1
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Daglish J, Blacker AJ, de Boer G, Russell SJ, Tausif M, Hose DJ, Parsons AR, Crampton A, Kapur N. A Coalescing Filter for Liquid-Liquid Separation and Multistage Extraction in Continuous-Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1979-1989. [PMID: 38783854 PMCID: PMC11110050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Presented here is the design and performance of a coalescing liquid-liquid filter, based on low-cost and readily available meltblown nonwoven substrates for separation of immiscible phases. The performance of the coalescer was determined across three broad classes of fluid mixtures: (i) immiscible organic/aqueous systems, (ii) a surfactant laden organic/aqueous system with modification of the type of emulsion and interfacial surface tension through the addition of sodium chloride, and (iii) a water-acetone/toluene system. The first two classes demonstrated good performance of the equipment in effecting separation, including the separation of a complex emulsion system for which a membrane separator, operating through transport of a preferentially wetting fluid through the membrane, failed entirely. The third system was used to demonstrate the performance of the separator within a multistage liquid-liquid counterflow extraction system. The performance, robust nature, and scalability of coalescing filters should mean that this approach is routinely considered for liquid-liquid separations and extractions within the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Daglish
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Blacker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory de Boer
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Muhammad Tausif
- School
of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David
R. J. Hose
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R. Parsons
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Crampton
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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2
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Wan T, Capaldo L, Djossou J, Staffa A, de Zwart FJ, de Bruin B, Noël T. Rapid and scalable photocatalytic C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl bromides with alkyl boranes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4028. [PMID: 38740738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for drug design approaches that incorporate a higher number of sp3-hybridized carbons, necessitating the development of innovative cross-coupling strategies to reliably introduce aliphatic fragments. Here, we present a powerful approach for the light-mediated B-alkyl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between alkyl boranes and aryl bromides. Alkyl boranes were easily generated via hydroboration from readily available alkenes, exhibiting excellent regioselectivity and enabling the selective transfer of a diverse range of primary alkyl fragments onto the arene ring under photocatalytic conditions. This methodology eliminates the need for expensive catalytic systems and sensitive organometallic compounds, operating efficiently at room temperature within just 30 min. We further demonstrate the translation of the present protocol to continuous-flow conditions, enhancing scalability, safety, and overall efficiency of the method. This versatile approach offers significant potential for accelerating drug discovery efforts by enabling the introduction of complex aliphatic fragments in a straightforward and reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Jonas Djossou
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Staffa
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Jolly BJ, Pung MJ, Liu C. Integrated electrochemical CO 2 reduction and hydroformylation. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38700437 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of integrated multi-catalyst processes has become of high interest to transform abundant feedstocks or environmental pollutants to commodity chemicals in a one pot, one pass fashion. Specifically, CO2 poses a large environmental burden and would thus be a desirable, relatively abundant C1 source in multi-step synthetic chemistry. Herein we disclose the synthesis of aldehydes from CO2via the integration of electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) and hydroformylation, taking advantage of the typically unwanted concomitant hydrogen evolution (HER) to generate the necessary CO and H2 needed for hydroformylation. Though typical hydroformylation catalysts based on Rh would be deactivated under CO2RR conditions, we circumvent this limitation by spatially segregating our CO2RR and hydroformylation systems in a vial-in-vial reactor, while allowing CO and H2 transport between catalyst sites. In this manner, 97% aldehyde yield from CO2RR and styrene was achieved selectively using a classic homogeneous hydroformylation catalyst in HRh(CO)(PPh3)3, and 43% aldehyde yield was obtained using a heterogenized version of this Rh catalyst onto mesoporous silica. This work not only repurposes undesired HER in CO2RR and prepares aldehydes from CO2 without added H2, but expands the scope of processes that transform feedstocks all the way to commodity chemicals in a one pass manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Jolly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Michael J Pung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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4
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Singh V, Kumar D, Mishra BK, Tiwari B. Iodobenzene-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fully Functionalized NH-Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles from α,β-Unsaturated Hydrazones and Oximes via 1,2-Aryl Shift. Org Lett 2024; 26:385-389. [PMID: 38150709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
An iodine(III)-catalyzed general method for the synthesis of fully functionalized NH-pyrazoles and isoxazoles from α,β-unsaturated hydrazones and oximes, respectively, via cyclization/1,2-aryl shift/aromatization/detosylation, has been developed. The reaction progresses through an anti-Baldwin 5-endo-trig cyclization. It gives direct access to an advanced intermediate for the preparation of valdecoxib and parecoxib, drugs used for COX-inhibition. In addition, a method for N-alkynylation of pyrazoles has also been developed in the presence of TIPS-EBX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Bal Krishna Mishra
