1
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Gupta AK, Das S, Sahu PP, Mishra P. Design and development of IDE sensor for naringin quantification in pomelo juice: An indicator of citrus maturity. Food Chem 2022; 377:131947. [PMID: 34998150 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maturity determination of pomelo fruits having health-benefiting attributes is an important issue to enhance the quality of harvesting. Here, an interdigitated electrode (IDE) based sensor is introduced to detect its maturity by determining the naringin content. The sensor was made by depositing amberlite IRA-400 as a sensing layer on IDE patterned PCB substrate at room temperature with hydrothermal and spin-coating techniques. The sensor exhibits excellent selectivity for naringin, high sensitivity of 0.008 µA for 10 ppb of naringin, and reusability up to 3-4 times for naringin quantification in maturity testing of fruits. The pomelo fruits start to mature when maximum values of current response and naringin content are found at 140 DAFS. The naringin content decreases as maturity progresses and maximum phytochemical attributes were obtained at 180-220 DAFS. The IDE sensor assures an appropriate period of plucking of pomelo fruits improving harvesting practices and trade of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Satyajit Das
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sahu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Poonam Mishra
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India.
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3
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Chen Y, He Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Yuan R, Chen S. Hydrophobic Localized Enrichment of Co-reactants to Enhance Electrochemiluminescence of Conjugated Polymers for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Proteins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4446-4454. [PMID: 35230820 PMCID: PMC8903209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The enrichment of co-reactants is one of the keys to improving the sensitivity of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. This work developed a novel hydrophobic localized enrichment strategy of co-reactants utilizing the inner hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were grown in situ on the coordination sites for metal ions of β-CD to prepare the β-CD-Pt nanocomposite, which could not only enrich co-reactant 3-(dibutylamino) propylamine (TDBA) highly efficiently through its hydrophobic cavity but also immobilize TDBA via the Pt-N bond. Meanwhile, the carboxyl-functionalized poly[2,5-dioctyl-1,4-phenylene] (PDP) polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) were developed as excellent ECL luminophores. With SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (ncovNP) as a model protein, the TDBA-β-CD-Pt nanocomposite combined PDP PNPs to construct a biosensor for ncovNP determination. The PDP PNPs were modified onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to capture the first antibody (Ab1) and further capture antigen and secondary antibody complexes (TDBA-β-CD-Pt@Ab2). The resultant biosensor with a sandwich structure achieved a highly sensitive detection of ncovNP with a detection limit of 22 fg/mL. TDBA-β-CD-Pt shared with an inspiration in hydrophobic localized enrichment of co-reactants for improving the sensitivity of ECL detection. The luminophore PDP PNPs integrated TDBA-β-CD-Pt to provide a promising and sensitive ECL platform, offering a new method for ncovNP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest
University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying He
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest
University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jinwen Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest
University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Chongqing
Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, P. R.
China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest
University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest
University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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4
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Gupta AK, Mishra P, Senapati M, Sahu PP. A novel electrochemical device for naringin quantification and removal from bitter variety of citrus fruits. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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5
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Nikolaou P, Valenti G, Paolucci F. Nano-structured materials for the electrochemiluminescence signal enhancement. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Li X, Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhou S, Li L, Zhao F. Thermo-responsive injectable naringin-loaded hydrogel polymerised sodium alginate/bioglass delivery for articular cartilage. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1290-1300. [PMID: 34176372 PMCID: PMC8238061 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1938752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human body, joint cartilage is of great importance. It has long been a big therapeutic problem to fix joint cartilage lesions as it appears due to different conditions. Recent stories have shown that the cartilage replacement process must delay the extracellular (ECM) cartilage deterioration and modulate the host's inflammation response. For the reconstruction of the articular cartilage, drug-loaded injectable hydrogels were developed. This hydrogel could retain the chondrocyte phenotype, but the host's inflammatory reaction could also be controlled. The bioglass (BG)/sodium alginate (SA) injectable hydrogels was combined with agarose (AG)/Naringin hydrogel in injectable thermal response for articular cartilage regeneration with a non-chargeable hydrogel that contains both Naringin and BG (Naringin–BG hydrogels). The Naringin–BG hydrogel has an adequate swelling ratio that encourages the fusion of tissue formed with host tissue and enables the gradual release of Naringin bioavailabilities enhanced in situ. The Naringin–BG hydrogel can upgrade the typical chondrocyte phenotype by upregulating aggrecan, SRY-box 9, and collagen type II alpha one chain. It may also stimulate the polarization of M2 macrophage, lower inflammations, and prevent ECM degradations through the decrease of the expressions of the indictable metalloproteinase-13 matrix, nitric oxide synthase, and metalloproteinase-1 matrix. The formed tissues were identical to normal tissues and firmly incorporated with the surrounding tissue after administering the Naringin–BG hydrogels into the rat model articular cartilage defects. Then the injectable Naringin–BG hydrogel increases the bioavailable content of Naringin and retains the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengji Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangping Li
