1
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Li CY, Tian ZQ. Sixty years of electrochemical optical spectroscopy: a retrospective. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3579-3605. [PMID: 38421335 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, Reddy, Devanatan, and Bockris performed the first in situ electrochemical ellipsometry experiment, which ushered in a new era in the study of electrochemistry, using optical spectroscopy. After six decades of development, electrochemical optical spectroscopy, particularly electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy, has advanced from a phase of immaturity with few methods and limited applications to a phase of maturity with excellent substrate generality and significantly improved resolutions. Here, we divide the development of electrochemical optical spectroscopy into four phases, focusing on the proof-of-concept of different electrochemical optical spectroscopy studies, the emergence of plasmonic enhancement-based electrochemical optical spectroscopic (in particular vibrational spectroscopic) methods, the realization of electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy on well-defined surfaces, and the efforts to achieve operando spectroelectrochemical applications. Finally, we discuss the future development trend of electrochemical optical spectroscopy, as well as examples of new methodology and research paradigms for operando spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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2
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Chu N, Jiang Y, Wang D, Li D, Zeng RJ. Super-fast Charging Biohybrid Batteries through a Power-to-formate-to-bioelectricity Process by Combining Microbial Electrochemistry and CO 2 Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312147. [PMID: 37801326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive study on renewable energy storage has been sparked by the growing worries regarding global warming. In this study, incorporating the latest advancements in microbial electrochemistry and electrochemical CO2 reduction, a super-fast charging biohybrid battery was introduced by using pure formic acid as an energy carrier. CO2 electrolyser with a slim-catholyte layer and a solid electrolyte layer was built, which made it possible to use affordable anion exchange membranes and electrocatalysts that are readily accessible. The biohybrid battery only required a 3-minute charging to accomplish an astounding 25-hour discharging phase. In the power-to-formate-to-bioelectricity process, bioconversion played a vital role in restricting both the overall Faradaic efficiency and Energy efficiency. The CO2 electrolyser was able to operate continuously for an impressive total duration of 164 hours under Gas Stand-By model, by storing N2 gas in the extraction chamber during stand-by periods. Additionally, the electric signal generated during the discharging phase was utilized for monitoring water biotoxicity. Functional genes related to formate metabolism were identified in the bioanode and electrochemically active bacteria were discovered. On the other hand, Paracoccus was predominantly found in the used air cathode. These results advance our current knowledge of exploiting biohybrid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Daping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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3
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Nacys A, Simkunaitė D, Balciunaite A, Zabielaite A, Upskuviene D, Levinas R, Jasulaitiene V, Kovalevskij V, Simkunaite-Stanyniene B, Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite L, Norkus E. Pt-Coated Ni Layer Supported on Ni Foam for Enhanced Electro-Oxidation of Formic Acid. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6427. [PMID: 37834564 PMCID: PMC10573893 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A Pt-coated Ni layer supported on a Ni foam catalyst (denoted PtNi/Nifoam) was investigated for the electro-oxidation of the formic acid (FAO) in acidic media. The prepared PtNi/Nifoam catalyst was studied as a function of the formic acid (FA) concentration at bare Pt and PtNi/Nifoam catalysts. The catalytic activity of the PtNi/Nifoam catalysts, studied on the basis of the ratio of the direct and indirect current peaks (jd)/(jnd) for the FAO reaction, showed values approximately 10 times higher compared to those on bare Pt, particularly at low FA concentrations, reflecting the superiority of the former catalysts for the electro-oxidation of FA to CO2. Ni foams provide a large surface area for the FAO, while synergistic effects between Pt nanoparticles and Ni-oxy species layer on Ni foams contribute significantly to the enhanced electro-oxidation of FA via the direct pathway, making it almost equal to the indirect pathway, particularly at low FA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antanas Nacys
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.S.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (D.U.); (R.L.); (V.J.); (V.K.); (B.S.-S.); (L.T.-T.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugenijus Norkus
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.S.); (A.B.); (A.Z.); (D.U.); (R.L.); (V.J.); (V.K.); (B.S.-S.); (L.T.-T.)
