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Han H, Zhang P, Xie Z, Qi J, Wang P, Li C, Xue Z, Wu R, Liu C. Functional Characterization of Sesquiterpene Synthases and P450 Enzymes in Flammulina velutipes for Biosynthesis of Spiro [4.5] Decane Terpene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38606577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Flammulina velutipes, a popular edible mushroom, contains sesquiterpenes with potential health benefits. We characterized 12 sesquiterpene synthases and one P450 enzyme in F. velutipes using Aspergillus oryzae as a heterologous expression system, culminating in the biosynthesis of 16 distinct sesquiterpene compounds. An enzyme encoded by the axeB gene responsible for the synthesis of the spiro [4.5] decane compound axenol was discovered, and the mechanism of spirocycle formation was elucidated through quantum mechanical calculations. Furthermore, we delineated the role of a P450 enzyme colocated with AxeB in producing the novel compound 3-oxo-axenol. Our findings highlight the diverse array of sesquiterpene skeletons and functional groups biosynthesized by these enzymes in F. velutipes and underscore the effectiveness of the A. oryzae system as a heterologous host for expressing genes in the Basidiomycota genome. These insights into the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in F. velutipes have significant implications for functional food and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Han
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhekai Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, HarBin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Genetic analysis reveals the inconsistency of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a key enzyme in the artemisinin synthesis pathway, in asteraceae. Chin Med 2023; 18:5. [PMID: 36627656 PMCID: PMC9832723 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) is a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. ADS promotes the first step of artemisinin synthesis by cyclizing faresyl pyrophosphate to synthesize the sesquiterpene product amorpha-4,11-diene. Thanks to the continuous improvement of genomic information, its evolutionary trace can be analyzed in a genome view. METHODS Phylogenetic analysis was used to identify ADS-like genes in other Asteraceae. Gene structure and motif analysis was used to analyze the structural similarity of these identified genes. Heterologous expression and GC-MS analysis were performed to determine whether the functions of ADS and Cna4666 are consistent. Validation of ADS genes evolutionary trajectories was achieved by selective pressure and synteny analysis. RESULT In this study, we extracted 8 ADS genes from the Artemisia annua L. genome annotation and 121 ADS similar genes from the genomes of Artemisia annua L. and other plants in the Asteraceae, and further exploring their evolutionary relationship. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes most closely related to ADS genes were found in the genome of Chrysanthemum nankingense. Among them, the gene structure and motif composition of Cna4666 is very similar to ADS, we wondered whether it has the potential to synthesize amorpha-4,11-diene. Therefore, we extracted the products of recombinant p0_ADS.1 and Cna4666 proteins by HS-SPME combined with GC-MS analysis, the results indicate that Cna4666 is an α-bisabolol synthase, which cannot synthesize amorpha-4,11-diene. Through synteny analysis, we did not find collinear blocks of ADS genes in the Helianthus annuus and C. nankingense genomes. Furthermore, Ka/Ks ratios indicated that the evolution of ADS genes from their similar genes principally underwent purifying selection, and there was a strong positive selection between ADS genes. CONCLUSIONS This study proved that ADS is a multi-copy gene in Artemisia annua L., and they are not widely distributed in Asteraceae. The data will increase our understanding of the evolutionary selection pressure on ADS genes. The results suggest that ADS genes are subject to strong positive selection internally, and it is possible that they are a recently evolved gene in the Artemisia.
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Xu B, Tantillo DJ, Rudolf JD. Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of the 6,10‐Bicyclic Eunicellane Skeleton by the Bacterial Diterpene Synthase Bnd4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry University of California-Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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Xu B, Tantillo DJ, Rudolf JD. Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of the 6,10-Bicyclic Eunicellane Skeleton by the Bacterial Diterpene Synthase Bnd4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23159-23163. [PMID: 34378291 PMCID: PMC8511055 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The eunicellane diterpenoids are a unique family of natural products seen in marine organisms, plants, and bacteria. We used a series of biochemical, bioinformatics, and theoretical experiments to investigate the mechanism of the first diterpene synthase known to form the eunicellane skeleton. Deuterium labeling studies and quantum chemical calculations support that Bnd4, from Streptomyces sp. (CL12-4), forms the 6,10-bicyclic skeleton through a 1,10-cyclization, 1,3-hydride shift, and 1,14-cyclization cascade. Bnd4 also demonstrated sesquiterpene cyclase activity and the ability to prenylate small molecules. Bnd4 possesses a unique D94 NxxxD motif and mutation experiments confirmed an absolute requirement for D94 as well as E169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase: a key enzyme in artemisinin biosynthesis and engineering. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:276-288. [PMID: 36303880 PMCID: PMC9590458 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) catalyzes the first committed step in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway, which is the first catalytic reaction enzymatically and genetically characterized in artemisinin biosynthesis. The advent of ADS in Artemisia annua is considered crucial for the emergence of the specialized artemisinin biosynthetic pathway in the species. Microbial production of amorpha-4,11-diene is a breakthrough in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Recently, numerous new techniques have been used in ADS engineering; for example, assessing the substrate promiscuity of ADS to chemoenzymatically produce artemisinin. In this review, we discuss the discovery and catalytic mechanism of ADS, its application in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, as well as the role of sesquiterpene synthases in the evolutionary origin of artemisinin.
