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Bregnhøj M, Thorning F, Ogilby PR. Singlet Oxygen Photophysics: From Liquid Solvents to Mammalian Cells. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39106038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen, O2, has long provided a cornerstone for studies in chemistry, physics, and biology. Although the triplet ground state, O2(X3Σg-), has garnered much attention, the lowest excited electronic state, O2(a1Δg), commonly called singlet oxygen, has attracted appreciable interest, principally because of its unique chemical reactivity in systems ranging from the Earth's atmosphere to biological cells. Because O2(a1Δg) can be produced and deactivated in processes that involve light, the photophysics of O2(a1Δg) are equally important. Moreover, pathways for O2(a1Δg) deactivation that regenerate O2(X3Σg-), which address fundamental principles unto themselves, kinetically compete with the chemical reactions of O2(a1Δg) and, thus, have practical significance. Due to technological advances (e.g., lasers, optical detectors, microscopes), data acquired in the past ∼20 years have increased our understanding of O2(a1Δg) photophysics appreciably and facilitated both spatial and temporal control over the behavior of O2(a1Δg). One goal of this Review is to summarize recent developments that have broad ramifications, focusing on systems in which oxygen forms a contact complex with an organic molecule M (e.g., a liquid solvent). An important concept is the role played by the M+•O2-• charge-transfer state in both the formation and deactivation of O2(a1Δg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Frederik Thorning
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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Determination of two-photon absorption in nucleobase analogues: a QR-DFT perspective. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:529-543. [PMID: 35179700 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With the prevalence of fluorescence spectroscopy in biological systems, and the benefits of two-photon absorption techniques, presented here is an assessment of the two-photon accessibility of modern fluorescent nucleobase analogues utilising quadratic response DFT. Due to the complex environment experienced by these nucleobases, the two-photon spectra of each analogue has been assessed in the presence of both [Formula: see text]-stacked and hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the canonical nucleobases. Findings suggest that the [Formula: see text]-stacking environment provides a more significant effect on the spectra of the analogues studies than a hydrogen-bonding environment; analogue structures presenting high two-photon cross-section values for one or more states coincide with polycyclic extensions to preserved canonical base structure, as observed in the qA family of analogues, while analogue structures more closely resembling the structure of the base in question present a much more muted spectra in comparison. Results from this investigation have also allowed for the derivation of a number of design rules for the development of potential, two-photon specific, analogues for future use in both imaging and potential photochemical activation.
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Malcomson T, Paterson MJ. Theoretical determination of two-photon absorption in biologically relevant pterin derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1538-1547. [PMID: 33029609 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of fluorescence spectroscopy in biological systems, and the prevalence of pterin derivatives throughout biological systems, presented here is an assessment of the two-photon absorption spectroscopy as it applies to a range of the most commonly studied pterin derivatives. QR-CAMB3LYP//ccpVTZ calculations suggest that the use of two-photon spectroscopic methods would enable a more capable differentiation between closely related derivatives in comparison to the one-photon spectra, which show minimal qualitative deviation. Study of short tail derivatives shows that, in most cases, two-photon accessible states solely involve the π* LUMO as the particle orbital, with biopterin, neopterin, and 6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin presenting exceptional potential for targetting. Investigation of derivatives in which the tail contains an aromatic ring resulted in the observation of a series of two-photon accessible states involving charge transfer from the tail to the pterin moiety, the cross sections of which are highly dependent on the adoption of a planar geometry. The observation of these states presents a novel method for tracking the substitution of biologically important molecules such as folic acid and 5-methenyltetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Malcomson
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Martin J Paterson
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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Abstract
Tautomerization in porphycenes, constitutional isomers of porphyrins, is strongly entangled with spectral and photophysical parameters. The intramolecular double hydrogen transfer occurring in the ground and electronically excited states leads to uncommon spectroscopic characteristics, such as depolarized emission, viscosity-dependent radiationless depopulation, and vibrational-mode-specific tunneling splittings. This review starts with documentation of the electronic spectra of porphycenes: Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism are discussed, together with their analysis based on the perimeter model. Next, photophysical characteristics are presented, setting the stage for the final part, which discusses the developments in research on tautomerism. Porphycenes have been studied in different experimental regimes: molecules in condensed phases, isolated in supersonic jets and helium nanodroplets, and, recently also on the level of single molecules investigated by optical and scanning probe microscopies. Because of the rich and detailed information obtained from these diverse investigations, porphycenes emerge as very good models for studying the complex, multidimensional phenomena involved in the process of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