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Bhoopendra Tiwari
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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5
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Saito Y, Kobayashi S. Continuous-Flow Enantioselective Hydroacylations under Heterogeneous Chiral Rhodium Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313778. [PMID: 37991463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective C-H bond functionalizations have become efficient methods for the synthesis of complex optically active molecules. Heterogeneous catalysts for this chemistry remain largely unexplored despite the advantages they offer in terms of ease of separation and reuse of catalysts. Herein, we report the development of heterogeneous chiral Rh catalysts for continuous-flow enantioselective hydroacylations. Heterogeneous catalysts could be prepared simply by mixing supports and Rh complexes. The prepared catalysts exhibited excellent activity and enantioselectivity affording optically active ketones in quantitative yields with 99 % ee's. Under the optimized reaction conditions, a turnover number >300 was achieved without the leaching of Rh species. The catalysts exhibited a wide substrate scope and in sequential-flow reactions with other heterogeneous catalysts, the syntheses of biologically active molecules and functional materials were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Shakour N, Mohadeszadeh M, Iranshahi M. Biomimetic Synthesis of Biologically Active Natural Products: An Updated Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:3-25. [PMID: 37073153 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230417083143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products have optical activities with unusual structural characteristics or specific stereoselectivity, mostly including spiro-ring systems or quaternary carbon atoms. Expensive and time-consuming methods for natural product purification, especially natural products with bioactive properties, have encouraged chemists to synthesize those compounds in laboratories. Due to their significant role in drug discovery and chemical biology, natural products have become a major area of synthetic organic chemistry. Most medicinal ingredients available today are healing agents derived from natural resources, such as plants, herbs, and other natural products. METHODS Materials were compiled using the three databases of ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. For this study, only English-language publications have been evaluated based on their titles, abstracts, and full texts. RESULTS Developing bioactive compounds and drugs from natural products has remained challenging despite recent advances. A major challenge is not whether a target can be synthesized but how to do so efficiently and practically. Nature has the ability to create molecules in a delicate but effective manner. A convenient method is to imitate the biogenesis of natural products from microbes, plants, or animals for synthesizing natural products. Inspired by the mechanisms occurring in the nature, synthetic strategies facilitate laboratory synthesis of natural compounds with complicated structures. CONCLUSION In this review, we have elaborated on the recent syntheses of natural products conducted since 2008 and provided an updated outline of this area of research (Covering 2008-2022) using bioinspired methods, including Diels-Alder dimerization, photocycloaddition, cyclization, and oxidative and radical reactions, which will provide an easy access to precursors for biomimetic reactions. This study presents a unified method for synthesizing bioactive skeletal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shakour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Manijeh Mohadeszadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Filipović A, Džambaski Z, Bondžić AM, Bondžić BP. Visible-light promoted photoredox catalysis in flow: addition of biologically important α‑amino radicals to michael acceptors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2259-2270. [PMID: 37340217 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Visible light promoted photoredox catalyzed formation of α-amino radicals from cyclic tertiary amine compounds and their subsequent addition to Michael acceptors performed in flow conditions allowed access to a wide range of functionalized N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and N-aryl-substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs). Visible light in conjunction with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst allowed the formation and high reactivities of α-amino radicals in flow conditions at room temperature. These reactions gave valuable products with high efficiencies; some previously unavailable reaction pathways photo or thermal reaction conditions; i.e. direct synthesis of 1-substituted (THBCs) via α-amino radical path were successfully realized in flow. The use of custom-made FEP tube microreactor proved to be the key to succesfull α-amino-radical formation and overall reaction performance in flow. Three types of light transparent custom-made microfluidic devices were tested, among them glass/silicon and FEP type reactor showed very good results in the conversion of tested compounds. Plausible reaction mechanism is proposed in accordance with known principles of photo activation of tertiary amines. Visible light promoted C(sp3)-H functionalization of N-aryl-protected tetrahydroisoquinolines and N-aryl-protected tetrahydro-β-carbolines in microflow conditions via a-amino radical pathway with various coupling partners in excellent yields and efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Zdravko Džambaski
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Bondžić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan P Bondžić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
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8