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Huang JQ, Li DM, Tian X, Lin JL, Yang L, Xu JJ, Fang X. Side Products of Recombinant Amorpha-4,11-diene Synthase and Their Effect on Microbial Artemisinin Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2168-2178. [PMID: 33566615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) is the first committed enzyme in the biosynthesis of artemisinin. Artemisinin production by biobased fermentation is considered a reliable alternative pathway. Heterologously expressed ADS has been established to generate several minor products, including structural analogues of amorpha-4,11-diene, but their fate in fermentation is still unknown. Here, using chiral analysis, we found that ADS produces one of the analogues, amorpha-4-en-11-ol, as a pair of epimers. Labeling experiments revealed that ADS mutants yielded amorphene-type sesquiterpenes, indicating the co-occurrence of initial 1,6 and 1,10 cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate in a single enzyme. Interestingly, the immediate downstream oxidase CYP71AV1 had very low affinity to the side products of the recombinant ADS, including amorpha-4-en-7-ol, which is structurally similar to amorpha-4,11-diene. Our data uncover the complex catalytic mechanism of recombinant ADS and reveal a potential negative effect of the side products of recombinant ADS on the production of the artemisinin precursor in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Quan Huang
- , Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
- , National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- , Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
- , State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China
| | - Xiu Tian
- , National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- , National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- , School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech Universit, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, P. R. China
| | - Xin Fang
- , State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China
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De S, Mahal E, Haque MA, Jana CK, Koley D. Computational Investigation of Multifaceted Cationic Rearrangement and Stereo- and Regioselectivity in the Formation of Dysideanone's Analogues. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1133-1140. [PMID: 33331777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of regiodivergent arylations of cycloalkanols to furnish enantioenriched dysideanone's analogues are performed by employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP-D3(SMD)/6-311++G**//B3LYP-D3/6-31+G** level of theory). On the basis of our calculations, remote γ'-C-H arylation is preferred for unsubstituted carbinol 1, an outcome from combined factors like carbocationic stability, less steric hindrance during C-C coupling, and facile dearomatization. Meanwhile, in the presence of dimethyl substituent 1Me, regioselective γ-arylation is favored by 3.4 kcal/mol, and both findings are in agreement with the reported experimental observations. Most importantly, we concur that the barrier associated with the formation of carbocation 6 and its substituted analogues correlates with the C-H arylation outcomes. Furthermore, the β-arylation route remains unlikely for all the reaction pathways explored in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Eti Mahal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Md Ashraful Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Chandan K Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
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8
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Tantillo DJ. Interrogating chemical mechanisms in natural products biosynthesis using quantum chemical calculations. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry University of California–Davis Davis California
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9
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Blümel M, Nagasawa S, Blackford K, Hare SR, Tantillo DJ, Sarpong R. Rearrangement of Hydroxylated Pinene Derivatives to Fenchone-Type Frameworks: Computational Evidence for Dynamically-Controlled Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9291-9298. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shota Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katherine Blackford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Hare
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Álvarez-Calero JM, Ruiz E, López-Pérez JL, Jaraíz M, Rubio JE, Jorge ZD, Suárez M, Massanet GM. 15-Hydroxygermacranolides as Sources of Structural Diversity: Synthesis of Sesquiterpene Lactones by Cyclization and Rearrangement Reactions. Experimental and DFT Study. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5480-5495. [PMID: 29694044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A study on the electrophile-induced rearrangement of two 15-hydroxygermacranolides, salonitenolide and artemisiifolin, was carried out. These compounds underwent electrophilic intramolecular cyclizations or acid-mediated rearrangements to give sesquiterpene lactones with different skeletons such as eudesmanolides, guaianolides, amorphanolides, or other germacranolides. The cyclization that gives guaianolides can be considered a biomimetic route to this type of sesquiterpene lactones. The use of acetone as a solvent changes the reactivity of the two starting germacranolides to the acid catalysts, with a 4,15-diol acetonide being the main product obtained. The δ-amorphenolide obtained by intramolecular cyclization of this acetonide is a valuable intermediate for accessing the antimalarials artemisinin and its derivatives. Mechanistic proposals for the transformations are raised, and to provide support them, quantum chemical calculations [DFT B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level] were undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Álvarez-Calero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510 , Spain
| | - Enrique Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM) , Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara , Portoviejo , Manabí 130103 , Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química , Universidad de La Habana , La Habana 10400 , Cuba
