1
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Ng SIM, Chan MN. Beyond the formation: unveiling the atmospheric transformation of organosulfates via heterogeneous OH oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13919-13938. [PMID: 37933441 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03700b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs), characterized with a sulfate ester group (R-OSO3-), are abundant constituents in secondary organic aerosols. Recent laboratory-based investigations have revealed that OSs can undergo efficient chemical transformation through heterogeneous oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (˙OH, interchangeably termed as OH in this article), which freshly derives functionalized and fragmented OSs. The reaction not only contributes to the presence of structurally transformed OSs in the atmosphere of which sources were unidentified, but it also leads to the formation of inorganic sulfates (e.g., SO42-) with profound implication on the form of aerosol sulfur. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the heterogeneous OH oxidation of OSs based on state-of-the-art designs of experiments, computational approaches, and chemical analytical techniques. Here, we discuss the formation potential of new OSs and SO42-, in light of the influence of diverse OS structures on the relative importance of different reaction pathways. We propose future research directions to advance our mechanistic understanding of these reactions, taking into account aerosol matrix effects, interactions with other atmospheric pollutants, and the incorporation of experimental findings into atmospheric chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze In Madeleine Ng
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Willis MD, Wilson KR. Coupled Interfacial and Bulk Kinetics Govern the Timescales of Multiphase Ozonolysis Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4991-5010. [PMID: 35863113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations in aerosols impact the lifetime of particle phase species, the fate of atmospheric pollutants, and both climate- and health-relevant aerosol properties. Timescales for multiphase reactions of ozone in atmospheric aqueous phases are governed by coupled kinetic processes between the gas phase, the particle interface, and its bulk, which respond dynamically to reactive consumption of O3. However, models of atmospheric aerosol reactivity often do not account for the coupled nature of multiphase processes. To examine these dynamics, we use new and prior experimental observations of aqueous droplet reaction kinetics, including three systems with a range of surface affinities and ozonolysis rate coefficients (trans-aconitic acid (C6H6O6), maleic acid (C4H4O4), and sodium nitrite (NaNO2)). Using literature rate coefficients and thermodynamic properties, we constrain a simple two-compartment stochastic kinetic model which resolves the interface from the particle bulk and represents O3 partitioning, diffusion, and reaction as a coupled kinetic system. Our kinetic model accurately predicts decay kinetics across all three systems, demonstrating that both the thermodynamic properties of O3 and the coupled kinetic and diffusion processes are key to making accurate predictions. An enhanced concentration of adsorbed O3, compared to gas and bulk phases is rapidly maintained and remains constant even as O3 is consumed by reaction. Multiphase systems dynamically seek to achieve equilibrium in response to reactive O3 loss, but this is hampered at solute concentrations relevant to aqueous aerosol by the rate of O3 arrival in the bulk by diffusion. As a result, bulk-phase O3 becomes depleted from its Henry's law solubility. This bulk-phase O3 depletion limits reaction timescales for relatively slow-reacting organic solutes with low interfacial affinity (i.e., trans-aconitic and maleic acids, with krxn ≈ 103-104 M-1 s-1), which is in contrast to fast-reacting solutes with higher surface affinity (i.e., nitrite, with krxn ≈ 105 M-1 s-1) where surface reactions strongly impact the observed decay kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Willis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Gu R, Shen H, Xue L, Wang T, Gao J, Li H, Liang Y, Xia M, Yu C, Liu Y, Wang W. Investigating the sources of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) in the megacity of Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152270. [PMID: 34902418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) can powerfully influence atmospheric photochemistry by producing hydroxyl radical (OH), which is a crucial oxidant that controls the fate of atmospheric trace species. To deduce HONO formation mechanisms in polluted regions, two field observations were conducted in urban Beijing during the early summer of 2017 and the winter of 2018. These two seasons bore distinguishing pollution characteristics with a higher degree of ageing and heavier aerosol loading in the early summer and more abundant NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) in the winter. Elevated concentrations of HONO were observed during these two seasons, with the mean ± standard deviation (maximum) concentrations of 1.25 ± 0.94 (6.69) ppbv and 1.04 ± 1.27 (9.55) ppbv in early summer and winter, respectively. The observed daytime (08:00-17:00 h, local time) HONO production rate was several times higher in early summer than in winter (4.44 ± 1.93 ppbv h-1 vs. 0.88 ± 0.49 ppbv h-1). Budget analysis revealed distinct daytime HONO formation mechanisms during these two seasons. Photo-induced heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on the ground surface dominated in early summer, and homogeneous reaction of NO + OH was dominant in winter. Photolysis of HONO was the major source of primary OH in both seasons, and thus, played a key role in the regulation of atmospheric oxidising capacity. This study demonstrates the significant seasonal variations in HONO budget and underlines the predominant role of HONO in primary OH production in Beijing. Our findings will be helpful to gain an understanding of the chemical mechanisms underlying the formation of secondary pollution in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Hengqing Shen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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4
