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Ion-transfer electrochemistry at arrays of nanoscale interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions arranged in hexagonal format. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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2
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Al Nasser HA, Bissett MA, Dryfe RAW. The Modified Liquid‐Liquid Interface: The Effect of an Interfacial Layer of MoS
2
on Ion Transfer. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussain A. Al Nasser
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester U.K. M13 9PL
| | - Mark A. Bissett
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester U.K. M13 9PL
- Henry Royce Institute The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester U.K. M13 9PL
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester U.K. M13 9PL
- Henry Royce Institute The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester U.K. M13 9PL
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3
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Borgul P, Rudnicki K, Chu L, Leniart A, Skrzypek S, Sudhölter EJ, Poltorak L. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of polyelectrolytes at the surface of a fiberglass membrane used as a support of the polarized liquid–liquid interface. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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Holzinger A, Neusser G, Austen BJJ, Gamero-Quijano A, Herzog G, Arrigan DWM, Ziegler A, Walther P, Kranz C. Investigation of modified nanopore arrays using FIB/SEM tomography. Faraday Discuss 2018; 210:113-130. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
FIB/SEM tomography and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy are employed to study the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions at nanopore arrays, which were electrochemically modified by silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Gregor Neusser
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Benjamin J. J. Austen
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Alonso Gamero-Quijano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environment (LCPME)
- UMR 7564
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine
- 54600 Villers-les-Nancy
- France
| | - Grégoire Herzog
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environment (LCPME)
- UMR 7564
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine
- 54600 Villers-les-Nancy
- France
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Zentrale Einrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Zentrale Einrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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5
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Xie L, Huang X, Su B. Portable Sensor for the Detection of Choline and Its Derivatives Based on Silica Isoporous Membrane and Gellified Nanointerfaces. ACS Sens 2017; 2:803-809. [PMID: 28723110 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A portable amperometric ion sensor was fabricated by integrating silica isoporous membrane (SIM) and organogel composed of polyvinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane (PVC-DCE) on a 3D-printed polymer chip. The detection of ionic species in aqueous samples could be accomplished by adding a microliter of sample droplet to the sensor and by identifying the ion-transfer potential and current magnitude at the water/organogel interface array templated by SIM. Thanks to the ultrasmall channel size (2-3 nm in diameter), high channel density (4 × 108 μm-2), and ultrathin thickness (80 nm) of SIM, the ensemble of nanoscopic water/organogel (nano-W/Gel) interface array behaved like a microinterface with two back-to-back hemispherical mass diffusion zones. So, the heterogeneous ion-transfer across the nano-W/Gel interface array generated a steady-state sigmoidal current wave. The detection of choline (Ch) and its derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), benzoylcholine (BCh), and atropine (AP), in aqueous samples was examined with this portable sensor. Using differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), the quantification of these analytes was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 1 μM. Moreover, the portable ion sensor was insensitive to various potential interferents that might coexist in vivo, owing to size-/charge-based selectivity and antifouling capacity of SIM. With this priority, the portable ion sensor was able to quantitatively determine Ch and its derivatives in diluted urine and blood samples. The LODs for Ch, ACh, AP, and BCh in urine were 1.12, 1.30, 1.08, and 0.99 μM, and those for blood samples were 3.61, 3.38, 2.32, and 1.81 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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Xie L, Huang X, Lin X, Su B. Nanoscopic liquid/liquid interface arrays supported by silica isoporous membranes: Trans-membrane resistance and ion transfer reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Huang X, Xie L, Lin X, Su B. Detection of Metoprolol in Human Biofluids and Pharmaceuticals via Ion-Transfer Voltammetry at the Nanoscopic Liquid/Liquid Interface Array. Anal Chem 2016; 89:945-951. [PMID: 27958719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metoprolol (MTP) is one of