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4
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Pérez-Martínez L, Herrero E, Cuesta A. Kinetics of formic acid dehydration on Pt electrodes by time-resolved ATR-SEIRAS. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:094705. [PMID: 36889977 DOI: 10.1063/5.0138791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential dependence of the rate of dehydration of formic acid to adsorbed CO (COad) on Pt at pH 1 has been studied on a polycrystalline Pt surface by time-resolved surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-SEIRAS) with simultaneous recording of current transients after a potential step. A range of formic acid concentrations has been used to obtain a deeper insight into the mechanism of the reaction. The experiments have allowed us to confirm that the potential dependence of the rate of dehydration has a bell shape, going through a maximum around the potential of zero total charge (pztc) of the most active site. The analysis of the integrated intensity and frequency of the bands corresponding to COL and COB/M shows a progressive population of the active sites on the surface. The observed potential dependence of the rate of formation of COad is consistent with a mechanism in which the reversible electroadsorption of HCOOad is followed by its rate-determining reduction to COad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Martínez
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Angel Cuesta
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE Scotland, United Kingdom
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5
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Salamon MJ, Briega-Martos V, Cuesta A, Herrero E. Insight into the role of adsorbed formate in the oxidation of formic acid from pH-dependent experiments with Pt single-crystal electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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6
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Pérez-Martínez L, Machado de los Toyos LM, Shibuya JJT, Cuesta A. Methanol Dehydrogenation on Pt Electrodes: Active Sites and Role of Adsorbed Spectators Revealed through Time-Resolved ATR-SEIRAS. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Martínez
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | | | - Jani J. T. Shibuya
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Angel Cuesta
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
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7
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Yang XH, Cuesta A, Cheng J. The energetics of electron and proton transfer to CO 2 in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22035-22044. [PMID: 34570137 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is considered an effective method to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve electrical/chemical energy conversion. It is crucial to determine the reaction mechanism so that the key reaction intermediates can be targeted and the overpotential lowered. The process involves the interaction with the electrode surface and with species, including the solvent, at the electrode-electrolyte interface, and it is therefore not easy to separate catalytic contributions of the electrode from those of the electrolyte. We have used density functional theory-based molecular dynamics to calculate the Gibbs free energy of the proton and electron transfer reactions corresponding to each step in the electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH in aqueous media. The results show thermodynamic pathways consistent with the mechanism proposed by Hori. Since electrodes are not included in this work, differences between the calculated results and the experimental observations can help determine the catalytic contribution of the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Angel Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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8
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Al Najjar T, Ahmed N, El Sawy EN. Mechanistic effects of blending formic acid with ethanol on Pd activity towards formic acid oxidation in acidic media. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22842-22848. [PMID: 35480453 PMCID: PMC9034384 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) is one of the most promising direct liquid fuel cells. Pd is the most active catalyst towards formic oxidation, however, it suffers from CO-like poisoning and instability in acidic media. Blending formic acid with ethanol is known to synergistically enhance the Pt catalytic activity of Pt. However, it has not been studied in the case of Pd. In this study, ethanol/formic acid blends were tested, aiming at understanding the effect of ethanol on the formic acid oxidation mechanism at Pd and how the direct and indirect pathways could be affected. The blends consisted of different formic acid (up to 4 M) and ethanol (up to 0.5 M) concentrations. The catalytic activity of a 40% Pd/C catalyst was tested in 0.1 M H2SO4 + XFA + YEtOH using cyclic voltammetry, while the catalyst resistance to poisoning in the presence and absence of ethanol was tested using chronopotentiometry. The use of these blends is found to not only eliminate the indirect pathway but also slowly decrease the direct pathway activity too. That is believed to be due to the different ethanol adsorption orientations at different potentials. This study should open the door for further studying the oxidation of FA/ethanol blends using different pHs and different Pd-based catalysts. Ethanol changes the Pd selectivity towards the different pathways of formic acid oxidation by eliminating the indirect pathway and slowly decreasing the direct pathway activity, owing to ethanol potential depdant adsorption orientations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Al Najjar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt 11835
| | - Nashaat Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt 11835
| | - Ehab N El Sawy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt 11835
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9
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Calderón-Cárdenas A, Hartl FW, Gallas JA, Varela H. Modeling the triple-path electro-oxidation of formic acid on platinum: Cyclic voltammetry and oscillations. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Montero MA, Luque GC, Gennero de Chialvo MR, Chialvo AC. Kinetic evaluation of the formic acid electrooxidation on steady state on palladium using a flow cell. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry, Zibo 255300, P. R. China
- Shandong Xingguo Xinli Group, Zibo 251600, P. R. China
| | - Hainan Sun
- Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry, Zibo 255300, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yan
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan 250200, P. R. China
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12