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Tan JD, Ramalingam B, Wong SL, Cheng JJW, Lim YF, Chellappan V, Khan SA, Kumar J, Hippalgaonkar K. Transfer Learning of Full Molecular Weight Distributions via High-Throughput Computer-Controlled Polymerization. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4560-4573. [PMID: 37432764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The skew and shape of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of polymers have a significant impact on polymer physical properties. Standard summary metrics statistically derived from the MWD only provide an incomplete picture of the polymer MWD. Machine learning (ML) methods coupled with high-throughput experimentation (HTE) could potentially allow for the prediction of the entire polymer MWD without information loss. In our work, we demonstrate a computer-controlled HTE platform that is able to run up to 8 unique variable conditions in parallel for the free radical polymerization of styrene. The segmented-flow HTE system was equipped with an inline Raman spectrometer and offline size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to obtain time-dependent conversion and MWD, respectively. Using ML forward models, we first predict monomer conversion, intrinsically learning varying polymerization kinetics that change for each experimental condition. In addition, we predict entire MWDs including the skew and shape as well as SHAP analysis to interpret the dependence on reagent concentrations and reaction time. We then used a transfer learning approach to use the data from our high-throughput flow reactor to predict batch polymerization MWDs with only three additional data points. Overall, we demonstrate that the combination of HTE and ML provides a high level of predictive accuracy in determining polymerization outcomes. Transfer learning can allow exploration outside existing parameter spaces efficiently, providing polymer chemists with the ability to target the synthesis of polymers with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Da Tan
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Balamurugan Ramalingam
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 8 Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Swee Liang Wong
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Home Team Science and Technology Agency, Singapore 138507, Singapore
| | - Jayce Jian Wei Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Fun Lim
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 8 Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Vijila Chellappan
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saif A Khan
- National University of Singapore Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering - National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Jatin Kumar
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Xinterra Pte. Ltd., 77 Robinson Road, Singapore 068896, Singapore
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634 Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Functional Intelligent Materials - National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
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9
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O'Callaghan KS, Lynch D, Baumann M, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates leading to dihydrobenzofurans via intramolecular C-H insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248769 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates 3-5 leads to C-H insertion to form dihydrobenzofurans 6-8 in a metal-free process, using either a medium pressure mercury lamp (250-390 nm) or LEDs (365 nm or 450 nm) with comparable synthetic outcomes. Significantly, addition of 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone 9 results in an increased yield and also alters the stereochemical outcome leading to preferential isolation of the trans dihydrobenzofurans 6a-8a (up to 50% yield), while the cis and trans diastereomers of 6-8 are recovered in essentially equimolar amounts in the absence of a photosensitiser (up to 26% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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10
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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11
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Montejano‐Nares E, Ivars‐Barceló F, Osman SM, Luque R. Modeling and Thermodynamic Studies of γ-Valerolactone Production from Bio-derived Methyl Levulinate. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200208. [PMID: 37020618 PMCID: PMC10069308 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of biomass to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels represents a challenge that needs to be solved as soon as possible. Nowadays, one of the most fashionable processes is γ-valerolactone (GVL) production from bio-derived methyl levulinate (ML). Deep understanding of the thermodynamic aspects involved in this process is key for a successful outcome, but detailed studies are missing in the existing literature. A thermodynamic study of the reaction of γ-valerolactone (GVL) production from bio-derived methyl levulinate (ML) is performed by the Gibbs free energy minimization method. The effect of various reaction conditions (temperature, concentration, flow rate) and the implication of possible intermediates and byproducts are assessed. Conversion and selectivity are calculated from the simulation of the ML hydrogenation using isopropanol as the hydrogen donor under continuous flow conditions. Significant increases in GVL selectivity can be achieved under dry conditions, keeping the high conversion. Comparison between theoretical and experimental results from a previous article discloses the effect of using 5%RuTiO2 catalysts, which increases the selectivity from 3-40% to 41-98%. Enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of the reactions at issue are also calculated from models using Barin equations according to Aspen Physical Property System parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montejano‐Nares
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química TécnicaFacultad de CienciasUNEDAv. Esparta s/nLas Rozas de MadridMadrid28232Spain
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaEdif. Marie CurieUniversidad de CórdobaCtra Nnal IV‐A, Km 396CórdobaE14014Spain
| | - Francisco Ivars‐Barceló
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química TécnicaFacultad de CienciasUNEDAv. Esparta s/nLas Rozas de MadridMadrid28232Spain