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengchao Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Healy B, Yu T, C. da Silva Alves D, Okeke C, Breslin CB. Cyclodextrins as Supramolecular Recognition Systems: Applications in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1668. [PMID: 33800708 PMCID: PMC8036645 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry, although focused mainly on noncovalent intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, which are considerably weaker than covalent interactions, can be employed to fabricate sensors with a remarkable affinity for a target analyte. In this review the development of cyclodextrin-based electrochemical sensors is described and discussed. Following a short introduction to the general properties of cyclodextrins and their ability to form inclusion complexes, the cyclodextrin-based sensors are introduced. This includes the combination of cyclodextrins with reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers, enzymes and aptamers, and electropolymerized cyclodextrin films. The applications of these materials as chiral recognition agents and biosensors and in the electrochemical detection of environmental contaminants, biomolecules and amino acids, drugs and flavonoids are reviewed and compared. Based on the papers reviewed, it is clear that cyclodextrins are promising molecular recognition agents in the creation of electrochemical sensors, chiral sensors, and biosensors. Moreover, they have been combined with a host of materials to enhance the detection of the target analytes. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including the development of more robust methods for the integration of cyclodextrins into the sensing unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronach Healy
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (B.H.); (T.Y.); (D.C.d.S.A.); (C.O.)
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (B.H.); (T.Y.); (D.C.d.S.A.); (C.O.)
| | - Daniele C. da Silva Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (B.H.); (T.Y.); (D.C.d.S.A.); (C.O.)
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Okeke
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (B.H.); (T.Y.); (D.C.d.S.A.); (C.O.)
| | - Carmel B. Breslin
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (B.H.); (T.Y.); (D.C.d.S.A.); (C.O.)
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8
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Gupta AK, Pathak U, Tongbram T, Medhi M, Terdwongworakul A, Magwaza LS, Mditshwa A, Chen T, Mishra P. Emerging approaches to determine maturity of citrus fruit. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5245-5266. [PMID: 33583257 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1883547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their health-boosting properties and other appreciable properties, citrus fruit is widely consumed and commercialized worldwide. Destination markets around the world vary in their fruit quality requirements and are also highly influenced by climatic conditions, agronomical and postharvest practices. Hence, harvesting decisions are arduous. Maturity indices in citrus fruit are highly variable and dependent on the species and varieties, growing regions, and destination markets. For decades, determination of the maturity of citrus fruit and predicting the near time of harvesting was a challenge for producers, researchers, and food safety agencies. Thus, the current review provides a correlation between maturity and internal components and an overview of techniques of maturity determination for citrus fruits. Also, stress has been given to the destructive and nondestructive methods to determine the maturity level of different citrus species. The techniques presented in this review portray continuous productiveness as an excellent quality assessment, particularly as ripening and maturity analysis tools for citrus fruits. Traditional techniques are time-consuming, laborious, costly, destructive, and tedious. Thus, these nondestructive techniques hold great potential to replace conventional procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Urbi Pathak
- Department of Food Science, ISA Lille, Lille, France
| | - Thoithoi Tongbram
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Manisha Medhi
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India.,Department of Food Processing and Quality Management, Pub Kamrup College, Kamrup, Assam, India
| | | | - Lembe Samukelo Magwaza
- Discipline of Crop and Horticultural Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Asanda Mditshwa
- Discipline of Crop and Horticultural Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Poonam Mishra
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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9