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Niu Z, Wan Y, Li X, Zhang M, Liu B, Chen Z, Lu G, Yan K. In-situ regulation of formic acid oxidation via elastic strains. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Betts A, Briega-Martos V, Cuesta A, Herrero E. Adsorbed Formate is the Last Common Intermediate in the Dual-Path Mechanism of the Electrooxidation of Formic Acid. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Betts
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Scotland, U.K
| | - Valentín Briega-Martos
- Instituto de Electroquimı́ca, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Angel Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Scotland, U.K
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquimı́ca, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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14
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15
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Ren X, Gobrogge EA, Lundgren CA. Titrating Pt Surface with CO Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6306-6315. [PMID: 31518134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification and quantification of the surface sites on Pt nanoparticles are essential for developing more active electrocatalysts for many practical devices such as fuel cells and electrochemical fuel generators. In this work, we studied CO adsorption from dissolved CO in an H2SO4 electrolyte solution on a polycrystalline Pt film electrode held at a constant potential in the underpotential hydrogen deposition region using in situ attenuated total reflectance-surface-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS). Slowing down the adsorption rate by limiting the CO addition rate to the solution allows the individual CO molecules arriving at the Pt surface to rearrange, move to, and occupy their most energetically favorable sites. By using ATR-SEIRAS spectroscopy to follow the stepwise CO adsorption process, one can identify and quantify the Pt surface sites along with uncovering the CO adsorption energetic sequence. This method of slow CO adsorption on the Pt surface is analogous to the chemical titrations used for quantitative chemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ren
- U.S. CCDC Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - E A Gobrogge
- U.S. CCDC Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - C A Lundgren
- U.S. CCDC Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
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16
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Kas R, Ayemoba O, Firet NJ, Middelkoop J, Smith WA, Cuesta A. In-Situ Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 : Theory, Practice and Challenges. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2904-2925. [PMID: 31441195 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of electrochemical CO2 conversion is undergoing significant growth in terms of the number of publications and worldwide research groups involved. Despite improvements of the catalytic performance, the complex reaction mechanisms and solution chemistry of CO2 have resulted in a considerable amount of discrepancies between theoretical and experimental studies. A clear identification of the reaction mechanism and the catalytic sites are of key importance in order to allow for a qualitative breakthrough and, from an experimental perspective, calls for the use of in-situ or operando spectroscopic techniques. In-situ infrared spectroscopy can provide information on the nature of intermediate species and products in real time and, in some cases, with relatively high time resolution. In this contribution, we review key theoretical aspects of infrared reflection spectroscopy, followed by considerations of practical implementation. Finally, recent applications to the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 are reviewed, including challenges associated with the detection of reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Kas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Onagie Ayemoba
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Nienke J Firet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Middelkoop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wilson A Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Angel Cuesta
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
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17
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Nanoporous noble metal-based alloys: a review on synthesis and applications to electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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The oscillatory electro-oxidation of formic acid: Insights on the adsorbates involved from time-resolved ATR-SEIRAS and UV reflectance experiments. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Petrii OA. The Progress in Understanding the Mechanisms of Methanol and Formic Acid Electrooxidation on Platinum Group Metals (a Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Tuning of catalytic properties for electrooxidation of small organic molecules on Pt-based thin films via controlled thermal treatment. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Busó-Rogero C, Ferre-Vilaplana A, Herrero E, Feliu JM. The role of formic acid/formate equilibria in the oxidation of formic acid on Pt (111). Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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22
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Zhao Q, Ge C, Cai Y, Qiao Q, Jia X. Silsesquioxane stabilized platinum-palladium alloy nanoparticles with morphology evolution and enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:425-432. [PMID: 29278798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic catalysts have attracted enormous attention with their enhanced electrocatalytic properties in fuel cells. Herein a series of silsesquioxane (POSS) stabilized platinum-palladium (PtPd) alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with morphology evolution were facilely synthesized with the co-chemical reduction using formaldehyde as the reductant. By varying the ratio of Pt to Pd, the PtPd alloy NPs evolved from truncated octahedrons to octahedrons, and triangular nanoplates. The mechanism of morphology evolution is that Pt and Pd could self-assemble on POSS to form PtxPd1-x intermediates with different Pt/Pd ratios. In addition, formaldehyde could selectively bind to the {1 1 1} facets of Pd to control the growth rates of different facets and help PtxPd1-x intermediates with different Pt/Pd ratio grow into different morphology of PtxPd1-x alloys. The morphology tuning endowed the PtPd alloy NPs superior performance for formic acid electrooxidation. Compared with Pt, Pd NPs, and commercial Pt/C catalyst, the PtPd alloy NPs displayed larger electrochemically active surface area, enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability toward oxidation of formic acid, and increased CO tolerance. This work suggested that modification of catalytic activity through morphology tuning with composition adjustment might provide some new pathways for the design of promising catalysts with advanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China.
| | - Cunwang Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China.
