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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Lee W, Zhan X, Palma J, Vestfrid J, Gross Z, Churchill DG. Minding our P-block and Q-bands: paving inroads into main group corrole research to help instil broader potential. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4605-4641. [PMID: 33881055 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Main group chemistry is often considered less "dynamic" than transition metal (TM) chemistry because of predictable VSEPR-based central atom geometries, relatively slower redox switching and lack of electronic d-d transitions. However, we delineate what has been made possible with main group chemistry to give it its proper due and up-to-date treatment. The huge untapped potential regarding photophysical properties and functioning hereby spurred us to review a range of corrole reports addressing primarily photophysical trends, synthetic aspects, and important guidelines regarding substitution and inorganic principles. We also look at Ag and Au systems and also consider substitutions such as CF3, halogens, additives and also counterions. Throughout, as well as at the end of this review, we suggest various future directions; further future industrial catalytic and health science research is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyun Lee
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemistry, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xuan Zhan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Jaymee Palma
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemistry, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. and Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada.
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - David G Churchill
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemistry, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST) (Therapeutic Bioengineering Section), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Jing H, Ge H, Li C, Jin Y, Wang Z, Du C, Fu X, Fang H. C–H and C–N Bond Activation of Tertiary Amines by Cationic Germanium(IV) Corrole. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huize Jing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haonan Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenshuai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cengceng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huayi Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Lang X, Zhao J. Integrating TEMPO and Its Analogues with Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:599-613. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Lang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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Jambor R, Lyčka A. Organosilicon and ‐germanium Hydrides in Catalyst‐Free Hydrometallation Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 95 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Faculty of Chemical Technology Centre of Organic Chemistry Rybitví 296 53354 Rybitví Czech Republic
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6
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Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Corrole Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Structures, Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3798-3881. [PMID: 28191934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a comprehensive account of the electronic structure of corrole derivatives. Our knowledge in this area derives from a broad range of methods, including UV-vis-NIR absorption and MCD spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray structure determination, vibrational spectroscopy, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, electrochemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations, the latter including both density functional theory and ab initio multiconfigurational methods. The review is organized according to the Periodic Table, describing free-base and main-group element corrole derivatives, then transition-metal corroles, and finally f-block element corroles. Like porphyrins, corrole derivatives with a redox-inactive coordinated atom follow the Gouterman four-orbital model. A key difference from porphyrins is the much wider prevalence of noninnocent electronic structures as well as full-fledged corrole•2- radicals among corrole derivatives. The most common orbital pathways mediating ligand noninnocence in transition-metal corroles are the metal(dz2)-corrole("a2u") interaction (most commonly observed in Mn and Fe corroles) and the metal(dx2-y2)-corrole(a2u) interaction in coinage metal corroles. Less commonly encountered is the metal(dπ)-corrole("a1u") interaction, a unique feature of formal d5 metallocorroles. Corrole derivatives exhibit a rich array of optical properties, including substituent-sensitive Soret maxima indicative of ligand noninnocence, strong fluorescence in the case of lighter main-group element complexes, and room-temperature near-IR phosphorescence in the case of several 5d metal complexes. The review concludes with an attempt at identifying gaps in our current knowledge and potential future directions of electronic-structural research on corrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Barata JFB, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Strategies for Corrole Functionalization. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3192-3253. [PMID: 28222602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the functionalization reactions of meso-arylcorroles, both at the inner core, as well as the peripheral positions of the macrocycle. Experimental details for the synthesis of all known metallocorrole types and for the N-alkylation reactions are presented. Key peripheral functionalization reactions such as halogenation, formylation, carboxylation, nitration, sulfonation, and others are discussed in detail, particularly the nucleophilic aromatic substitution and the participation of corroles in cycloaddition reactions as 2π or 4π components (covering Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions). Other functionalizations of corroles include a large diversity of reactions, namely Wittig reactions, reactions with methylene active compounds, formation of amines, amides, and imines, and metal catalyzed reactions. At the final section, the reactions involving oxidation and ring expansion of the corrole macrocycle are described comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F B Barata