| | - José Luis López-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Panamá , Ciudad de Panamá 3366 , República de Panamá.,Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, IBSAL-CIETUS , Universidad de Salamanca , Avda. Campo Charro s/n , Salamanca 37007 , Spain
| | - Martín Jaraíz
- Departamento de Electrónica , Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15 , Valladolid 47011 , Spain
| | - José E Rubio
- Departamento de Electrónica , Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15 , Valladolid 47011 , Spain
| | - Zacarías D Jorge
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510 , Spain
| | - Margarita Suárez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química , Universidad de La Habana , La Habana 10400 , Cuba
| | - Guillermo M Massanet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510 , Spain
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Tantillo DJ. Bedeutung der inhärenten Substratreaktivität bei enzymvermittelten Cyclisierungen/Umlagerungen von Carbokationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry University of California—Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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12
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Tantillo DJ. Importance of Inherent Substrate Reactivity in Enzyme-Promoted Carbocation Cyclization/Rearrangements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10040-10045. [PMID: 28349600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The importance of inherent substrate reactivity for terpene synthase enzymes is discussed, with a focus on recent experimental tests of predictions derived from computations on gas-phase reactivity of carbocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University of Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Rinkel J, Rabe P, Garbeva P, Dickschat JS. Über 1,3-Hydridverschiebungen in Sesquiterpen-Cyclisierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Patrick Rabe
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie; Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen Niederlande
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Deutschland
- Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie; Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen Niederlande
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Rinkel J, Rabe P, Garbeva P, Dickschat JS. Lessons from 1,3-Hydride Shifts in Sesquiterpene Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13593-13596. [PMID: 27666571 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stereospecifically labelled precursors were subjected to conversion by seven bacterial sesquiterpene cyclases to investigate the stereochemistry of their initial 1,10-cyclisation-1,3-hydride shift cascades. Enzymes with products of known absolute configuration showed a coherent stereochemical course, except for (-)-α-amorphene synthase, for which the obtained results are better explained by an initial 1,6-cyclisation. The link between the absolute configuration of the product and the stereochemical course of the 1,3-hydride shifts enabled assignment of the absolute configurations of three enzyme products, which were confirmed independently through the absolute configuration of the common byproduct germacrene D-4-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Rabe
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany. .,Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Hamlin TA, Hamann CS, Tantillo DJ. Delocalization of Charge and Electron Density in the Humulyl Cation—Implications for Terpene Biosynthesis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4046-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Albright College, 13th and Bern
Streets, Reading, Pennsylvania 19604, United States
| | - Christian S. Hamann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Albright College, 13th and Bern
Streets, Reading, Pennsylvania 19604, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Salmon M, Laurendon C, Vardakou M, Cheema J, Defernez M, Green S, Faraldos JA, O'Maille PE. Emergence of terpene cyclization in Artemisia annua. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6143. [PMID: 25644758 PMCID: PMC4327562 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of terpene cyclization was critical to the evolutionary expansion of chemical diversity yet remains unexplored. Here we report the first discovery of an epistatic network of residues that controls the onset of terpene cyclization in Artemisia annua. We begin with amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) and (E)-β-farnesene synthase (BFS), a pair of terpene synthases that produce cyclic or linear terpenes, respectively. A library of ~27,000 enzymes is generated by breeding combinations of natural amino-acid substitutions from the cyclic into the linear producer. We discover one dominant mutation is sufficient to activate cyclization, and together with two additional residues comprise a network of strongly epistatic interactions that activate, suppress or reactivate cyclization. Remarkably, this epistatic network of equivalent residues also controls cyclization in a BFS homologue from Citrus junos. Fitness landscape analysis of mutational trajectories provides quantitative insights into a major epoch in specialized metabolism. Terpene cyclases are ring-forming enzymes found in many biosynthetic pathways, but the evolutionary origins of the cyclization mechanism is not well understood. Here, the authors use structure-guided breeding to identify an epistatic network that controls the onset of cyclization activity in Artemisia annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Salmon
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Caroline Laurendon
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Maria Vardakou
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jitender Cheema
- John Innes Centre, Computational and Systems Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marianne Defernez
- Institute of Food Research, Analytical Sciences Unit, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Sol Green