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Kohli RK, Davies JF. Measuring the Chemical Evolution of Levitated Particles: A Study on the Evaporation of Multicomponent Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12472-12479. [PMID: 34455787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle levitation methods provide an effective platform for probing the physical properties of atmospheric aerosol via micrometer-sized particles. Until recently, chemical composition measurements on levitated particles were limited to spectroscopy, yielding only basic chemical information. Here, we describe, benchmark, and discuss the applications of an approach for probing the physical properties and chemical composition of single levitated particles using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Using a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance (LQ-EDB) coupled to paper spray mass spectrometry, we report accurate measurements of the evolving size within 5 nm (using broadband light scattering) and relative composition (using MS) of evaporating multicomponent levitated particles in real time. Measurements of the evaporation dynamics of semivolatile organic particles containing a range of n-ethylene glycols (n = 3, 4, and 6) in various binary and ternary mixtures were made under dry conditions and compared with predictions from a gas-phase diffusion evaporation model. Under assumptions of ideal mixing, excellent agreement for both size and composition evolution between measurements and models were obtained for these mixtures. At increased relative humidity, the presence of water in particles causes the assumption of ideality to break down, and the evaporative mass flux becomes a function of the mole fraction and activity coefficient. Through compositionally resolved evaporation measurements and thermodynamic models, we characterize the activity of organic components in multicomponent particles. Our results demonstrate that the LQ-EDB-MS platform can identify time-dependent size and compositional changes with high precision and reproducibility, yielding an effective methodology for future studies on chemical aging and gas-particle partitioning in suspended particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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5
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Zeng M, Wilson KR. Experimental evidence that halogen bonding catalyzes the heterogeneous chlorination of alkenes in submicron liquid droplets. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10455-10466. [PMID: 34447538 PMCID: PMC8356749 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in predicting the multiphase chemistry of aerosols and droplets is connecting reaction probabilities, observed in an experiment, with the kinetics of individual elementary steps that control the chemistry that occurs across a gas/liquid interface. Here we report evidence that oxygenated molecules accelerate the heterogeneous reaction rate of chlorine gas with an alkene (squalene, Sqe) in submicron droplets. The effective reaction probability for Sqe is sensitive to both the aerosol composition and gas phase environment. In binary aerosol mixtures with 2-decyl-1-tetradecanol, linoleic acid and oleic acid, Sqe reacts 12-23× more rapidly than in a pure aerosol. In contrast, the reactivity of Sqe is diminished by 3× when mixed with an alkane. Additionally, small oxygenated molecules in the gas phase (water, ethanol, acetone, and acetic acid) accelerate (up to 10×) the heterogeneous chlorination rate of Sqe. The overall reaction mechanism is not altered by the presence of these aerosol and gas phase additives, suggesting instead that they act as catalysts. Since the largest rate acceleration occurs in the presence of oxygenated molecules, we conclude that halogen bonding enhances reactivity by slowing the desorption kinetics of Cl2 at the interface, in a way that is analogous to decreasing temperature. These results highlight the importance of relatively weak interactions in controlling the speed of multiphase reactions important for atmospheric and indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zeng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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6
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Li J, Knopf DA. Representation of Multiphase OH Oxidation of Amorphous Organic Aerosol for Tropospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7266-7275. [PMID: 33974411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and, during transport, can experience chemical transformation with consequences for air quality and climate. Prediction of the chemical evolution of OA depends on its reactivity with atmospheric oxidants such as the OH radical. OA particles undergo amorphous phase transitions from liquid to solid (glassy) states in response to temperature changes, which, in turn, will impact its reactivity toward OH oxidation. To improve the predictability of OA reactivity toward OH oxidation, the reactive uptake coefficients (γ) of OH radicals reacting with triacontane and squalane serving as amorphous OA surrogates were measured at temperatures from 213-293 K. γ increases strongest with temperature when the organic species is in the liquid phase, compared to when being in the semisolid or solid phase. The resistor model is applied, accounting for the amorphous phase state changes using the organic species' glass transition temperature and fragility, to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of the temperature dependent OH uptake process. This allows for the derivation of a semiempirical formula, applicable to models, to predict the degree of oxidation and chemical lifetime of the condensed-phase organic species for typical tropospheric temperature and humidity when OA particle viscosity is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Li