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry DepartmentCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2455Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaEdif. Marie CurieUniversidad de CórdobaCtra Nnal IV‐A, Km 396CórdobaE14014Spain
- Universidad ECOTECKm 13.5 SamborondónSamborondónEC092302Ecuador
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12
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Jun Yim S, Gyak KW, Kawale SA, Mottafegh A, Park CH, Ko Y, Kim I, Soo Jee S, Kim DP. One-flow Multi-step Synthesis of a Monomer as a Precursor of Thermal-Conductive Semiconductor Packaging Polymer via Multi-phasic Separation. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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13
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Lei Z, Ang HT, Wu J. Advanced In-Line Purification Technologies in Multistep Continuous Flow Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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14
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Monbaliu JCM, Legros J. Will the next generation of chemical plants be in miniaturized flow reactors? LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1349-1357. [PMID: 36278262 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, a production paradigm based on centralized, stepwise, large scale processes has dominated the chemical industry horizon. While effective to meet an ever increasing demand for high value-added chemicals, the so-called macroscopic batch reactors are also associated with inherent weaknesses and threats; some of the most obvious ones were tragically illustrated over the past decades with major industrial disasters and impactful disruptions of advanced chemical supplies. The COVID pandemic has further emphasized that a change in paradigm was necessary to sustain chemical production with an increased safety, reliable supply chains and adaptable productivities. More than a decade of research and technology development has led to alternative and effective chemical processes relying on miniaturised flow reactors (a.k.a. micro and mesofluidic reactors). Such miniaturised reactors bear the potential to solve safety concerns and to improve the reliability of chemical supply chains. Will they initiate a new paradigm for a more localized, safe and reliable chemical production?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.
| | - Julien Legros
- COBRA Laboratory, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France.
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15
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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
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16
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Kwon YJ, Lee SG, Kim WS. Continuous Flow Synthesis of N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles for Tandem Relay Cu/Rh Dual Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1200-1214. [PMID: 36598492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous flow synthesis of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles, which are convenient reactive azavinyl carbene precursors, for tandem relay Cu/Rh dual catalysis has been developed. Most reactions readily proceeded at 75 °C in a short residence time of 13.09 min in the presence of 2.5 mol % of CuTC. The scope of the reactions was explored by synthesizing diversely functionalized N-sulfonyl and sulfamoyl triazoles in yields ranging from 92 to 98%. To demonstrate the scalability of the process, the reaction was conducted on a 5.4 mmol scale with residence and collection times of 13.09 and 60 min, respectively. Furthermore, a series of controlled experiments were performed to investigate the compatibility of Cu and Rh in a batch or a continuous flow system. Finally, the first integrated flow system using the azavinyl carbene intermediate under the tandem relay Cu/Rh dual catalysis was developed for the synthesis of various cis-diamino enones from alkynes and sulfonyl azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ju Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, South Korea
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17
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Clayton AD, Pyzer-Knapp EO, Purdie M, Jones MF, Barthelme A, Pavey J, Kapur N, Chamberlain TW, Blacker AJ, Bourne RA. Bayesian Self-Optimization for Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214511. [PMID: 36346840 PMCID: PMC10108149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of multistep chemical syntheses is critical for the rapid development of new pharmaceuticals. However, concatenating individually optimized reactions can lead to inefficient multistep syntheses, owing to chemical interdependencies between the steps. Herein, we develop an automated continuous flow platform for the simultaneous optimization of telescoped reactions. Our approach is applied to a Heck cyclization-deprotection reaction sequence, used in the synthesis of a precursor for 1-methyltetrahydroisoquinoline C5 functionalization. A simple method for multipoint sampling with a single online HPLC instrument was designed, enabling accurate quantification of each reaction, and an in-depth understanding of the reaction pathways. Notably, integration of Bayesian optimization techniques identified an 81 % overall yield in just 14 h, and revealed a favorable competing pathway for formation of the desired product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Clayton
- Institute of Process Research and Development, Schools of Chemistry & Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Mark Purdie
- ISEL, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Martin F Jones
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | - John Pavey
- UCB Pharma SA, All. de la Recherche 60, 1070, Anderlecht, Belgium
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, Schools of Chemistry & Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, Schools of Chemistry & Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, Schools of Chemistry & Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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18