the most widely used antihypertensive drugs yet banned to use in sport competition. Therefore, there has been an increasing demand for developing simple, rapid, and sensitive methods suited to the identification and quantification of MTP in human biofluids. In this work, ultrathin silica nanochannel membrane (SNM) with perforated channels was employed to support nanoscale liquid/liquid interface (nano-ITIES) array for investigation of the ion-transfer voltammetric behavior of MTP and for its detection in multiple human biofluids and pharmaceutical formulation. Several potential interfering substances, including small molecules, d-glucose, urea, ascorbic acid, glycine, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate and large molecules, bovine serum albumin (BSA), were chosen as models of biological interferences to examine their influence on the ion-transfer current signal of MTP. The results confirmed that the steady-state current wave barely changed in the presence of small molecules. Although BSA displayed an apparent blockade on the transfer of MTP, the accurate determination of MTP in multiple human biofluids (i.e., urine, serum and whole blood) and pharmaceutical formulation were still feasible, thanks to the molecular sieving and antifouling abilities of SNM. A limit of detection (LOD) within the physiological level of MTP during therapy could be achieved for all cases, i.e., 0.5 and 1.1 μM for 100 times diluted urine and serum, respectively, and 2.2 μM for 1000 times diluted blood samples. These results demonstrated that the nano-ITIES array behaved as a simplified and integrated detection platform for ionizable drug analysis in complex media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Liu Y, Holzinger A, Knittel P, Poltorak L, Gamero-Quijano A, Rickard WDA, Walcarius A, Herzog G, Kranz C, Arrigan DWM. Visualization of Diffusion within Nanoarrays. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6689-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika Holzinger
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement (LCPME),
UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | - Alonso Gamero-Quijano
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement (LCPME),
UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | | | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement (LCPME),
UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | - Grégoire Herzog
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement (LCPME),
UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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9
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Arrigan DWM, Liu Y. Electroanalytical Ventures at Nanoscale Interfaces Between Immiscible Liquids. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:145-161. [PMID: 27049634 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion transfer at the interface between immiscible electrolyte solutions offers many benefits to analytical chemistry, including the ability to detect nonredox active ionized analytes, to detect ions whose redox electrochemistry is accompanied by complications, and to separate ions based on electrocontrolled partition. Nanoscale miniaturization of such interfaces brings the benefits of enhanced mass transport, which in turn leads to improved analytical performance in areas such as sensitivity and limits of detection. This review discusses the development of such nanoscale interfaces between immiscible liquids and examines the analytical advances that have been made to date, including prospects for trace detection of ion concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien W M Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia;
| | - Yang Liu
- Nanochemistry Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia;
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10
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Huang X, Xie L, Lin X, Su B. Permselective Ion Transport Across the Nanoscopic Liquid/Liquid Interface Array. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6563-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Alvarez de Eulate E, Strutwolf J, Liu Y, O’Donnell K, Arrigan DWM. An Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Liquid–Liquid Microinterface Arrays Formed in Laser-Ablated Glass Membranes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2596-604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alvarez de Eulate
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Jörg Strutwolf
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Kane O’Donnell
- Department
of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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12
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Arrigan DWM, Alvarez de Eulate E, Liu Y. Electroanalytical Opportunities Derived from Ion Transfer at Interfaces between Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an introduction to electrochemistry at interfaces between immiscible electrolyte solutions and surveys recent studies of this form of electrochemistry in electroanalytical strategies. Simple ion and facilitated ion transfers across interfaces varying from millimetre scale to nanometre scales are considered. Target detection strategies for a range of ions, inorganic, organic, and biological, including macromolecules, are discussed.