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Photoelectrochemical sensor for determination of naringin at low oxidation potential using a modified FTO electrode with cadmium sulfide and titanium dioxide sensitized with chloroprotoporphyrin IX iron(III). J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Wang H, Liao L, Chai Y, Yuan R. Sensitive immunosensor based on high effective resonance energy transfer of lucigenin to the cathodic electrochemiluminescence of tris(bipyridine) Ru(II) complex. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111915. [PMID: 31784309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) has been attracting much focus as an effective approach for great ECL enhancement. Here, we found that lucigenin (Luc) could serve as a new energy transfer donor and greatly improve the cathodic ECL of bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(4'-methyl-[2,2']bipyridinyl-4-carboxylicacid) ruthenium(II) (Ru(Bpy)2(Mcbpy)2+, acceptor). Then, both Luc and Ru(Bpy)2(Mcbpy)2+ were largely co-immobilized onto the PdCu nanocrystals and polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs-PdCuNCs-PEI) through π-π stacking and crosslinking reaction, respectively. By this way, the excellent electrocatalytic behavior and high loading capability for both Luc and Ru(Bpy)2(Mcbpy)2+ of SWCNHs-PdCuNCs-PEI effectively facilitated the ECL reaction. Particularly, the co-immobilization strategy making the donor (Luc)/acceptor (Ru(Bpy)2(Mcbpy)2+) pairs co-exist in the same nano-composite could obviously increase the ECL-RET efficiency by shortening the electron-transfer path and reducing energy loss, further significantly improving the ECL signal. Combining the obtained nano-composite (Luc-SWCNHs-PdCuNCs-PEI-Ru(Bpy)2(Mcbpy)2+) with sandwiched immunoreaction, an ECL immunosensor was constructed for β2-microglobulin (β2-M) measurement. And as a result, it exhibited excellent performance in sensitivity, stability and selectivity. The establishment of the new effective donor/acceptor pairs for ECL-RET and the co-immobilization strategy of making those donor/acceptor pairs largely co-exist in the same nano-composite would greatly improve the ECL efficiency and motivate the wider application of ECL technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Linli Liao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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11
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Panwar N, Soehartono AM, Chan KK, Zeng S, Xu G, Qu J, Coquet P, Yong KT, Chen X. Nanocarbons for Biology and Medicine: Sensing, Imaging, and Drug Delivery. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9559-9656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Panwar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alana Mauluidy Soehartono
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kok Ken Chan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Philippe Coquet
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- Institut d’Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR 8520—Université de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Zhang YN, Niu Q, Gu X, Yang N, Zhao G. Recent progress on carbon nanomaterials for the electrochemical detection and removal of environmental pollutants. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11992-12014. [PMID: 31140537 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid global industrialization and explosive population growth have resulted in an increase in the discharge of harmful and toxic compounds. These toxic inorganic gases, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, personal care products, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals are destroying the balance in the Earth and increasing environmental toxicity at an alarming rate. Thus, their detection, adsorption and removal are of great significance. Various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, carbon dots, and boron-doped diamond have been extensively utilized and further proven to be ideal candidates for resolving environmental problems, emerging as adsorbents, electrochemical sensors and electrodes. Herein, we review the recent advances, progress and achievements in the design and properties of carbon nanomaterials and their applications for the electrochemical detection and removal of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiongyan Niu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaotong Gu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhang R, Yang X, Qi H, Zhang C. Recent advances in electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing methods for pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Anal 2018; 9:9-19. [PMID: 30740252 PMCID: PMC6355466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (electrochemiluminescence, ECL) generates species at electrode surfaces, which undergoes electron-transfer reactions and forms excited states to emit light. It has become a very powerful analytical technique and has been widely used in such as clinical testing, biowarfare agent detection, and pharmaceutical analysis. This review focuses on the current trends of molecular recognition-based biosensing methods for pharmaceutical analysis since 2010. It introduces a background of ECL and presents the recent ECL developments in ECL immunoassay (ECLIA), immunosensors, enzyme-based biosensors, aptamer-based biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-based sensors. At last, the future perspective for these analytical methods is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Medpace Bioanalytical Laboratories, 5365 Medpace Way, Cincinnati, OH 45227, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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14
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Li J, Yang B, Pan H, Xu G. Molecularly imprinted sensor based on Russian Matryoshka structured molecules for enhanced specific identification and double amplification in ultra-trace Tb 3+ determination. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 109:224-229. [PMID: 29567567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The selective and sensitive detection of rare earth elements is thought to be difficult because the concentration of those elements in the sample is commonly at a low level and they normally have severe mutual interference which is caused by homologous chemical properties. In this study, a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor was fabricated for highly sensitive and selective determination of ultra-trace Tb3+. The Tb3+-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex (Tb-EDTA) as the template molecule was incorporated into mono-6-mercapto-β-cyclodextrin (mono-6-SH-β-CD) to form a Russian Matryoshka (RM)-structured molecule (CD/Tb-EDTA). Titanium isopropoxide was utilized in vapor sol-gel polymerization to construct MIP membrane. Moreover, the selectivity of the RM MIP sensor was remarkably enhanced by the "triple-selectivity" recognition of