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The applications of organozinc reagents in continuous flow chemistry: Negishi coupling. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang L. Microreactor Technology: Identifying Focus Fields and Emerging Trends by Using CiteSpace II. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200349. [PMID: 36482287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microreactors have gained widespread attention from academia and industrial researchers due to their exceptionally fast mass and heat transfer and flexible control. In this work, CiteSpace software was used to systematically analyze the relevant literature to gain a comprehensively understand on the research status of microreactors in various fields. The results show that the research depth and application scope of microreactors are continuing to expand. The top 10 most popular research fields are photochemistry, pharmaceutical intermediates, multistep flow synthesis, mass transfer, computational fluid dynamics, μ-TAS (micro total analysis system), nanoparticles, biocatalysis, hydrogen production, and solid-supported reagents. The evolution trends of current focus areas are examined, including photochemistry, mass transfer, biocatalysis and hydrogen production and their milestone literature is analyzed in detail. This article demonstrates the development of different fields of microreactors technology and highlights the unending opportunities and challenges offered by this fascinating technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sun
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
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20
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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21
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Steiner A, Nelson RC, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Synthesis of Thiomorpholine via a Telescoped Photochemical Thiol–Ene/Cyclization Sequence in Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2532-2539. [PMID: 36032361 PMCID: PMC9396661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steiner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ryan C. Nelson
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 737 North Fifth Street, P.O. Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Charboneau DJ, Hazari N, Huang H, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. Homogeneous Organic Electron Donors in Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Transformations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7589-7609. [PMID: 35671350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many contemporary organic transformations, such as Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), require a reductant. Typically, heterogeneous reductants, such as Zn0 or Mn0, are used as the electron source in these reactions. Although heterogeneous reductants are highly practical for preparative-scale batch reactions, they can lead to complications in performing reactions on process scale and are not easily compatible with modern applications, such as flow chemistry. In principle, homogeneous organic reductants can address some of the challenges associated with heterogeneous reductants and also provide greater control of the reductant strength, which can lead to new reactivity. Nevertheless, homogeneous organic reductants have rarely been used in XEC. In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in the use of homogeneous organic electron donors in Ni-catalyzed XEC and related reactions, discuss potential synthetic and mechanistic benefits, describe the limitations that inhibit their implementation, and outline challenges that need to be solved in order for homogeneous organic reductants to be widely utilized in synthetic chemistry. Although our focus is on XEC, our discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of different methods for introducing electrons is general to other reductive transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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23
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Holtze C, Boehling R. Batch or flow chemistry? – a current industrial opinion on process selection. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Stocker MW, Harding MJ, Todaro V, Healy AM, Ferguson S. Integrated Purification and Formulation of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient via Agitated Bed Crystallization and Fluidized Bed Processing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051058. [PMID: 35631643 PMCID: PMC9145956 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated API and drug product processing enable molecules with high clinical efficacy but poor physicochemical characteristics to be commercialized by direct co-processing with excipients to produce advanced multicomponent intermediates. Furthermore, developing isolation-free frameworks would enable end-to-end continuous processing of drugs. The aim of this work was to purify a model API (sodium ibuprofen) and impurity (ibuprofen ethyl ester) system and then directly process it into a solid-state formulation without isolating a solid API phase. Confined agitated bed crystallization is proposed to purify a liquid stream of impure API from 4% to 0.2% w/w impurity content through periodic or parallelized operations. This stream is combined with a polymer solution in an intermediary tank, enabling the API to be spray coated directly onto microcrystalline cellulose beads. The spray coating process was developed using a Design of Experiments approach, allowing control over the drug loading efficiency and the crystallinity of the API on the beads by altering the process parameters. The DoE study indicated that the solvent volume was the dominant factor controlling the drug loading efficiency, while a combination of factors influenced the crystallinity. The products from the fluidized bed are ideal for processing into final drug products and can subsequently be coated to control drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (M.W.S.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Matthew J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (M.W.S.); (M.J.H.)
- I-Form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valerio Todaro
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (V.T.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (V.T.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (M.W.S.); (M.J.H.)