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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7
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Zeng M, Wilson KR. Efficient Coupling of Reaction Pathways of Criegee Intermediates and Free Radicals in the Heterogeneous Ozonolysis of Alkenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6580-6585. [PMID: 32787230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the gas phase, ozonolysis of olefins is known to be a significant source of free radicals. However, for heterogeneous and condensed phase ozone reactions, the importance of reaction pathways that couple Criegee intermediates (CI) with hydroxyl (OH), alkoxy, and peroxy free radicals remains uncertain. Here we report experimental evidence for substantial free radical oxidation during the heterogeneous reaction of O3 with cis-9-tricosene (Tri) aerosol. A kinetic model with three coupled submechanisms that include O3, CI, and free radical reactions is used to explain how the observed Tri reactivity and its product distributions depend upon [O3], [OH], and the presence of CI scavengers. During multiphase ozonolysis, the kinetic model predicts that only ∼30% of the alkene is actually consumed by O3, while the remaining ∼70% is consumed by free radicals that cycle through pathways involving CI. These results reveal the importance of free radical oxidation during heterogeneous ozonolysis, which has been previously difficult to isolate due to the complex coupling of CI and OH reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zeng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Koss AR, Canagaratna MR, Zaytsev A, Krechmer JE, Breitenlechner M, Nihill KJ, Lim CY, Rowe JC, Roscioli JR, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH. Dimensionality-reduction techniques for complex mass spectrometric datasets: application to laboratory atmospheric organic oxidation experiments. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:1021-1041. [PMID: 33777125 PMCID: PMC7995644 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-1021-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of organic compounds in the atmosphere produces an immensely complex mixture of product species, posing a challenge for both their measurement in laboratory studies and their inclusion in air quality and climate models. Mass spectrometry techniques can measure thousands of these species, giving insight into these chemical processes, but the datasets themselves are highly complex. Data reduction techniques that group compounds in a chemically and kinetically meaningful way provide a route to simplify the chemistry of these systems but have not been systematically investigated. Here we evaluate three approaches to reducing the dimensionality of oxidation systems measured in an environmental chamber: positive matrix factorization (PMF), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and a parameterization to describe kinetics in terms of multigenerational chemistry (gamma kinetics parameterization, GKP). The evaluation is implemented by means of two datasets: synthetic data consisting of a three-generation oxidation system with known rate constants, generation numbers, and chemical pathways; and the measured products of OH-initiated oxidation of a substituted aromatic compound in a chamber experiment. We find that PMF accounts for changes in the average composition of all products during specific periods of time but does not sort compounds into generations or by another reproducible chemical process. HCA, on the other hand, can identify major groups of ions and patterns of behavior and maintains bulk chemical properties like carbon oxidation state that can be useful for modeling. The continuum of kinetic behavior observed in a typical chamber experiment can be parameterized by fitting species' time traces to the GKP, which approximates the chemistry as a linear, first-order kinetic system. The fitted parameters for each species are the number of reaction steps with OH needed to produce the species (the generation) and an effective kinetic rate constant that describes the formation and loss rates of the species. The thousands of species detected in a typical laboratory chamber experiment can be organized into a much smaller number (10-30) of groups, each of which has a characteristic chemical composition and kinetic behavior. This quantitative relationship between chemical and kinetic characteristics, and the significant reduction in the complexity of the system, provides an approach to understanding broad patterns of behavior in oxidation systems and could be exploited for mechanism development and atmospheric chemistry modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Koss
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Zaytsev
- Harvard University, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Martin Breitenlechner
- Harvard University, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J. Nihill
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Y. Lim