EDTA-to-Tb3+, β-CD-to-(Tb-EDTA), and 3D cavity-to-(CD/Tb-EDTA), while the sensitivity of the MIP sensor was significantly improved by ECL signal enhancement based on double amplification, in other words, the electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) between the ECL donor of CD/Tb-EDTA and the ECL acceptor of Ru(bpy)32+, and the ECL enhancement by the co-reactant of CD/Tb-EDTA on Ru(bpy)3Cl2. When the imprinted cavities were occupied by Tb-EDTA during rebinding, the host-guest inclusion structured complex was formed and the ECL intensities produced by the Ru(bpy)3Cl2 ECL system increased with increasing concentration of Tb-EDTA. The proposed sensor was used for quantitative analysis of Tb3+ with concentrations ranging from 8.00 × 10-13 mol/L to 4.00 × 10-9 mol/L and successfully applied to detect Tb3+ in seawater samples. The detection limit of the sensor was found to be 3.90 × 10-13 mol/L (DL = 3δb/K), which is lower than previously reported values. Thus, the fabricated sensor is feasible for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hongcheng Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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15
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Yi Y, Kingsford OJ, Fiston MN, Qian J, Liu Z, Liu L, Zhu G. Perylenetetracarboxylic acid noncovalently functionalizes carbon nanohorn nanohybrids for electrochemical sensing of 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Cheng H, Wang Y. Fabrication of single-walled carbon nanohorns incorporated a monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Qianjiang College; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
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17
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Venkateswara Raju C, Senthil Kumar S. Highly sensitive novel cathodic electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) using glutathione as a co-reactant. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6593-6596. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03349d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, glutathione was used as a co-reactant for the first time to generate a novel, highly stable, and enhanced cathodic ECL on GCE surface using the Ru(bpy)32+ molecule in an alkaline PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikkili Venkateswara Raju
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) campus
- Karaikudi 630003
- India
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) campus
- Karaikudi 630003
- India
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division
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18
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An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for NT-proBNP based on self-catalyzed luminescence emitter coupled with PdCu@carbon nanohorn hybrid. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:779-785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Wang B, Wang H, Zhong X, Chai Y, Chen S, Yuan R. A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the detection of organophosphate pesticides based on cyclodextrin functionalized graphitic carbon nitride and enzyme inhibition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5049-52. [PMID: 26987783 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A signal on an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor using β-cyclodextrin (CD) functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as the luminophore was constructed for sensitive organophosphate pesticides (OPs) detection based on the enzyme inhibition of OPs, showing that the consumption of coreactant triethylamine (Et3N) decreased with a lessening of the acetic acid (HAc) in situ generated by enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Shihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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20
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Valentini F, Ciambella E, Boaretto A, Rizzitelli G, Carbone M, Conte V, Cataldo F, Russo V, Casari CS, Chillura-Martino DF, Caponetti E, Bonchio M, Giacalone F, Syrgiannis Z, Prato M. Sensor Properties of Pristine and Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Valentini
- Chemistry Department; Tor Vergata University; via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma
- Graphene Nanotechnology Hub; Parco Scientifico Edificio PP1 Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 00133- Roma
| | - Elena Ciambella
- Chemistry Department; Tor Vergata University; via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma
| | - Aldrei Boaretto
- Chemistry Department; Tor Vergata University; via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma
| | - Giuseppe Rizzitelli
- Graphene Nanotechnology Hub; Parco Scientifico Edificio PP1 Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 00133- Roma
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Chemistry Department; Tor Vergata University; via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma
| | - Valeria Conte
- Chemistry Department; Tor Vergata University; via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma
| | - Franco Cataldo
- Chemistry Department; Tor Vergata University; via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Roma
- Actinium Chemical Research srl; Via Casilina 1626A 00133 Rome
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dep. of Energy and NEMAS for NanoEngin. Materials and Surface, Politecnico di Milano; Via Ponzio 34/3 I-20133
| | - Carlo Spartaco Casari
- Dep. of Energy and NEMAS for NanoEngin. Materials and Surface, Politecnico di Milano; Via Ponzio 34/3 I-20133
| | | | - Eugenio Caponetti
- STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via delle Scienze s/n Parco d'Orleans 90128
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature-UniNetLab; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via F. Marini 14 90128
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- ITM-CNR, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università di Padova; via Marzolo 1 I-35131
| | - Francesco Giacalone
- STEBICEF; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via delle Scienze s/n Parco d'Orleans 90128
| | - Zois Syrgiannis
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste
