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Hoffman G, Bacanu GR, Marsden ES, Walkey MC, Sabba M, Bloodworth S, Tizzard GJ, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. Synthesis and 83Kr NMR spectroscopy of Kr@C 60. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11284-11287. [PMID: 36124877 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03398d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of Kr@C60 is achieved by quantitative high-pressure encapsulation of the noble gas into an open-fullerene, and subsequent cage closure. Krypton is the largest noble gas entrapped in C60 using 'molecular surgery' and Kr@C60 is prepared with >99.4% incorporation of the endohedral atom, in ca. 4% yield from C60. Encapsulation in C60 causes a shift of the 83Kr resonance by -39.5 ppm with respect to free 83Kr in solution. The 83Kr spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is approximately 36 times longer for Kr encapsulated in C60 than for free Kr in solution. This is the first characterisation of a stable Kr compound by 83Kr NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - George R Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth S Marsden
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark C Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mohamed Sabba
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Saroj A, Venkatnarayan R, Mishra BK, Panda AN, Narayanasami S. Improved Estimates of Host‐Guest Interaction Energies for Endohedral Fullerenes Containing Rare Gas Atoms, Small Molecules, and Cations. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200413. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Saroj
- IIT BHU: Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi Chemistry 221005 Varanasi INDIA
| | | | | | - Aditya N. Panda
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry 781039 INDIA
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3
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Sc functionalized boron-rich C60 fullerene for efficient storage and separation of CO2 molecules: A DFT investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Bacanu GR, Jafari T, Aouane M, Rantaharju J, Walkey M, Hoffman G, Shugai A, Nagel U, Jiménez-Ruiz M, Horsewill AJ, Rols S, Rõõm T, Whitby RJ, Levitt MH. Experimental determination of the interaction potential between a helium atom and the interior surface of a C 60 fullerene molecule. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144302. [PMID: 34654304 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between atoms and molecules may be described by a potential energy function of the nuclear coordinates. Nonbonded interactions between neutral atoms or molecules are dominated by repulsive forces at a short range and attractive dispersion forces at a medium range. Experimental data on the detailed interaction potentials for nonbonded interatomic and intermolecular forces are scarce. Here, we use terahertz spectroscopy and inelastic neutron scattering to determine the potential energy function for the nonbonded interaction between single He atoms and encapsulating C60 fullerene cages in the helium endofullerenes 3He@C60 and 4He@C60, synthesized by molecular surgery techniques. The experimentally derived potential is compared to estimates from quantum chemistry calculations and from sums of empirical two-body potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Razvan Bacanu
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tanzeeha Jafari
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | | | - Jyrki Rantaharju
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Walkey
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Hoffman
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Shugai
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Urmas Nagel
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | | | - Anthony J Horsewill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Rols
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Toomas Rõõm
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Esrafili MD, Khan AA, Mousavian P. Synergic effects between boron and nitrogen atoms in BN-codoped C 59-n BN n fullerenes ( n = 1-3) for metal-free reduction of greenhouse N 2O gas. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22598-22610. [PMID: 35480474 PMCID: PMC9034274 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometries, electronic structures, and catalytic properties of BN-codoped fullerenes C59−nBNn (n = 1–3) are studied using first-principles computations. The results showed that BN-codoping can significantly modify the properties of C60 fullerene by breaking local charge neutrality and creating active sites. The codoping of B and N enhances the formation energy of fullerenes, indicating that the synergistic effects of these atoms helps to stabilize the C59−nBNn structures. The stepwise addition of N atoms around the B atom improves catalytic activities of C59−nBNn in N2O reduction. The reduction of N2O over C58BN and C57BN2 begins with its chemisorption on the B–C bond of the fullerene, followed by the concerted interaction of CO with N2O and the release of N2. The resulting OCO intermediate is subsequently transformed into a CO2 molecule, which is weakly adsorbed on the B atom of the fullerene. On the contrary, nitrogen-rich C56BN3 fullerene is found to decompose N2O into N2 and O* species without the requirement for activation energy. The CO molecule then removes the O* species with a low activation barrier. The activation barrier of the N2O reduction on C56BN3 fullerene is just 0.28 eV, which is lower than that of noble metals. The synergic effects between B and N atoms make C57BN2 and C56BN3 highly active catalysts for reduction of greenhouse N2O gas.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi D Esrafili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh P. O. Box 55136-553 Maragheh Iran
| | - Adnan Ali Khan
- Centre for Computational Materials Science, University of Malakand Chakdara Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand Chakdara Pakistan
| | - Parisasadat Mousavian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh P. O. Box 55136-553 Maragheh Iran .,Department of Chemistry, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz Iran
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Bloodworth S, Hoffman G, Walkey MC, Bacanu GR, Herniman JM, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. Synthesis of Ar@C 60 using molecular surgery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:10521-10524. [PMID: 32779650 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of Ar@C60 is described, using a route in which high-pressure argon filling of an open-fullerene and photochemical desulfinylation are the key steps for >95% encapsulation of the noble gas. Enrichment by recycling HPLC leads to quantitative incorporation of argon in the product endofullerene, with a mass recovery of tens of milligrams, allowing the first characterisation of fine structure in the solution 13C NMR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark C Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - George R Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Julie M Herniman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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7