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James C. Rowe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Harvard University, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Jacobs MI, Xu B, Kostko O, Wiegel AA, Houle FA, Ahmed M, Wilson KR. Using Nanoparticle X-ray Spectroscopy to Probe the Formation of Reactive Chemical Gradients in Diffusion-Limited Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6034-6044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron A. Wiegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Kroll JH, Lim CY, Kessler SH, Wilson KR. Heterogeneous Oxidation of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol: Kinetics of Changes to the Amount and Oxidation State of Particle-Phase Organic Carbon. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10767-83. [PMID: 26381466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation reactions are known to affect the chemical composition of organic aerosol (OA) particles over timescales of several days, but the details of such oxidative aging reactions are poorly understood. In this study we examine the rates and products of a key class of aging reaction, the heterogeneous oxidation of particle-phase organic species by the gas-phase hydroxyl radical (OH). We compile and reanalyze a number of previous studies from our laboratories involving the oxidation of single-component organic particles. All kinetic and product data are described on a common basis, enabling a straightforward comparison among different chemical systems and experimental conditions. Oxidation chemistry is described in terms of changes to key ensemble properties of the OA, rather than to its detailed molecular composition, focusing on two quantities in particular, the amount and the oxidation state of the particle-phase carbon. Heterogeneous oxidation increases the oxidation state of particulate carbon, with the rate of increase determined by the detailed chemical mechanism. At the same time, the amount of particle-phase carbon decreases with oxidation, due to fragmentation (C-C scission) reactions that form small, volatile products that escape to the gas phase. In contrast to the oxidation state increase, the rate of carbon loss is nearly uniform among most systems studied. Extrapolation of these results to atmospheric conditions indicates that heterogeneous oxidation can have a substantial effect on the amount and composition of atmospheric OA over timescales of several days, a prediction that is broadly in line with available measurements of OA evolution over such long timescales. In particular, 3-13% of particle-phase carbon is lost to the gas phase after one week of heterogeneous oxidation. Our results indicate that oxidative aging represents an important sink for particulate organic carbon, and more generally that fragmentation reactions play a major role in the lifecycle of atmospheric OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM. Atmospheric Processes and Their Controlling Influence on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4199-217. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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13
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Browne EC, Franklin JP, Canagaratna MR, Massoli P, Kirchstetter TW, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR, Kroll JH. Changes to the chemical composition of soot from heterogeneous oxidation reactions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1154-63. [PMID: 25654760 DOI: 10.1021/jp511507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric aging of soot particles, in which various atmospheric processes alter the particles' chemical and physical properties, is poorly understood and consequently is not well-represented in models. In this work, soot aging via heterogeneous oxidation by OH and ozone is investigated using an aerosol flow reactor coupled to a new high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometric technique that utilizes infrared vaporization and single-photon vacuum ultraviolet ionization. This analytical technique simultaneously measures the elemental and organic carbon components of soot, allowing for the composition of both fractions to be monitored. At oxidant exposures relevant to the particles' atmospheric lifetimes (the equivalent of several days of oxidation), the elemental carbon portion of the soot, which makes up the majority of the particle mass, undergoes no discernible changes in mass or composition. In contrast, the organic carbon (which in the case of methane flame soot is dominated by aliphatic species) is highly reactive, undergoing first the addition of oxygen-containing functional groups and ultimately the loss of organic carbon mass from fragmentation reactions that form volatile products. These changes occur on time scales comparable to those of other nonoxidative aging processes such as condensation, suggesting that further research into the combined effects of heterogeneous and condensational aging is needed to improve our ability to accurately predict the climate and health impacts of soot particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Houle FA, Hinsberg WD, Wilson KR. Oxidation of a model alkane aerosol by OH radical: the emergent nature of reactive uptake. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4412-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive uptake of OH by organic aerosol particles is situational and related to internal diffusion distances between OH sticking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - K. R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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15
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Wiegel AA, Wilson KR, Hinsberg WD, Houle FA. Stochastic methods for aerosol chemistry: a compact molecular description of functionalization and fragmentation in the heterogeneous oxidation of squalane aerosol by OH radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4398-411. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A compact, experimentally validated model of organic aerosol oxidation enables the ageing process to be connected to specific chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Wiegel
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - K. R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - F. A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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16