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Fang H, Jing H, Zhang A, Ge H, Yao Z, Brothers PJ, Fu X. Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity Studies of a 4-Coordinate Square Planar Germanium(IV) Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7705-10. [PMID: 27243114 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-coordinate, square planar germanium(IV) cation [(TPFC)Ge](+) (TPFC = tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole) was synthesized quantitatively by the reaction of (TPFC)Ge-H with [Ph3C](+)[B(C6F5)4](¯). The highly reactive [(TPFC)Ge](+) cation reacted with benzene to form phenyl complex (TPFC)Ge-C6H5 through an electrophilic pathway. The key intermediate, a σ-type germylium-benzene adduct, [(TPFC)Ge(η(1)-C6H6)](+), was isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Deprotonation of [(TPFC)Ge(η(1)-C6H6)](+) cation led to the formation of (TPFC)Ge-C6H5. [(TPFC)Ge](+) also reacted with ethylene and cyclopropane in benzene at room temperature to form (TPFC)Ge-CH2CH2C6H5 and (TPFC)Ge-CH2CH2CH2C6H5, respectively. The observed electrophilic reactivity is ascribed to the highly exposed cationic germanium center with novel frontier orbitals comprising two vacant sp-hybridized orbitals that are not conjugated to π-system. The three electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl groups on the corrole ligand also enhance the electrophilicity of the cationic germanium corrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huize Jing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haonan Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengmin Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Penelope J Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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9
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Kuriakose N, Vanka K. Can main group systems act as superior catalysts for dihydrogen generation reactions? A computational investigation. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5968-77. [PMID: 26084994 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protolytic cleavage of the O-H bond in water and alcohols is a very important reaction, and an important method for producing dihydrogen. Full quantum chemical studies with density functional theory (DFT) reveal that germanium based complexes, such as HC{CMeArB}2GeH (Ar = 2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3), with the assistance of silicon based compounds such as SiF3H, can perform significantly better than the existing state-of-the-art post-transition metal based systems for catalyzing dihydrogen generation from water and alcohols through the protolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishamol Kuriakose
- National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune -411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kumar Vanka
- National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune -411008, Maharashtra, India.
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10
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Ricciardi G, Cicero DO, Lentini S, Nardis S, Paolesse R, Rosa A. NMR spectroscopy of the phenyl derivative of germanium(IV) 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thoroughly structural characterization of (TTC)GePh (TTC [Formula: see text] 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole; Ph [Formula: see text] phenyl) in solution has been carried out through a combination of 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, 1H-1H ROESY, 1H-[Formula: see text]C HSQC and 1H-[Formula: see text]C HMBC) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the molecular and electronic structure and the shielding constants. The 1H and [Formula: see text]C chemical shifts computed at DFT-S12g and DFT-SAOP levels of theory nicely reproduce the experimental values, the agreement between theory and experiment being especially good for the DFT-S12g results. The calculations prove to be able to capture the fine details of the NMR spectra and to resolve some assignment ambiguities related to the inherent conformational flexibility of the macrocycle. The calculations also provide an explanation of the observed chemical shift trends in terms of diamagnetic and paramagnetic components of the shielding tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Ricciardi
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali (SAFE), Università della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Daniel O. Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Lentini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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11
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Lei H, Fang H, Han Y, Lai W, Fu X, Cao R. Reactivity and Mechanism Studies of Hydrogen Evolution Catalyzed by Copper Corroles. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Lei
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Huayi Fang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongzhen Han
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Fang H, Jing H, Ge H, Brothers PJ, Fu X, Ye S. The Mechanism of E–H (E = N, O) Bond Activation by a Germanium Corrole Complex: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7122-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Fang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huize Jing