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Qicheng Qiao
- School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong, Jiangsu 226007, China
| | - Xueping Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
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23
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Papasizza M, Cuesta A. In Situ Monitoring Using ATR-SEIRAS of the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on Au in an Ionic Liquid/Water Mixture. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Papasizza
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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24
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Hartl FW, Varela H. The Effect of Solution pH and Temperature on the Oscillatory Electro-Oxidation of Formic Acid on Platinum. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian W. Hartl
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo, POBox 780; 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Hamilton Varela
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo, POBox 780; 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brazil
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25
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Jiang K, Wang JY, Zhao TT, Cai WB. Formic acid oxidation at palladium electrode in acidic media containing chloride anions: An in situ ATR-SEIRAS investigation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Hartl FW, Zülke AA, Fonte BJ, Varela H. Temperature dependence of the evolving oscillations along the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Silva CD, Cabello G, Christinelli WA, Pereira EC, Cuesta A. Simultaneous time-resolved ATR-SEIRAS and CO-charge displacement experiments: The dynamics of CO adsorption on polycrystalline Pt. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Preface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Dynamics of the Interaction of Formic Acid with a Polycrystalline Pt Film Electrode: a Time-Resolved ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Study at Low Potentials and Temperatures. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Pt-Au Nanoparticles with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for the Oxidation of Formic Acid. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Shim K, Kim J, Heo YU, Jiang B, Li C, Shahabuddin M, Wu KCW, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Kim JH. Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Dendritic Platinum Nanoparticles with HEK-293 Cells. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:21-26. [PMID: 27911052 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic platinum nanoparticles (DPNs) have been synthesized from l-ascorbic acid and an amphiphilic non-ionic surfactant (Brij-58) via a sonochemical method. The particle size and shape of the DPNs could be tuned by changing the reduction temperature, resulting in a uniform DPN with a size of 23 nm or 60 nm. The facets of DPNs have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of DPNs has been investigated using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293), and the biological adaptability exhibited by DPNs has opened a pathway to biomedical applications such as drug-delivery systems, photothermal treatment, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyubin Shim
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Yoon-Uk Heo
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology (GIFT), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Jiang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Cuiling Li
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mohammed Shahabuddin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
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32
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McPherson IJ, Ash PA, Jacobs RMJ, Vincent KA. Formate adsorption on Pt nanoparticles during formic acid electro-oxidation: insights from in situ infrared spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12665-12668. [PMID: 27722249 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adsorbed formate is observed on a supported Pt nanoparticle for the first time during formic acid electro-oxidation. Bands assigned to OCO stretching and CH bending reveal some OCO but little CH bond weakening on adsorption compared to the free anion. The formate potential dependence is similar to polycrystalline electrodes while adsorbed CO persists up to +1.2 V, 0.5 V higher than on polycrystalline Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Philip A Ash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Robert M J Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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33
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Martínez-Hincapié R, Arán-Ais RM, Feliu JM. Weakening the C C bond: On the behavior of glyoxylic acid on Pt(111) and its vicinal surfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Influence of spontaneous decomposition on the electrochemical formic acid oxidation on a nanostructured palladium electrode. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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35
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El-Nagar GA, Mohammad AM, El-Deab MS, El-Anadouli BE. Novel fuel blends facilitating the electro-oxidation of formic acid at a nano-Pt/GC electrode. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the promoting effect of the electrooxidation of formic acid (FAO) at a nano-Pt/GC electrode in the presence of selected low molecular weight alcohols (R–OH) as blending components.