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13
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14
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Lee HJ, Arrigan DWM, Karim MN, Kim H. Amperometric Ion Sensing Approaches at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Inorganic, Organic and Biological Ions. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become an invaluable tool for the selective and sensitive detection of cationic and anionic species, including charged drug molecules and proteins. In addition, neutral molecules can also be detected at the ITIES via enzymatic reactions. This chapter highlights recent developments towards creating a wide spectrum of sensing platforms involving ion transfer across the ITIES. As well as outlining the basic principles needed for performing these sensing applications, the development of ITIES-based detection strategies for inorganic, organic, and biological ions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Md. Nurul Karim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
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15
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Poltorak L, Morakchi K, Herzog G, Walcarius A. Electrochemical characterization of liquid-liquid micro-interfaces modified with mesoporous silica. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Liu Y, Sairi M, Neusser G, Kranz C, Arrigan DWM. Achievement of Diffusional Independence at Nanoscale Liquid–Liquid Interfaces within Arrays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5486-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Masniza Sairi
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Mechanisation
and Automation Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gregor Neusser
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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17
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Liu Y, Strutwolf J, Arrigan DWM. Ion-Transfer Voltammetric Behavior of Propranolol at Nanoscale Liquid–Liquid Interface Arrays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4487-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO
Box U1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Jörg Strutwolf
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO
Box U1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6845, Australia
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18
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Herzog G. Recent developments in electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions for ion sensing. Analyst 2015; 140:3888-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most recent developments on electrochemical sensing of ions at the liquid–liquid interface are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Herzog
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME)
- UMR 7564
- CNRS – Université de Lorraine
- Villers-lès-Nancy
- France
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19
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Sairi M, Chen-Tan N, Neusser G, Kranz C, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemical Characterisation of Nanoscale Liquid|Liquid Interfaces Located at Focused Ion Beam-Milled Silicon Nitride Membranes. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Mastouri A, Peulon S, Farcage D, Bellakhal N, Chaussé A. Perfect additivity of microinterface arrays for liquid-liquid measurements: Application to cadmium ions quantification. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Arrigan D, Herzog G, Scanlon M, Strutwolf J. Bioanalytical Applications of Electrochemistry at Liquid-Liquid Microinterfaces. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b15576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Sairi M, Strutwolf J, Mitchell RA, Silvester DS, Arrigan DW. Chronoamperometric response at nanoscale liquid–liquid interface arrays. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 769:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Gibson LR, Branagan SP, Bohn PW. Convective delivery of electroactive species to annular nanoband electrodes embedded in nanocapillary-array membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:90-97. [PMID: 22907773 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant technological drivers motivate interest in the use of reaction sites embedded within nanometer-scale channels, and an important class of these structures is realized by an embedded annular nanoband electrode (EANE) in a cylindrical nanochannel. In this structure, the convective delivery of electroactive species to the nanoelectrode is tightly coupled to the electrochemical overpotential via electroosmotic flow. Simulation results indicate that EANE arrays significantly outperform comparable microband electrode/microchannel structures, producing higher conversion efficiencies at low Peclet number. The results of this in-depth analysis are useful in assessing possible implementation of the EANE geometry for a wide range of electrochemical targets within microscale total analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Gibson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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25
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Branagan SP, Contento NM, Bohn PW. Enhanced mass transport of electroactive species to annular nanoband electrodes embedded in nanocapillary array membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8617-24. [PMID: 22506659 DOI: 10.1021/ja3017158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is used to enhance the delivery of Fe(CN)(6)(4-)/Fe(CN)(6)(3-) to an annular nanoband electrode embedded in a nanocapillary array membrane, as a route to high efficiency electrochemical conversions. Multilayer Au/polymer/Au/polymer membranes are perforated with 10(2)-10(3) cylindrical nanochannels by focused ion beam (FIB) milling and subsequently sandwiched between two axially separated microchannels, producing a structure in which transport and electron transfer reactions are tightly coupled. The middle Au layer, which contacts the fluid only at the center of each nanochannel, serves as a working electrode to form an array of embedded annular nanoband electrodes (EANEs), at which sufficient overpotential drives highly efficient electrochemical processes. Simultaneously, the electric field established between the EANE and the QRE (>10(3) V cm(-1)) drives electro-osmotic flow (EOF) in the nanochannels, improving reagent delivery rate. EOF is found to enhance the steady-state current by >10× over a comparable structure without convective transport. Similarly, the conversion efficiency is improved by approximately 10-fold compared to a comparable microfluidic structure. Experimental data agree with finite element simulations, further illustrating the unique electrochemical and transport behavior of these nanoscale embedded electrode arrays. Optimizing the present structure may be useful for combinatorial processing of on-chip sample delivery with electrochemical conversion; a proof of concept experiment, involving the generation of dissolved hydrogen in situ via electrolysis, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Branagan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Abstract
The main aspects related to the charge transfer reactions occurring at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are described. The particular topics to be discussed involve simple ion transfer. Focus is given on theoretical approaches, numerical simulations, and experimental methodologies. Concerning the theoretical procedures, different computational simulations related to simple ion transfer are reviewed. The main conclusions drawn from the most accepted models are described and analyzed in regard to their relevance for explaining different aspects of ion transfer. We describe numerical simulations implementing different approaches for solving the differential equations associated with the mass transport and charge transfer. These numerical simulations are correlated with selected experimental results; their usefulness in designing new experiments is summarized. Finally, many practical applications can be envisaged regarding the determination of physicochemical properties, electroanalysis, drug lipophilicity, and phase-transfer catalysis.
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