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Cowie TY, Kennedy L, Żurek JM, Paterson MJ, Bebbington MWP. Crossed McMurry Coupling Reactions for Porphycenic Macrocycles: Non-Statistical Selectivity and Rationalisation. European J Org Chem 2015. [PMID: 26213484 PMCID: PMC4502767 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crossed McMurry reactions of bifuran- or bithiophenedicarbaldehydes with bipyrroledicarbaldehydes have been studied for the first time. Only those porphycenic macrocycles derived from homocoupled McMurry products were formed. The results are explained by using both density functional theory and electron propagator computations to model the electron affinity of the dialdehyde starting materials. It was predicted that bifuran\bithiophene cross-coupling would indeed occur, and this was demonstrated by the first synthesis of a novel dioxa,dithio hetero-porphycenoid annulene. This approach will allow the prior identification of viable substrates for related crossed McMurry reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y Cowie
- School of EPS - Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK E-mail: http://www.theophotochem.eps.hw.ac.uk/Home.html , http://www.hw.ac.uk/schools/engineering-physical-sciences/staff-directory/mb.htm
| | - Lorna Kennedy
- School of EPS - Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK E-mail: http://www.theophotochem.eps.hw.ac.uk/Home.html , http://www.hw.ac.uk/schools/engineering-physical-sciences/staff-directory/mb.htm
| | - Justyna M Żurek
- School of EPS - Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK E-mail: http://www.theophotochem.eps.hw.ac.uk/Home.html , http://www.hw.ac.uk/schools/engineering-physical-sciences/staff-directory/mb.htm
| | - Martin J Paterson
- School of EPS - Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK E-mail: http://www.theophotochem.eps.hw.ac.uk/Home.html , http://www.hw.ac.uk/schools/engineering-physical-sciences/staff-directory/mb.htm
| | - Magnus W P Bebbington
- School of EPS - Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK E-mail: http://www.theophotochem.eps.hw.ac.uk/Home.html , http://www.hw.ac.uk/schools/engineering-physical-sciences/staff-directory/mb.htm
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Hamed B, Haimberger TV, Kozich V, Wiehe A, Heyne K. Two-photon cross-sections of the photosensitizers m-THPC and m-THPP in the 1.05–1.45μm range. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Makarov NS, Drobizhev M, Wicks G, Makarova EA, Lukyanets EA, Rebane A. Alternative selection rules for one- and two-photon transitions in tribenzotetraazachlorin: quasi-centrosymmetrical π-conjugation pathway of formally non-centrosymmetrical molecule. J Chem Phys 2014; 138:214314. [PMID: 23758378 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We compare the two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra of non-centrosymmetrical metal-free tribenzo-tetraazachlorin (H2TBTAC) and analogous symmetrical tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyanine (H2TtBuPc). Surprisingly, despite formal lack of center of inversion, the 2PA spectrum of H2TBTAC displays a two-photon allowed transition at 935 nm, similar to gerade-gerade (g-g) transitions observed in H2TtBuPc and in other symmetrical phthalocyanines. This transition is even better resolved in the singlet-singlet excited-state absorption spectrum. We tentatively explain the survival of the g-g transition in H2TBTAC by assuming that the main π-electron conjugation pathway in the tetraaza-substituted tetrapyrrole macrocycle bypasses the outer parts of the two oppositely located isoindole rings and thus renders the optically responsive core of the chromophore quasi-centrosymmetrical. By using the independently measured ground- and excited-state absorption extinction coefficients, we also show that the two-photon absorptivity can be quantitatively explained by a simple three-level model with the lowest energy Q1 state serving as an intermediate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Makarov
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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Bergendahl LT, Paterson MJ. Influence of electronic effects on one- and two-photon absorption in porphyrin isomers. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Liu X, Zhang J, Li K, Sun X, Wu Z, Ren A, Feng J. New insights into two-photon absorption properties of functionalized aza-BODIPY dyes at telecommunication wavelengths: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:4666-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44435j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bergendahl LT, Paterson MJ. Two-Photon Absorption-Molecular Structure Investigation Using a Porphycene Chromophore with Potential in Photodynamic Therapy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11818-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305063e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Therese Bergendahl
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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