- I-Form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocess Research and Training, 24 Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Co., Belfield, A94 X099 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-716-1898
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25
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Hayashi Y, Hattori S, Koshino S. Asymmetric flow reactions catalyzed by immobilized diphenylprolinol alkyl ether: Michael reaction and domino reactions. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200314. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Tohoku University Department of Chemistry 6-3, Aramaki-AzaAobaAobaku 980-8578 Sendai JAPAN
| | - Shusuke Hattori
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Seitaro Koshino
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Chemistry JAPAN
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26
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Ferlin F, Anastasiou I, Salameh N, Miyakoshi T, Baudoin O, Vaccaro L. C(sp 3 )-H Arylation Promoted by a Heterogeneous Palladium-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex in Batch and Continuous Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102736. [PMID: 35098689 PMCID: PMC9303704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous reusable palladium(II)-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyst was prepared and shown to catalyze the intramolecular C(sp3 )-H activation/cyclization of N-alkyl-2-bromoanilines furnishing indolines. This new catalytic system was based on a bis-imidazolium ligand immobilized on a spaced cross-linked polystyrene support. The iodide ligands on the catalyst played a central role in the efficiency of the process occurring through a "release and catch" mechanism. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst was further exploited in the design of a continuous-flow protocol that allowed a more efficient recovery and reuse of the catalyst, as well as a very fast and safe procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferlin
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Nihad Salameh
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Takeru Miyakoshi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)6 Miklukho-Maklaya StMoscow117198Russia
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27
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Saito Y, Nishizawa K, Laroche B, Ishitani H, Kobayashi S. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of (R)-Tamsulosin Utilizing Sequential Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115643. [PMID: 35068027 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe the continuous-flow synthesis of (R)-tamsulosin, a blockbuster therapeutic drug employed for dysuria associated with urinary stones and benign prostatic hyperplasia, by utilizing sequential heterogeneous catalysis. Two heterogeneous catalysts have been developed for the synthesis, and the key step involves reductive amination of nitriles using dimethylpolysilane-modified Pd on activated carbon/calcium phosphate. Overall, (R)-tamsulosin was obtained in 60 % yield and 64 % ee (99 % ee after recrystallization) in a flow stream through four catalytic transformations without the need for the isolation or purification of any intermediates or byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Nishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Social Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Green & Sustainable Chemistry Social Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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28
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Kwon Y, Kim W. Protecting Group‐Controlled Regioselective Synthesis for Unsymmetrical 3,5‐Disubstituted Pyridones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Ju Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 South Korea
| | - Won‐Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 South Korea
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29
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Burange AS, Osman SM, Luque R. Understanding flow chemistry for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. iScience 2022; 25:103892. [PMID: 35243250 PMCID: PMC8867129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-step organic syntheses of various drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other pharmaceutically and agriculturally important compounds have already been reported using flow synthesis. Compared to batch, hazardous and reactive reagents can be handled safely in flow. This review discusses the pros and cons of flow chemistry in today’s scenario and recent developments in flow devices. The review majorly emphasizes on the recent developments in the flow synthesis of pharmaceutically important products in last five years including flibanserin, imatinib, buclizine, cinnarizine, cyclizine, meclizine, ribociclib, celecoxib, SC-560 and mavacoxib, efavirenz, fluconazole, melitracen HCl, rasagiline, tamsulosin, valsartan, and hydroxychloroquine. Critical steps and new development in the flow synthesis of selected compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Burange
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400007, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 107198 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
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30
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"Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
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31
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Das B, Al-Hunaiti A, Carey A, Lidin S, Demeshko S, Repo T, Nordlander E. A di‑iron(III) μ-oxido complex as catalyst precursor in the oxidation of alkanes and alkenes. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 231:111769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Saito Y, Nishizawa K, Laroche B, Ishitani H, Kobayashi S. Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of (R)‐Tamsulosin Utilizing Sequential Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Ken Nishizawa
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | | | | | - Shu Kobayashi
- The University of Tokyo Department of Chemistry, School of Science 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Tokyo JAPAN
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33
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Jin Z, Wang H, Hu X, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhao S, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K. Anionic polymerizations in a microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polymerizations in a microreactor enable fast mixing, high-level control, and scale-up synthesis of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Huiyue Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yihuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yujing Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
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34
