diseases of aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:133-71. [PMID: 23104101 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a class of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases having beneficial health effects. This extensive review describes the numerous intracellular actions of the seven mammalian sirtuins, their protein targets, intracellular localization, the pathways they modulate, and their role in common diseases of aging. Selective pharmacological targeting of sirtuins is of current interest in helping to alleviate global disease burden. Since all sirtuins are activated by NAD(+), strategies that boost NAD(+) in cells are of interest. While most is known about SIRT1, the functions of the six other sirtuins are now emerging. Best known is the involvement of sirtuins in helping cells adapt energy output to match energy requirements. SIRT1 and some of the other sirtuins enhance fat metabolism and modulate mitochondrial respiration to optimize energy harvesting. The AMP kinase/SIRT1-PGC-1α-PPAR axis and mitochondrial sirtuins appear pivotal to maintaining mitochondrial function. Downregulation with aging explains much of the pathophysiology that accumulates with aging. Posttranslational modifications of sirtuins and their substrates affect specificity. Although SIRT1 activation seems not to affect life span, activation of some of the other sirtuins might. Since sirtuins are crucial to pathways that counter the decline in health that accompanies aging, pharmacological agents that boost sirtuin activity have clinical potential in treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, osteoporosis, arthritis, and other conditions. In cancer, however, SIRT1 inhibitors could have therapeutic value. Nutraceuticals such as resveratrol have a multiplicity of actions besides sirtuin activation. Their net health benefit and relative safety may have originated from the ability of animals to survive environmental changes by utilizing these stress resistance chemicals in the diet during evolution. Each sirtuin forms a key hub to the intracellular pathways affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Building F13, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Forgie JC, Rochefort D. Electroactive imidazolium salts based on 1,4-dimethoxybenzene redox groups: synthesis and electrochemical characterisation. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41345d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
Since the beginning of the century, the mammalian sirtuin protein family (comprising SIRT1-SIRT7) has received much attention for its regulatory role, mainly in metabolism and ageing. Sirtuins act in different cellular compartments: they deacetylate histones and several transcriptional regulators in the nucleus, but also specific proteins in other cellular compartments, such as in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria. As a consequence, sirtuins regulate fat and glucose metabolism in response to physiological changes in energy levels, thereby acting as crucial regulators of the network that controls energy homeostasis and as such determines healthspan.
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Zhou Y, Ting KY, Lam CMC, Kwong AKY, Xia J, Jin H, Liu Z, Zhang L, Cheung Lee H, Zhang L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of noncovalent inhibitors of human CD38 NADase. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:223-8. [PMID: 22287152 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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Cantó C, Auwerx J. Targeting sirtuin 1 to improve metabolism: all you need is NAD(+)? Pharmacol Rev 2011; 64:166-87. [PMID: 22106091 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an evolutionarily conserved NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase that is at the pinnacle of metabolic control, all the way from yeast to humans. SIRT1 senses changes in intracellular NAD(+) levels, which reflect energy level, and uses this information to adapt the cellular energy output such that it matches cellular energy requirements. The changes induced by SIRT1 activation are generally (but not exclusively) transcriptional in nature and are related to an increase in mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant protection. These attractive features have validated SIRT1 as a therapeutic target in the management of metabolic disease and prompted an intensive search to identify pharmacological SIRT1 activators. In this review, we first give an overview of the SIRT1 biology with a particular focus on its role in metabolic control. We then analyze the pros and cons of the current strategies used to activate SIRT1 and explore the emerging evidence indicating that modulation of NAD(+) levels could provide an effective way to achieve such goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Cantó
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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