- Plant and Food Research, 120 Mt Albert Road, Sandringham, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Paul E O'Maille
- 1] John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK [2] Institute of Food Research, Food &Health Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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18
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Hong YJ, Giner JL, Tantillo DJ. Bicyclobutonium Ions in Biosynthesis – Interconversion of Cyclopropyl-Containing Sterols from Orchids. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2085-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - José-Luis Giner
- Department
of Chemistry, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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19
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Huang AC, Sefton MA, Sumby CJ, Tiekink ERT, Taylor DK. Mechanistic studies on the autoxidation of α-guaiene: structural diversity of the sesquiterpenoid downstream products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:131-45. [PMID: 25581486 DOI: 10.1021/np500819f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two unstable hydroperoxides, 6b and 10a, and 13 downstream sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from the autoxidation mixture of the bicyclic sesquiterpene α-guaiene (1) on cellulose filter paper. One of the significant natural products isolated was rotundone (2), which is the only known impact odorant displaying a peppery aroma. Other products included corymbolone (4a) and its C-6 epimer 4b, the (2R)- and (2S)-rotundols (7a/b), and several hitherto unknown epimers of natural chabrolidione A, namely, 7-epi-chabrolidione A (3a) and 1,7-epi-chabrolidione A (3b). Two 4-hydroxyrotundones (8a/b) and a range of epoxides (9a/b and 5a/b) were also formed in significant amounts after autoxidation. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography, and a number of them were confirmed through total synthesis. The mechanisms of formation of the majority of the products may be accounted for by initial formation of the 2- and 4-hydroperoxyguaienes (6a/b and 10a/b) followed by various fragmentation or degradation pathways. Given that α-guaiene (1) is well known to exist in the essential oils of numerous plants, coupled with the fact that aerial oxidation to form this myriad of downstream oxidation products occurs readily at ambient temperature, suggests that many of them have been overlooked during previous isolation studies from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Cheng Huang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, 5064, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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20
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. The energetic viability of an unexpected skeletal rearrangement in cyclooctatin biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10273-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results of density functional theory calculations on possible mechanisms for formation of the diterpenoid cyclooctatin are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Univeristy of California-Davis
- Davis
- USA
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21
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. Branching Out from the Bisabolyl Cation. Unifying Mechanistic Pathways to Barbatene, Bazzanene, Chamigrene, Chamipinene, Cumacrene, Cuprenene, Dunniene, Isobazzanene, Iso-γ-bisabolene, Isochamigrene, Laurene, Microbiotene, Sesquithujene, Sesquisabinene, Thujopsene, Trichodiene, and Widdradiene Sesquiterpenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2450-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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22
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Pemberton RP, Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. Inherent dynamical preferences in carbocation rearrangements leading to terpene natural products. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An introduction to the application of quantum chemical dynamics calculations to mechanistic problems in the field of terpene biosynthesis is provided. A bare bones introduction to the fundamentals of chemical dynamics is followed by a brief account of previous applications to terpene-forming carbocation reactions, a discussion of questions in this field that dynamics calculations may help answer, and a description of current problems to which dynamics calculations are being applied.
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23
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Ghigo G, Maranzana A, Tonachini G. Memory effects in carbocation rearrangements: structural and dynamic study of the norborn-2-en-7-ylmethyl-X solvolysis case. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9041-50. [PMID: 23962127 DOI: 10.1021/jo401188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The solvolysis of two diastereomers may give the same two products, but in different ratios, notwithstanding the fact that the two reaction pathways share an apparently identical intermediate carbocation. This has been dubbed the "memory effect", since the initial carbocation seems to "remember" its origin when undergoing further evolutions through multistep rearrangements. This puzzling result was studied theoretically for the case of the solvolysis of norborn-2-en-7-ylmethyl-X systems by defining the reaction potential energy surface (PES) and then carrying out a dynamical study. The PES shows that upon X(-) loss, multiphase rearrangements concertedly yield the two stablest carbocations, G and L. These carbocations are connected by a transition structure. The carbocation intermediates proposed in the literature do not correspond to any stationary point. The preference for the rearrangement to G or L (the memory effect) is determined by structural and stereoelectronic effects: the competitive interaction between an empty p orbital with a σ orbital or a p/π orbital is guided by geometrical aspects present in the starting carbocations. The dynamical study shows that (1) G and L do not interconvert and (2) the evolving system can switch from one pathway to the other to different extents, thus determining a more or less pronounced memory loss (the leakage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , V. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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24
