1
|
Garcia GA, Dontot L, Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F, Bréchignac P, Nahon L, Joblin C. Electronic effects in the dissociative ionisation of pyrene clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4501-4510. [PMID: 36722859 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05679h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study on the dissociative ionisation of clusters of pyrene. We measured the experimental appearance energies in the photon energy range 7.2-12.0 eV of the fragments formed from neutral monomer loss for clusters up to the hexamer. The results obtained show a deviation from statistical dissociation. From electronic structure calculations, we suggest that the role of excited states must be considered in the interpretation of experimental results, even in these relatively large systems. Non-statistical effects in the dissociative ionization process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) clusters may have an impact on the assessment of mechanisms determining the stability of these clusters in astrophysical environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départamentale 128, 91190 Saint Aubin, France.
| | - Léo Dontot
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, FERMI, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, FERMI, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, FERMI, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Bréchignac
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départamentale 128, 91190 Saint Aubin, France.
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reitsma G, Patchkovskii S, Dura J, Drescher L, Mikosch J, Vrakking MJJ, Kornilov O. Vibrational Relaxation of XUV-Induced Hot Ground State Cations of Naphthalene. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8549-8556. [PMID: 34569788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved XUV-IR photoion mass spectroscopy of naphthalene conducted with broadband as well as with wavelength-selected narrowband XUV pulses reveals a rising probability of fragmentation characterized by a lifetime of 92 ± 4 fs. This lifetime is independent of the XUV excitation wavelength and is the same for all low appearance energy fragments recorded in the experiment. Analysis of the experimental data in conjunction with a statistical multistate vibronic model suggests that the experimental signals track vibrational energy redistribution on the potential energy surface of the ground-state cation. In particular, populations of the out-of-plane ring twist and the out-of-plane wave bending modes could be responsible for opening new IR absorption channels, leading to enhanced fragmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert Reitsma
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serguei Patchkovskii
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Dura
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Drescher
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Mikosch
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg Kornilov
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie J, Sheng W. Disintegration of excitons in π-conjugated molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1172-1177. [PMID: 33355330 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing the exact diagonalization (ED) method, we find that excitons cannot form in π-conjugated molecules such as anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene when the electron-electron interaction is governed by the Rytova-Keldysh (RK) potential. Within the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) model, however, the excitons may survive only in the presence of a weak screening effect. Either way, the optical gap is seen to be insensitive to the dielectric environment owing to the opposite contributions from the excitonic effect and quasiparticle correction. Furthermore, the latter two are shown to exhibit almost the same behavior in all three molecules when the screening parameter varies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weidong Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A comparative multi-state multi-dimensional quantum-classical dynamics on compact polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CPAHs) by parallel TDDVR method. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Posenitskiy E, Rapacioli M, Lemoine D, Spiegelman F. Theoretical investigation of the electronic relaxation in highly excited chrysene and tetracene: The effect of armchair vs zigzag edge. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:074306. [PMID: 32087654 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics of neutral chrysene and tetracene molecules is investigated using Tully's fewest switches surface hopping algorithm coupled to the time-dependent density functional based tight-binding (TD-DFTB) method for electronic structure calculations. We first assess the performance of two DFTB parameter sets based on the computed TD-DFTB absorption spectra. The main focus is given to the analysis of the electronic relaxation from the brightest excited state following absorption of a UV photon. We determine the dynamical relaxation times and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Our results show that the electronic population of the brightest excited singlet state in armchair-edge chrysene decays an order-of-magnitude faster than the one in zigzag-edge tetracene. This is correlated with a qualitatively similar difference of energy gaps between the brightest state and the state lying just below in energy, which is also consistent with our previous study on polyacenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Posenitskiy
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité (LCAR), IRSAMC UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), IRSAMC UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Lemoine
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité (LCAR), IRSAMC UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), IRSAMC UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar A, Agrawal S, Rao TR, Sarkar R. Rationalization of photo-detachment spectra of the indenyl anion (C 9H 7-) from the perspective of vibronic coupling theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22359-22376. [PMID: 31577305 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear dynamics of the low-lying first four electronic states of the prototypical indenyl radical is investigated based on first principles calculations to rationalize the experimental vibronic structure of the radical. The study is performed following both time-dependent and time-independent quantum-chemistry approaches using a model diabatic Hamiltonian. The construction of model Hamiltonians is based on the fits of the adiabatic energies calculated from the electronic structure method. The analyses of the static and dynamics results of the present study corroborate the experimental findings regarding the shape of the spectrum, vibrational progressions and the lifetime of the excited state. Finally, the present theoretical investigations suggest that the electronic non-adiabatic effect is extremely important for a detailed study of the vibronic structure and the electronic relaxation mechanism of the low-lying electronic states of the indenyl radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihta, Bihar 801103, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pyrene radical cation and the diffuse interstellar band at 4430 Å: A theoretical survey. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Posenitskiy E, Rapacioli M, Lepetit B, Lemoine D, Spiegelman F. Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics investigation of the size dependence of the electronic relaxation in polyacenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12139-12149. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00603f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronic relaxation from the brightest excited state has been investigated for neutral polyacenes ranging in size from naphthalene to heptacene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Posenitskiy
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité (LCAR)
- IRSAMC UMR5589
- Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ)
- IRSAMC UMR5626
- Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Bruno Lepetit
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité (LCAR)
- IRSAMC UMR5589
- Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Didier Lemoine
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité (LCAR)
- IRSAMC UMR5589
- Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ)
- IRSAMC UMR5626
- Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mandal S, Ghosh S, Sardar S, Adhikari S. The TDDVR approach for molecular photoexcitation, molecule–surface and triatomic reactive scattering processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2018.1548103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India
| | - Sandip Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India
| | | | - Satrajit Adhikari
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghanta S. Photophysics and photostability of pyrimidine molecule and its radical cation: a theoretical study. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1211767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Ghanta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reddy SN, Mahapatra S. Theoretical Study on Molecules of Interstellar Interest. II. Radical Cation of Compact Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11391-402. [PMID: 26131708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radical cations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been postulated to be molecular carriers of diffuse spectroscopic features observed in the interstellar medium. Several important observations made by stellar and laboratory spectroscopists motivated us to undertake a detailed theoretical study attempting to validate the recorded data. In continuation of our work on this subject, we here focus on a detailed theoretical study of the doublet ground (X̃) and low-lying excited (Ã, B̃, and C̃) electronic states of the radical cation of phenanthrene, pyrene, and acenaphthene molecule. A multistate and multimode theoretical model in a diabatic electronic basis is developed here through extensive ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. Employing this model, first-principles nuclear dynamics calculations are carried out to unravel the spectral assignment, time-dependent dynamics, and photostability of the mentioned electronic states of the radical cations. The theoretical results compare well with the observed experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Mahapatra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan BA, Sardar S, Sarkar P, Adhikari S. Multisurface Multimode Molecular Dynamical Simulation of Naphthalene and Anthracene Radical Cations by Using Nearly Linear Scalable Time-Dependent Discrete Variable Representation Method. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11451-70. [PMID: 25426887 DOI: 10.1021/jp507459m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basir Ahamed Khan
- Department
of Physics, Krishnath College, Berhampore, West Bengal 742101, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Subhankar Sardar
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pranab Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Satrajit Adhikari
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Attah IK, Platt SP, Meot-Ner (Mautner) M, El-Shall MS, Aziz SG, Alyoubi AO. Hydrogen bonding of the naphthalene radical cation to water and methanol and attachment of the naphthalene ion to extended hydrogen bonding chains. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Kim JB, Weichman ML, Yacovitch TI, Shih C, Neumark DM. Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of the C9H7 (indenyl) and C13H9 (fluorenyl) anions. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:104301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4820138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Reddy SN, Mahapatra S. Theoretical study on molecules of interstellar interest. I. Radical cation of noncompact polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8737-49. [PMID: 23742165 DOI: 10.1021/jp4033645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular, their radical cation (PAH(+)), have long been postulated to be the important molecular species in connection with the spectroscopic observations in the interstellar medium. Motivated by numerous important observations by stellar as well as laboratory spectroscopists, we undertook detailed quantum mechanical studies of the structure and dynamics of electronically excited PAH(+) in an attempt to establish possible synergism with the recorded data. In this paper, we focus on the quantum chemistry and dynamics of the doublet ground (X̃) and low-lying excited (Ã, B̃, and C̃) electronic states of the radical cation of tetracene, pentacene, and hexacene molecule. This study is aimed to unravel photostability, spectroscopy, and time-dependent dynamics of their excited electronic states. In order to proceed with the theoretical investigations, we construct suitable multistate and multimode Hamiltonians for these systems with the aid of extensive ab initio calculations of their electronic energy surfaces. The diabatic coupling surfaces are derived from the calculated adiabatic electronic energies. First principles nuclear dynamics calculations are then carried out employing the constructed Hamiltonians and with the aid of time-independent and time-dependent quantum mechanical methods. The theoretical results obtained in this study are found to be in good accord with those recorded in experiments. The lifetime of excited electronic states is estimated from their time-dependent dynamics and compared with the available data.