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haonan Ge
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Penelope J. Brothers
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Basumatary B, Ramana Reddy RV, Bhandary S, Sankar J. Gallium(iii)corrole–BODIPY hybrid: novel photophysical properties and first observation of B–F⋯F interactions. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20817-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anchoring a BODIPY onto Ga(iii)corrole via a meso-β linkage facilitated PeT in polar solvents, which quenched the fluorescence, and is further confirmed by electrochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Basumatary
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal
- India
| | - R. V. Ramana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal
- India
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal
- India
| | - Jeyaraman Sankar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal
- India
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Yun L, Vazquez-Lima H, Fang H, Yao Z, Geisberger G, Dietl C, Ghosh A, Brothers PJ, Fu X. Synthesis and reactivity studies of a tin(II) corrole complex. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7047-54. [PMID: 24941110 DOI: 10.1021/ic501103c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (TPFC) tin(IV) and tin(II) complexes were prepared and studied by various characterization techniques including (1)H, (19)F, and (119)Sn NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The unusual 4-coordinate, monomeric, divalent tin(II) complex [(TPFC)Sn(II)](-) (2a) showed highly efficient reactivity toward alkenes and alkyl halides via a nucleophilic addition pathway leading to the quantitative formation of alkyl stannyl corrole compounds. DFT calculations confirmed the divalent nature of the tin center in 2a, and an NBO analysis showed about 99.99% Sn lone pair character, of which 83.6% was Sn 5s and 16.35% was Sn 5p character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Cramer SA, Sturgill FL, Chandrachud PP, Jenkins DM. Overcoming NHCs neutrality: installing tetracarbenes on group 13 and 14 metals. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7687-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00990h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Fang H, Ling Z, Lang K, Brothers PJ, de Bruin B, Fu X. Germanium(iii) corrole complex: reactivity and mechanistic studies of visible-light promoted N–H bond activations. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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17
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Tsay OG, Kim BK, Luu TL, Kwak J, Churchill DG. Synthetic, 119Sn NMR Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Reactivity Study of Organotin A3 Corrolates Including Chiral and Ferrocenyl Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:1991-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga G. Tsay
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuong Loan Luu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyoun Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David G. Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Summerscales OT, Caputo CA, Knapp CE, Fettinger JC, Power PP. The role of group 14 element hydrides in the activation of C-H bonds in cyclic olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14595-603. [PMID: 22916997 DOI: 10.1021/ja305853d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formally, triple-bonded dimetallynes ArEEAr [E = Ge (1), Sn (2); Ar = C(6)H(3)-2,6-(C(6)H(3)-2,6-(i)Pr(2))(2)] have been previously shown to activate aliphatic, allylic C-H bonds in cyclic olefins, cyclopentadiene (CpH), cyclopentene (c-C(5)H(8)) and 1,4-cyclohexadiene, with intriguing selectivity. In the case of the five-membered carbocycles, cyclopentadienyl species ArECp [E = Ge (3), Sn (4)] are formed. In this study, we examine the mechanisms for activation of CpH and c-C(5)H(8) using experimental methods and describe a new product found from the reaction between 1 and c-C(5)H(8), an asymmetrically substituted digermene ArGe(H)Ge(c-C(5)H(9))Ar (5), crystallized in 46% yield. This compound contains a hydrogenated cyclopentyl moiety and is found to be produced in a 3:2 ratio with 3, explaining the fate of the liberated H atoms following triple C-H activation. We show that when these C-H activation reactions are carried out in the presence of tert-butyl ethylene (excess), compounds {ArE(CH(2)CH(2)tBu)}(2) [E = Ge(8), Sn(9)] are obtained in addition to ArECp; in the case of CpH, the neohexyl complexes replace the production of H(2) gas, and for c-C(5)H(8) they displace cyclopentyl product 5 and account for all the hydrogen removed in the dehydroaromatization reactions. To confirm the source of 8 and 9, it was demonstrated that these molecules are formed cleanly between the reaction of (ArEH)(2) [E = Ge(6), Sn(7)] and tert-butyl ethylene, new examples of noncatalyzed hydro-germylation and -stannylation. Therefore, the presence of transient hydrides of the type 6 and 7 can be surmised to be reactive intermediates in the production of 3 and 4, along with H(2), from 1 and 2 and CpH (respectively), or the formation of 3 and 5 from 1. The reaction of 6 or 7 with CpH gave 3 or 4, respectively, with concomitant H(2) evolution, demonstrating the basic nature of these low-valent group 14 element hydrides and their key role in the 'cascade' of C-H activation steps. Additionally, during the course of these studies a new polycyclic compound (ArGe)(2)(C(7)H(12)) (10) was obtained in 60% yield from the reaction of 1,6-heptadiene and 1 via double [2 + 2] cycloaddition and gives evidence for a nonradical mechanism for these types of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T Summerscales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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