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Alves AJS, Silvestre JAD, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Synthesis of novel chiral spiro-β-lactams from nitrile oxides and 6-( Z)-(benzoylmethylene)penicillanate: batch, microwave-induced and continuous flow methodologies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30879-30891. [PMID: 36349033 PMCID: PMC9614636 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04848e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The first examples of the diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides and 6-alkylidene penicillanates leading to chiral spiroisoxazoline-penicillanates are reported. The synthesis of this new type of penicillanate involved the selective generation of two consecutive stereogenic centers, including a quaternary chiral center. Furthermore, the present work also describes the outcomes of these 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions under three distinct reaction conditions (conventional heating, microwave irradiation and continuous flow). The successful use of the continuous flow technique as well as the proper selection of the reaction media allowed the development of a sustainable route to chiral spiroisoxazoline-penicillanates. The first examples of the diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides and 6-alkylidene penicillanates leading to chiral spiroisoxazoline-penicillanates are reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Américo J. S. Alves
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João A. D. Silvestre
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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35
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O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, O'Callaghan KS, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Generation of Tosyl Azide in Continuous Flow Using an Azide Resin, and Telescoping with Diazo Transfer and Rhodium Acetate-Catalyzed O-H Insertion. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:2772-2785. [PMID: 34955628 PMCID: PMC8689650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Generation of tosyl azide 12 in acetonitrile in flow under water-free conditions using an azide resin and its use in diazo transfer to a series of aryl acetates are described. Successful telescoping with a rhodium acetate-catalyzed O-H insertion has been achieved, thereby transforming the aryl acetate 8 to α-hydroxy ester 10, a key intermediate in the synthesis of clopidogrel 11, without requiring isolation or handling of either tosyl azide 12 or α-aryl-α-diazoacetate 9, or indeed having significant amounts of either present at any point. Significantly, the solution of α-diazo ester 9 was sufficiently clean to progress directly to the rhodium acetate-catalyzed step without any detrimental impact on the efficiency of the O-H insertion. In addition, the rhodium acetate-catalyzed O-H insertion process is cleaner in flow than under traditional batch conditions. Use of the azide resin offers clear safety advantages and, in addition, this approach complements earlier protocols for the generation of tosyl azide 12 in flow; this protocol is especially useful with less acidic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella M O'Mahony
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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36
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Miyai Y, Formosa A, Armstrong C, Marquardt B, Rogers L, Roper T. PAT Implementation on a Mobile Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing System: Real-Time Process Monitoring with In-Line FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Miyai
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | - Anna Formosa
- OnDemand Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Cameron Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
| | | | - Luke Rogers
- OnDemand Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Thomas Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2512, United States
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37
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Direct oxidation of benzene to phenol in a microreactor: Process parameters and reaction kinetics study. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Vijayan RSK, Kihlberg J, Cross JB, Poongavanam V. Enhancing preclinical drug discovery with artificial intelligence. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:967-984. [PMID: 34838731 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an integral part of drug discovery. It has the potential to deliver across the drug discovery and development value chain, starting from target identification and reaching through clinical development. In this review, we provide an overview of current AI technologies and a glimpse of how AI is reimagining preclinical drug discovery by highlighting examples where AI has made a real impact. Considering the excitement and hyperbole surrounding AI in drug discovery, we aim to present a realistic view by discussing both opportunities and challenges in adopting AI in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S K Vijayan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jason B Cross
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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39
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Kearney AM, Lynch D, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Telescoped diazo transfer and rhodium-catalysed S–H insertion in continuous flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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40
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Kim M, Shih HS, Sheu PCY. Diffusion-Based Influence Maximization in GOLAP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEMANTIC COMPUTING 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793351x21500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Influence analysis is one of the most important research in social network. Specifically, more and more researchers and advertisers are interested in the area of influence maximization (IM). The concept of influence among people or organizations has been the core basis for making business decisions as well as performing everyday social activities. In this research, we begin by extending a new influence diffusion model information diffusion model (IDM) using various constraints. We incorporate colors and additional nodes constraints. By adding colors and constraints for different types of nodes in a graph, we would be able to answer complex queries on multi-dimensional graphs such as ‘find at most two most important genes that are related to lung disease and heart disease’. More specifically, we discuss the following variations of IM-IDM; Colorblind IM-IDM, Colored IM-IDM and Colored IM-IDM with constraints. We also present our experiment results to prove the effectiveness of our model and algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine 4405, Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Shun Shih
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine 4405, Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America
| | - Phillip C-Y. Sheu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine 4405, Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America
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41
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Ohara N, Das A, Mahato SK, Chatani N. Synthesis of α-Amino Acid Derivatives through the Iridium-catalyzed α-C-H Amidation of 2-Acylimidazoles with Dioxazolones under Continuous-flow. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Ohara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Amrita Das
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sanjit K. Mahato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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42
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Crowley DC, Brouder TA, Kearney AM, Lynch D, Ford A, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Exploiting Continuous Processing for Challenging Diazo Transfer and Telescoped Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transformations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13955-13982. [PMID: 34379975 PMCID: PMC8524431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Generation and use
