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Brisson ERL, Worthington MJH, Kerai S, Müllner M. Nanoscale polymer discs, toroids and platelets: a survey of their syntheses and potential applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1984-2021. [PMID: 38173417 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01114f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymer self-assembly has become a reliable and versatile workhorse to produce polymeric nanomaterials. With appropriate polymer design and monomer selection, polymers can assemble into shapes and morphologies beyond well-studied spherical and cylindrical micellar structures. Steadfast access to anisotropic polymer nanoparticles has meant that the fabrication and application of 2D soft matter has received increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on nanoscale polymer discs, toroids, and platelets: three morphologies that are often interrelated and made from similar starting materials or common intermediates. For each morphology, we illustrate design rules, and group and discuss commonly used self-assembly strategies. We further highlight polymer compositions, fundamental principles and self-assembly conditions that enable precision in bottom-up fabrication strategies. Finally, we summarise potential applications of such nanomaterials, especially in the context of biomedical research and template chemistry and elaborate on future endeavours in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R L Brisson
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Max J H Worthington
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Simran Kerai
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia
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2
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Dowling RC, Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Masthay MB, Mammana A. Circular dichroism and UV-Vis detection of UV-induced damage to nucleic acids. Chirality 2023; 35:973-982. [PMID: 37503965 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that CD spectroscopy can be used as a tool to detect changes to DNA upon irradiation with UV light. We follow the spectroscopic response of DNA samples irradiated at selected exposure times with both CD and UV-Vis spectroscopy. We analyzed four different nucleic acids to evaluate the effect of the sequence on photodegradation. Only one polymer, calf thymus DNA, was a natural nucleic acid and contained all four nucleobases. The other three were synthetic polymers and contained only one type of base pair: poly (deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid [poly (dA-dT)2 ] and poly (deoxyadenylic acid) · poly (deoxythymidylic acid) [poly (dA) · poly (dT)], which contained only adenine and thymine; poly (deoxyguanylic-deoxycytidylic) acid [poly (dG-dC)2 ], which contained only guanine and cytosine. CD and UV-Vis spectra showed sequence dependent changes. In particular, poly (dA) · poly (dT) undergoes changes more rapidly than the other sequences investigated. The CD spectrum of poly (dA) · poly (dT) gradually undergoes an inversion, suggesting a change in helicity, before disappearing due to the unfolding of the double strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed C Dowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Mark B Masthay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Angela Mammana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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3
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Fitz J, Mammana A. Spectroscopic study of the pH dependence of the optical properties of a water-soluble molecular photo-switch. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117576. [PMID: 31670039 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this report we present a UV-Vis spectroscopic study of the pH dependent optical properties of 4,4'-azobenzene dicarboxylic acid in aqueous solution. A combination of chemical (acid-base) and light stimuli is combined to demonstrate that the system undergoes two types of optical switching cycles. At neutral pH the azobenzene undergoes photo-induced cis-trans isomerisation. Upon pH reduction the UV-Vis spectra show changes consistent with aggregation of the azobenzene photo-switch. The photo-responsive behaviour is dependent on the pH and conformation of the azobenzene. The optical properties of the system are dependent on the mode of pH reduction and the isomeric cis/trans composition of the photo-switch, showing hierarchical control of self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Fitz
- University of Dayton, Department of Chemistry, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - Angela Mammana
- University of Dayton, Department of Chemistry, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
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4
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Feringa BL. The Art of Building Small: From Molecular Switches to Motors (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11060-11078. [PMID: 28851050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A journey into the nano-world: The ability to design, use and control motor-like functions at the molecular level sets the stage for numerous dynamic molecular systems. In his Nobel Lecture, B. L. Feringa describes the evolution of the field of molecular motors and explains how to program and control molecules by incorporating responsive and adaptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Feringa BL. Die Kunst, klein zu bauen: von molekularen Schaltern bis zu Motoren (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Groningen Niederlande
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6
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Carroll GT, Turro NJ, Mammana A, Koberstein JT. Photochemical Immobilization of Polymers on a Surface: Controlling Film Thickness and Wettability. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1165-1169. [PMID: 28295380 DOI: 10.1111/php.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate the control of film thickness and surface wettability in the photochemical immobilization of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) containing a phthalimide chromophore. Surface attachment is characterized by ellipsometry and contact angle measurements. The wettability of the resulting films is shown to depend on the chemical composition of the polymer. The film thickness is shown to depend on the irradiation time and molecular weight of the polymer. Using a photomask, micropatterns of polymers can be grafted to the SAM. The photopatterned surface can be "developed" by coating with a thin layer of a mixture containing poly (styrene) (PS) and triphenylsulfonium triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Angela Mammana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH
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Adachi H, Hirai Y, Ikeda T, Maeda M, Hori R, Kutsumizu S, Haino T. Photoresponsive Toroidal Nanostructure Formed by Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Functionalized Tris(phenylisoxazolyl)benzene. Org Lett 2016; 18:924-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirai
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural
Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Hori
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kutsumizu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Arias S, Freire F, Quiñoá E, Riguera R. Nanospheres, Nanotubes, Toroids, and Gels with Controlled Macroscopic Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13720-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arias S, Freire F, Quiñoá E, Riguera R. Nanospheres, Nanotubes, Toroids, and Gels with Controlled Macroscopic Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Hollow nanotubular toroidal polymer microrings. Nat Chem 2014; 6:97-103. [PMID: 24451584 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress made in the self-assembly of nano- and microscale architectures with well-defined sizes and shapes, a self-organization-based synthesis of hollow toroids has, so far, proved to be elusive. Here, we report the synthesis of polymer microrings made from rectangular, flat and rigid-core monomers with anisotropically predisposed alkene groups, which are crosslinked with each other by dithiol linkers using thiol-ene photopolymerization. The resulting hollow toroidal structures are shape-persistent and mechanically robust in solution. In addition, their size can be tuned by controlling the initial monomer concentrations, an observation that is supported by a theoretical analysis. These hollow microrings can encapsulate guest molecules in the intratoroidal nanospace, and their peripheries can act as templates for circular arrays of metal nanoparticles.
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Chatterjee S, Nandi AK. Tuning of the morphology of a riboflavin–melamine equimolar supramolecular assembly by in situ silver nanoparticle formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11510-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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