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21
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Karousis N, Suarez-Martinez I, Ewels CP, Tagmatarchis N. Structure, Properties, Functionalization, and Applications of Carbon Nanohorns. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4850-83. [PMID: 27074223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanohorns (sometimes also known as nanocones) are conical carbon nanostructures constructed from an sp(2) carbon sheet. Nanohorns require no metal catalyst in their synthesis, and can be produced in industrial quantities. They provide a realistic and useful alternative to carbon nanotubes, and possibly graphene, in a wide range of applications. They also have their own unique behavior due to their specific conical morphology. However, their research and development has been slowed by several factors, notably during synthesis, they aggregate into spherical clusters ∼100 nm in diameter, blocking functionalization and treatment of individual nanocones. This limitation has recently been overcome with a new approach to separating these "dahlia-like" clusters into individual nanocones. In this review, we describe the structure, synthesis, and topology of carbon nanohorns, and provide a detailed review of nanohorn chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Karousis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Irene Suarez-Martinez
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Physics, Curtin University of Technology , P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Christopher P Ewels
- Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel, CNRS, Université de Nantes , 2 Rue de la Houssiniere, BP32229, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
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22
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Liu G, Yuan Y, Wang J. Hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme nanowires amplified luminol electrochemiluminescence system and its application in sensing silver ions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01809b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a DNA biosensor with a hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme amplified luminol electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system was constructed for sensing silver ions (Ag+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
| | - Yali Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Jianli Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
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23
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Determination of 4-aminophenylarsonic acid using a glassy carbon electrode modified with an ionic liquid and carbon nanohorns. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Wang Q, Lin X, Guo D, Xu J, Xuan C, Chen C, Fu Y. A novel chiral electrochemiluminescence sensor that can discriminate proline enantiomers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A chiral stereoselective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was constructed by using Ru–AuNPs and β-CD–rGO composites to discriminate proline enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Wang
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Xia Lin
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Dongmei Guo
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Chunzhi Xuan
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Cui Chen
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yingzi Fu
- Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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25
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Baptista FR, Belhout SA, Giordani S, Quinn SJ. Recent developments in carbon nanomaterial sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4433-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of carbon nanomaterials provides an array of unique electronic, magnetic and optical properties, which when combined with their robust chemistry and ease of manipulation, makes them attractive candidates for sensor applications. In this review recent developments in the use of carbon nanoparticles and nanostructures as sensors and biosensors are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. A. Belhout
- School of Chemistry
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - S. Giordani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Nano Carbon Materials
- Nanophysics Department
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - S. J. Quinn
- School of Chemistry
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
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26
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Dai H, Xu G, Zhang S, Gong L, Li X, Yang C, Lin Y, Chen J, Chen G. Carbon nanotubes functionalized electrospun nanofibers formed 3D electrode enables highly strong ECL of peroxydisulfate and its application in immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:575-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Dai H, Zhang S, Xu G, Gong L, Fu M, Li X, Lu S, Zeng C, Jiang Y, Lin Y, Chen G. A sensitive arecoline photoelectrochemical sensor based on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets activated by carbon nanohorns. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Dai H, Gong L, Xu G, Zhang S, Lu S, Jiang Y, Lin Y, Guo L, Chen G. An electrochemical sensing platform structured with carbon nanohorns for detecting some food borne contaminants. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Tu Q, Wang DE, Chen Y, Lu B, Yuan MS, Wang J. Adamantyl-terminated dendronized molecules: synthesis and interaction with β-cyclodextrin-functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) interface. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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30
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Han Q, Wang Y, Huang Y, Guo L, Fu Y. Electrochemical recognition for carboxylic acids based on multilayer architectures of β-cyclodextrin and methylene blue/reduce-graphene interface on glassy carbon electrodes. Analyst 2013; 138:2051-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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