of triflyl azide in flow enables efficient synthesis
of a range of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, including α-diazoketones,
α-diazoamides, and an α-diazosulfonyl ester, via both
Regitz-type diazo transfer and deacylative/debenzoylative diazo-transfer
processes with excellent yields and offers versatility in the solvent
employed, in addition to addressing the hazards associated with handling
of this highly reactive sulfonyl azide. Telescoping the generation
of triflyl azide and diazo-transfer process with highly enantioselective
copper-mediated intramolecular aromatic addition and C–H insertion
processes demonstrates that the reaction stream containing the α-diazocarbonyl
compound can be obtained in sufficient purity to pass directly over
the immobilized copper bis(oxazoline) catalyst without detrimentally
impacting the catalyst enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Crowley
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas A Brouder
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife M Kearney
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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43
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Faraggi TM, Rouget-Virbel C, Rincón JA, Barberis M, Mateos C, García-Cerrada S, Agejas J, de Frutos O, MacMillan DWC. Synthesis of Enantiopure Unnatural Amino Acids by Metallaphotoredox Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:1966-1973. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomer M. Faraggi
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Caroline Rouget-Virbel
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Mario Barberis
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerrada
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Javier Agejas
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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44
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Yılmaz F, Hür D. Continuous flow hydrogenation with Pd complexes of pyridine‐benzotriazole ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Yılmaz
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Yunusemre Campus Eskisehir Technical University Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Deniz Hür
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Yunusemre Campus Eskisehir Technical University Eskisehir Turkey
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45
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Li Y, Wang C, Chen Q, Li H, Su Y, Cheng T, Liu G, Tan C. Integrated Suzuki Cross-Coupling/Reduction Cascade Reaction of meta-/para-Chloroacetophenones and Arylboronic Acids under Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2338-2345. [PMID: 34190417 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming the incompatibility of a pair of conflicting catalysts via a flow methodology has great significance in the practical applications for multistep organic transformations. In this study, a multiple continuous-flow system is developed, which can boost the reactivity and selectivity in a sequential enantioselective cascade reaction. During this process, a periodic mesoporous organosilica-supported Pd/carbene species as a Suzuki cross-coupling catalyst is packed in the first column reactor, whereas another periodic mesoporous organosilica-supported Ru/diamine species as an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyst is packed in the second column reactor. As we envisioned, the initially Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of meta-/para-chloroacetophenones and aryl boronic acids followed by the subsequentially Ru-catalyzed reduction provides chiral biarylols with enhanced yields and enantioselectivities. Furthermore, the advantages of the easy handling and the simple procedure make this system an attractive application in a scale-up preparation of optically pure organic molecules under environmentally-friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qipeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yu Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Tanyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chunxia Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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46
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Wu L, Abreu BL, Blake AJ, Taylor LJ, Lewis W, Argent SP, Poliakoff M, Boufroura H, George MW. Multigram Synthesis of Trioxanes Enabled by a Supercritical CO2 Integrated Flow Process. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna L. Abreu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Blake
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hamza Boufroura
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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47
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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48
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Manneveau M, Tanii S, Gens F, Legros J, Chataigner I. Dearomatization of 3-cyanoindoles by (3 + 2) cycloaddition: from batch to flow chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3481-3486. [PMID: 32347286 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dipolar dearomatizing cycloadditions between a non-stabilized azomethine ylide and 3-cyanoindoles or benzofuran afford the corresponding 3D-heterocycles bearing a quaternary carbon centre at the ring junction. While 6 equivalents of ylide precursor 1 are required for full conversion in a classical flask, working under flow conditions limits the excess (3 equiv., tR = 1 min) and leads to a cleaner process, affording cycloadducts that are easier to isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Manneveau
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CNRS, INSA Rouen, COBRA laboratory, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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49
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Xu G, Ni Y. Co-immobilized Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Glucose Dehydrogenase with Resin Extraction for Continuous Production of Chiral Diaryl Alcohol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2742-2758. [PMID: 33826065 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ni2+-functionalized porous ceramic/agarose composite beads (Ni-NTA Cerose) can be used as carrier materials to immobilize enzymes harboring a metal affinity tag. Here, a 6×His-tag fusion alcohol dehydrogenase Mu-S5 and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium (BmGDH) were co-immobilized on Ni-NTA Cerose to construct a packed bed reactor (PBR) for the continuous synthesis of the chiral intermediate (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(pyridin-2-yl) methanol ((S)-CPMA) NADPH recycling, and in situ product adsorption was achieved simultaneously by assembling a D101 macroporous resin column after the PBR. Using an optimum enzyme activity ratio of 2:1 (Mu-S5: BmGDH) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as co-solvent, a space-time yield of 1560 g/(L·d) could be achieved in the first three days at a flow rate of 5 mL/min and substrate concentration of 10 mM. With simplified selective adsorption and extraction procedures, (S)-CPMA was obtained in 84% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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50
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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