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Hoffman G, Walkey MC, Gräsvik J, Bacanu GR, Alom S, Bloodworth S, Light ME, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. A Solid‐State Intramolecular Wittig Reaction Enables Efficient Synthesis of Endofullerenes Including Ne@C
60
,
3
He@C
60
, and HD@C
60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark C. Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - John Gräsvik
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Current address: Iggesund Paperboard AB Iggesunds Bruk LSKA 82580 Iggesund Sweden
| | - George R. Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Shamim Alom
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark E. Light
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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8
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Hoffman G, Walkey MC, Gräsvik J, Bacanu GR, Alom S, Bloodworth S, Light ME, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. A Solid-State Intramolecular Wittig Reaction Enables Efficient Synthesis of Endofullerenes Including Ne@C 60 , 3 He@C 60 , and HD@C 60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8960-8966. [PMID: 33554419 PMCID: PMC8048630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An open‐cage fullerene incorporating phosphorous ylid and carbonyl group moieties on the rim of the orifice can be filled with gases (H2, He, Ne) in the solid state, and the cage opening then contracted in situ by raising the temperature to complete an intramolecular Wittig reaction, trapping the atom or molecule inside. Known transformations complete conversion of the product fullerene to C60 containing the endohedral species. As well as providing an improved synthesis of large quantities of 4He@C60, H2@C60, and D2@C60, the method allows the efficient incorporation of expensive gases such as HD and 3He, to prepare HD@C60 and 3He@C60. The method also enables the first synthesis of Ne@C60 by molecular surgery, and its characterization by crystallography and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark C Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - John Gräsvik
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Current address: Iggesund Paperboard AB, Iggesunds Bruk, LSKA, 82580, Iggesund, Sweden
| | - George R Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shamim Alom
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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9
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Bacanu GR, Hoffman G, Amponsah M, Concistrè M, Whitby RJ, Levitt MH. Fine structure in the solution state 13C-NMR spectrum of C 60 and its endofullerene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11850-11860. [PMID: 32432276 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 13C NMR spectrum of fullerene C60 in solution displays two small "side peaks" on the shielding side of the main 13C peak, with integrated intensities of 1.63% and 0.81% of the main peak. The two side peaks are shifted by -12.6 ppb and -20.0 ppb with respect to the main peak. The side peaks are also observed in the 13C NMR spectra of endofullerenes, but with slightly different shifts relative to the main peak. We ascribe the small additional peaks to minor isotopomers of C60 containing two adjacent 13C nuclei. The shifts of the additional peaks are due to a secondary isotope shift of the 13C resonance caused by the substitution of a 12C neighbour by 13C. Two peaks are observed since the C60 structure contains two different classes of carbon-carbon bonds with different vibrational characteristics. The 2 : 1 ratio of the side peak intensities is consistent with the known structure of C60. The origin and intensities of the 13C side peaks are discussed, together with an analysis of the 13C solution NMR spectrum of a 13C-enriched sample of C60, which displays a relatively broad 13C NMR peak due to a statistical distribution of 13C isotopes. The spectrum of 13C-enriched C60 is analyzed by a Monte Carlo simulation technique, using a theorem for the second moment of the NMR spectrum generated by J-coupled spin clusters.
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10
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Vinit V, Ramachandran CN. Spin density transfer from guest to host in endohedral heterofullerene dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7605-7612. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endohedral heterofullerenes (B@C59B)2, (B@C59N)2, (N@C59B)2 and (B@C59N–N@C59B) are investigated using dispersion corrected density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Vinit
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee
- India
| | - C. N. Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee
- India
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11
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Miralrio A, Sansores LE. On the search of stable, aromatic and ionic endohedral compounds of C28: A theoretical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Noble gas endohedral fullerenes, Ng@C60 (Ng=Ar, Kr): a particular benchmark for assessing the account of non-covalent interactions by density functional theory calculations. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Galano A, Pérez-González A, del Olmo L, Francisco-Marquez M, León-Carmona JR. On the chemical behavior of C60 hosting H2O and other isoelectronic neutral molecules. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Li JY, Liu LM, Jin B, Liang H, Yu HJ, Zhang HC, Chu SJ, Peng RF. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation on the formation process of He@C₆₀ synthesized by explosion. J Mol Model 2013; 19:1705-10. [PMID: 23296568 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The applications of endohedral non-metallic fullerenes are limited by their low production rate. Recently, an explosive method developed in our group shows promise to prepare He@C₆₀ at fairly high yield, but the mechanism of He inserting into C₆₀ cage at explosive conditions was not clear. Here, ab initio molecular dynamics analysis has been used to simulate the collision between C₆₀ molecules at high-temperature and high-pressure induced by explosion. The results show that defects formed on the fullerene cage by collidsion can effectively decrease the reaction barrier for the insertion of He into C₆₀, and the self-healing capability of the defects was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
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