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36
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Perales-Rondón JV, Brimaud S, Solla-Gullón J, Herrero E, Jürgen Behm R, Feliu JM. Further Insights into the Formic Acid Oxidation Mechanism on Platinum: pH and Anion Adsorption Effects. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Montiel V, Solla-Gullón J. Influence of the metal loading on the electrocatalytic activity of carbon-supported (100) Pt nanoparticles. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Bandarenka AS, Ventosa E, Maljusch A, Masa J, Schuhmann W. Techniques and methodologies in modern electrocatalysis: evaluation of activity, selectivity and stability of catalytic materials. Analyst 2015; 139:1274-91. [PMID: 24418971 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and optimisation of materials that promote electrochemical reactions have recently attracted attention mainly due to the challenge of sustainable provision of renewable energy in the future. The need for better understanding and control of electrode-electrolyte interfaces where these reactions take place, however, implies the continuous need for development of efficient analytical techniques and methodologies capable of providing detailed information about the performance of electrocatalysts, especially in situ, under real operational conditions of electrochemical systems. During the past decade, significant efforts in the fields of electrocatalysis and (electro)analytical chemistry have resulted in the evolution of new powerful methods and approaches providing ever deeper and unique insight into complex and dynamic catalytic systems. The combination of various electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods as well as the application of quantum chemistry calculations has become a viable modern approach in the field. The focus of this critical review is primarily set on discussion of the most recent cutting-edge achievements in the development of analytical techniques and methodologies designed to evaluate three key constituents of the performance of electrocatalysts, namely, activity, selectivity and stability. Possible directions and future challenges in the design and elaboration of analytical methods for electrocatalytic research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Nagao R, Freitas RG, Silva CD, Varela H, Pereira EC. Oscillatory Electro-oxidation of Methanol on Nanoarchitectured Ptpc/Rh/Pt Metallic Multilayer. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501652u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nagao
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute
of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato G. Freitas
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Camila D. Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Varela
- Institute
of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ertl
Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis, GIST, Cheomdan-gwagiro
261, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Ernesto C. Pereira
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid: Closing the Gap Between Fundamental Study and Technical Applications. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-014-0226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Dhar K, Cavallotti C. Investigation of the Initial Steps of the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on Pt Electrodes. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8676-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Dhar
- Dept. di
Chimica Materiali
e Ingegneria chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- Dept. di
Chimica Materiali
e Ingegneria chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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42
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Perales-Rondón JV, Ferre-Vilaplana A, Feliu JM, Herrero E. Oxidation Mechanism of Formic Acid on the Bismuth Adatom-Modified Pt(111) Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13110-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505943h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adolfo Ferre-Vilaplana
- Instituto
Tecnológico de Informática, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento
de Sistemas Informáticos y Computación, Escuela Politécnica
Superior de Alcoy, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Plaza Ferrándiz
y Carbonell s/n, E-03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Instituto
de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto
de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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43
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Perales-Rondón JV, Herrero E, Feliu JM. Effects of the anion adsorption and pH on the formic acid oxidation reaction on Pt(111) electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Brimaud S, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. Shape-selected nanocrystals for in situ spectro-electrochemistry studies on structurally well defined surfaces under controlled electrolyte transport: A combined in situ ATR-FTIR/online DEMS investigation of CO electrooxidation on Pt. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:735-46. [PMID: 24991511 PMCID: PMC4077536 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The suitability and potential of shape selected nanocrystals for in situ spectro-electrochemical and in particular spectro-electrocatalytic studies on structurally well defined electrodes under enforced and controlled electrolyte mass transport will be demonstrated, using Pt nanocrystals prepared by colloidal synthesis procedures and a flow cell set-up allowing simultaneous measurements of the Faradaic current, FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed reaction intermediates and side products in an attenuated total reflection configuration (ATR-FTIRS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) measurements of volatile reaction products. Batches of shape-selected Pt nanocrystals with different shapes and hence different surface structures were prepared and structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical methods. The potential for in situ spectro-electrocatalytic studies is illustrated for COad oxidation on Pt nanocrystal surfaces, where we could separate contributions from two processes occurring simultaneously, oxidative COad removal and re-adsorption of (bi)sulfate anions, and reveal a distinct structure sensitivity in these processes and also in the structural implications of (bi)sulfate re-adsorption on the CO adlayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Brimaud
- Institut für Oberflächenchemie und Katalyse, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zenonas Jusys
- Institut für Oberflächenchemie und Katalyse, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R Jürgen Behm
- Institut für Oberflächenchemie und Katalyse, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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45
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Adsorption behaviors of monomer and dimer of formic acid on Pt (111) in the absence and presence of water. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2264. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Joo J, Uchida T, Cuesta A, Koper MT, Osawa M. The effect of pH on the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid/formate on platinum: A mechanistic study by surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy coupled with cyclic voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Brimaud S, Solla-Gullón J, Weber I, Feliu JM, Behm RJ. Formic Acid Electrooxidation on Noble-Metal Electrodes: Role and Mechanistic Implications of pH, Surface Structure, and Anion Adsorption. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Xu J, Abd-El-Latif AEAA, Chen YX, Baltruschat H. Electrodeposition of silver on stepped platinum electrode surfaces with (1 0 0)-oriented terraces: Generation of confined reaction sites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Xu Y, Zhang B. Recent advances in porous Pt-based nanostructures: synthesis and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2439-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60351b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Okamoto H, Numata Y, Gojuki T, Mukouyama Y. Different behavior of adsorbed bridge-bonded formate from that of current in the oxidation of formic acid on platinum. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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