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Nah T, Zhang H, Worton DR, Ruehl CR, Kirk BB, Goldstein AH, Leone SR, Wilson KR. Isomeric Product Detection in the Heterogeneous Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Aerosol Composed of Branched and Linear Unsaturated Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11555-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508378z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Worton
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
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17
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Nah T, Kessler SH, Daumit KE, Kroll JH, Leone SR, Wilson KR. Influence of Molecular Structure and Chemical Functionality on the Heterogeneous OH-Initiated Oxidation of Unsaturated Organic Particles. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4106-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502666g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Nah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sean H. Kessler
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly E. Daumit
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Zhang H, Ruehl CR, Chan AWH, Nah T, Worton DR, Isaacman G, Goldstein AH, Wilson KR. OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Cholestane: A Model System for Understanding the Photochemical Aging of Cyclic Alkane Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12449-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407994m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhang
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher R. Ruehl
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Arthur W. H. Chan
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David R. Worton
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol
Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Environmental
and Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Ruehl CR, Nah T, Isaacman G, Worton DR, Chan AWH, Kolesar KR, Cappa CD, Goldstein AH, Wilson KR. The Influence of Molecular Structure and Aerosol Phase on the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Normal and Branched Alkanes by OH. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3990-4000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401888q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Ruehl
- Chemical Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- Chemical Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David R. Worton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley,
California 94710, United States
| | - Arthur W. H. Chan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katheryn R. Kolesar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Environmental
Energy Technologies
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
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20
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Nah T, Kessler SH, Daumit KE, Kroll JH, Leone SR, Wilson KR. OH-initiated oxidation of sub-micron unsaturated fatty acid particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18649-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lee L, Wooldridge P, Nah T, Wilson K, Cohen R. Observation of rates and products in the reaction of NO3with submicron squalane and squalene aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Harmon CW, Ruehl CR, Cappa CD, Wilson KR. A statistical description of the evolution of cloud condensation nuclei activity during the heterogeneous oxidation of squalane and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate aerosol by hydroxyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9679-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Lambe AT, Onasch TB, Croasdale DR, Wright JP, Martin AT, Franklin JP, Massoli P, Kroll JH, Canagaratna MR, Brune WH, Worsnop DR, Davidovits P. Transitions from functionalization to fragmentation reactions of laboratory secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the OH oxidation of alkane precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5430-7. [PMID: 22534114 DOI: 10.1021/es300274t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization (oxygen addition) and fragmentation (carbon loss) reactions governing secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the OH oxidation of alkane precursors were studied in a flow reactor in the absence of NO(x). SOA precursors were n-decane (n-C10), n-pentadecane (n-C15), n-heptadecane (n-C17), tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decane (JP-10), and vapors of diesel fuel and Southern Louisiana crude oil. Aerosol mass spectra were measured with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, from which normalized SOA yields, hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) and oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, and C(x)H(y)+, C(x)H(y)O+, and C(x)H(y)O(2)+ ion abundances were extracted as a function of OH exposure. Normalized SOA yield curves exhibited an increase followed by a decrease as a function of OH exposure, with maximum yields at O/C ratios ranging from 0.29 to 0.74. The decrease in SOA yield correlates with an increase in oxygen content and decrease in carbon content, consistent with transitions from functionalization to fragmentation. For a subset of alkane precursors (n-C10, n-C15, and JP-10), maximum SOA yields were estimated to be 0.39, 0.69, and 1.1. In addition, maximum SOA yields correspond with a maximum in the C(x)H(y)O+ relative abundance. Measured correlations between OH exposure, O/C ratio, and H/C ratio may enable identification of alkane precursor contributions to ambient SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lambe
- Chemistry Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States.
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