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Zhang L, Chen L, Lv J, Cheng J, Luo S. Theoretical Studies of the Asymmetric Binary‐Acid‐Catalyzed
tert
‐Aminocyclization Reaction: Origins of the CH Activation and Stereoselectivity. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2569-76. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62554449 http://luosz.iccas.ac.cn
| | - Liujuan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62554449 http://luosz.iccas.ac.cn
| | - Jian Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62554449 http://luosz.iccas.ac.cn
| | - Jin‐Pei Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62554449 http://luosz.iccas.ac.cn
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62554449 http://luosz.iccas.ac.cn
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25
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Faraldos JA, Miller DJ, González V, Yoosuf-Aly Z, Cascón O, Li A, Allemann RK. A 1,6-ring closure mechanism for (+)-δ-cadinene synthase? J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5900-8. [PMID: 22397618 DOI: 10.1021/ja211820p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (DCS) from Gossypium arboreum catalyzes the metal-dependent cyclization of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) to the cadinane sesquiterpene δ-cadinene, the parent hydrocarbon of cotton phytoalexins such as gossypol. In contrast to some other sesquiterpene cyclases, DCS carries out this transformation with >98% fidelity but, as a consequence, leaves no mechanistic traces of its mode of action. The formation of (+)-δ-cadinene has been shown to occur via the enzyme-bound intermediate (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (NDP), which in turn has been postulated to be converted to cis-germacradienyl cation after a 1,10-cyclization. A subsequent 1,3-hydride shift would then relocate the carbocation within the transient macrocycle to expedite a second cyclization that yields the cadinenyl cation with the correct cis stereochemistry found in (+)-δ-cadinene. An elegant 1,10-mechanistic pathway that avoids the formation of (3R)-NDP has also been suggested. In this alternative scenario, the final cadinenyl cation is proposed to be formed through the intermediacy of trans, trans-germacradienyl cation and germacrene D. In addition, an alternative 1,6-ring closure mechanism via the bisabolyl cation has previously been envisioned. We report here a detailed investigation of the catalytic mechanism of DCS using a variety of mechanistic probes including, among others, deuterated and fluorinated FDPs. Farnesyl diphosphate analogues with fluorine at C2 and C10 acted as inhibitors of DCS, but intriguingly, after prolonged overnight incubations, they yielded 2F-germacrene(s) and a 10F-humulene, respectively. The observed 1,10-, and to a lesser extent, 1,11-cyclization activity of DCS with these fluorinated substrates is consistent with the postulated macrocyclization mechanism(s) en route to (+)-δ-cadinene. On the other hand, mechanistic results from incubations of DCS with 6F-FPP, (2Z,6E)-FDP, neryl diphosphate, 6,7-dihydro-FDP, and NDP seem to be in better agreement with the potential involvement of the alternative biosynthetic 1,6-ring closure pathway. In particular, the strong inhibition of DCS by 6F-FDP, coupled to the exclusive bisabolyl- and terpinyl-derived product profiles observed for the DCS-catalyzed turnover of (2Z,6E)-farnesyl and neryl diphosphates, suggested the intermediacy of α-bisabolyl cation. DCS incubations with enantiomerically pure [1-(2)H(1)](1R)-FDP revealed that the putative bisabolyl-derived 1,6-pathway proceeds through (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (NDP), is consistent with previous deuterium-labeling studies, and accounts for the cis stereochemistry characteristic of cadinenyl-derived sesquiterpenes. While the results reported here do not unambiguously rule in favor of 1,6- or 1,10-cyclization, they demonstrate the mechanistic versatility inherent to DCS and highlight the possible existence of multiple mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A complete pathway (structures and energies of intermediates and transition state structures connecting them) from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxadiene, obtained using quantum chemical calculations, is described. This pathway is fully consistent with previous labeling experiments, despite differing in several subtle ways (in terms of conformations of certain carbocation intermediates and in the concertedness and synchronicity of certain bond-forming events) from previous mechanistic proposals. Also, on the basis of the theoretical results, it is proposed that the 2-fluoro-geranylgeranyl diphosphate substrate analogue in the recently reported X-ray crystal structure of taxadiene synthase is bound in a nonproductive orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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27
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Tantillo DJ. Biosynthesis via carbocations: theoretical studies on terpene formation. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1035-53. [PMID: 21541432 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes applications of quantum chemical calculations in the field of terpene biosynthesis, with a focus on insights into the mechanisms of terpene-forming carbocation rearrangements arising from theoretical studies.
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. How Many Secondary Carbocations Are Involved in the Biosynthesis of Avermitilol? Org Lett 2011; 13:1294-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol103079v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young J. Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Citron CA, Riclea R, Brock NL, Dickschat JS. Biosynthesis of acorane sesquiterpenes by Trichoderma. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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