Collapse
|
16
|
Meng Q, Meyer HD. A multilayer MCTDH study on the full dimensional vibronic dynamics of naphthalene and anthracene cations. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:014313. [PMID: 23298047 DOI: 10.1063/1.4772779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) method in conjunction with the multistate multimode vibronic coupling Hamiltonian model, we perform a full dimensional quantum dynamical study on the naphthalene (48D) and anthracene (66D) radical cations in their six lowest-lying doublet electronic states. For easily comparing results of full and reduced dimensionalities, MCTDH simulations based on larger sizes of primitive basis functions and single-particle functions than the previous ones [S. Ghanta, V. S. Reddy, and S. Mahapatra, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 14531 (2011)], are also performed. Extensive ML-MCTDH test calculations are performed to find appropriate ML separations of the wave functions (so-called ML-trees), and the convergence of the dynamical calculations are carefully checked. The ML-MCTDH method was developed for efficiently simulating quantum dynamics of large systems, and in fact the full dimensional ML-MCTDH calculations save a considerable amount of CPU-time in comparison with corresponding reduced dimensional MCTDH simulations. On basis of the present full and reduced dimensional simulations, the photoelectron (PE) spectra of these two cations are simulated and compared with corresponding experimental spectra. The agreement between theoretical and experimental PE spectra is good. Both full and reduced dimensional simulations give all main bands in the PE spectra. The vibronic energy-level positions from both ML-MCTDH and MCTDH calculations agree with corresponding experimental results. These quantum dynamical studies also complement the observations on diffuse interstellar bands with the wavelength of ~7088, ~6707, ~6490, ~6120, and ~5959 Å measured by astronomers as well as laboratory experimentalists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Meng
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemische Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Theoretical study of electronic absorption spectroscopy of propadienylidene molecule vis-â-vis the observed diffuse interstellar bands. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Lopez GV, Chang CH, Johnson PM, Hall GE, Sears TJ, Markiewicz B, Milan M, Teslja A. What is the best DFT functional for vibronic calculations? A comparison of the calculated vibronic structure of the S1-S0 transition of phenylacetylene with cavity ringdown band intensities. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6750-8. [PMID: 22616733 DOI: 10.1021/jp302936h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of vibronic calculations to electronic structure methods and basis sets is explored and compared to accurate relative intensities of the vibrational bands of phenylacetylene in the S(1)(A(1)B(2)) ← S(0)(X(1)A(1)) transition. To provide a better measure of vibrational band intensities, the spectrum was recorded by cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy up to energies of 2000 cm(-1) above the band origin in a slit jet sample. The sample rotational temperature was estimated to be about 30 K, but the vibrational temperature was higher, permitting the assignment of many vibrational hot bands. The vibronic structure of the electronic transition was simulated using a combination of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) electronic structure codes, Franck-Condon integral calculations, and a second-order vibronic model developed previously [Johnson, P. M.; Xu, H. F.; Sears, T. J. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 164331]. The density functional theory (DFT) functionals B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and LC-BLYP were explored. The long-range-corrected functionals, CAM-B3LYP and LC-BLYP, produced better values for the equilibrium geometry transition moment, but overemphasized the vibronic coupling for some normal modes, while B3LYP provided better-balanced vibronic coupling but a poor equilibrium transition moment. Enlarging the basis set made very little difference. The cavity ringdown measurements show that earlier intensities derived from resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra have relative intensity errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Lopez
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|