1
|
Nesbitt DJ, Zolot AM, Roscioli JR, Ryazanov M. Nonequilibrium Scattering/Evaporation Dynamics at the Gas-Liquid Interface: Wetted Wheels, Self-Assembled Monolayers, and Liquid Microjets. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:700-711. [PMID: 36848588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWe often teach or are taught in our freshman courses that there are three phases of matter─gas, liquid and solid─where the ordering reflects increasing complexity and strength of interaction between the molecular constituents. But arguably there is also a fascinating additional "phase" of matter associated with the microscopically thin interface (<10 molecules thick) between the gas and liquid, which is still poorly understood and yet plays a crucial role in fields ranging from chemistry of the marine boundary layer and atmospheric chemistry of aerosols to the passage of O2 and CO2 through alveolar sacs in our lungs. The work in this Account provides insights into three challenging new directions for the field, each embracing a rovibronically quantum-state-resolved perspective. Specifically, we exploit the powerful tools of chemical physics and laser spectroscopy to pose two fundamental questions. (i) At the microscopic level, do molecules in all internal quantum-states (e.g., vibrational, rotational, electronic) colliding with the interface "stick" with unit probability? (ii) Can reactive, scattering, and/or evaporating molecules at the gas-liquid interface avoid collisions with other species and thereby be observed in a truly "nascent" collision-free distribution of internal degrees of freedom? To help address these questions, we present studies in three different areas: (i) reactive scattering dynamics of F atoms with wetted-wheel gas-liquid interfaces, (ii) inelastic scattering of HCl from self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) via resonance-enhanced photoionization (REMPI)/velocity map imaging (VMI) methods, and (iii) quantum-state-resolved evaporation dynamics of NO at the gas-water interface. As a recurring theme, we find that molecular projectiles reactively, inelastically, or evaporatively scatter from the gas-liquid interface into internal quantum-state distributions substantially out of equilibrium with respect to the bulk liquid temperatures (TS). By detailed balance considerations, the data unambiguously indicate that even simple molecules exhibit rovibronic state dependences to how they "stick" to and eventually solvate into the gas-liquid interface. Such results serve to underscore the importance of quantum mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics in energy transfer and chemical reactions at the gas-liquid interface. This nonequilibrium behavior may well make this rapidly emergent field of chemical dynamics at gas-liquid interfaces more complicated but even more interesting targets for further experimental/theoretical exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alex M Zolot
- Quantinuum, 303 S. Technology Ct., Broomfield, Colorado 80021, United States
| | - Joseph R Roscioli
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Rd., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Mikhail Ryazanov
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Greenwood T, AlSalem H, Koehler SPK. Velocity-Selected Rotational State Distributions of Nitric Oxide Scattered off Graphene Revealed by Surface-Velocity Map Imaging. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1124-1129. [PMID: 36700532 PMCID: PMC9923741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report velocity-dependent internal energy distributions of nitric oxide molecules, NO, scattered off graphene supported on gold to further explore the dynamics of the collision process between NO radicals and graphene. These experiments were performed by directing a molecular beam of NO onto graphene in a surface-velocity map imaging setup, which allowed us to record internal energy distributions of the NO radicals as a function of their velocity. We do not observe bond formation but (1) major contributions from direct inelastic scattering and (2) a smaller trapping-desorption component where some physisorbed NO molecules have residence times on the order of microseconds. This is in agreement with our classical molecular dynamics simulations which also observe a small proportion of two- and multi-bounce collisions events but likewise a small proportion of NO radicals trapped at the surface for the entire length of the molecular dynamics simulations (a few picoseconds). Despite a collision energy of 0.31 eV, which would be sufficient to populate NO(v = 1), we do not detect vibrationally excited nitric oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greenwood
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan
University, ManchesterM1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Huda AlSalem
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.
Box 84428, Riyadh11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sven P. K. Koehler
- Institut
für Verfahrenstechnik, Energietechnik und Klimaschutz, Hochschule Hannover, Ricklinger Stadtweg 120, 30459Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Füchsel G, Zhou X, Jiang B, Juaristi JI, Alducin M, Guo H, Kroes GJ. Reactive and Nonreactive Scattering of HCl from Au(111): An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:2287-2299. [PMID: 30740194 PMCID: PMC6366682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The HCl + Au(111) system has recently become a benchmark for highly activated dissociative chemisorption, which presumably is strongly affected by electron-hole pair excitation. Previous dynamics calculations, which were based on density functional theory at the generalized gradient approximation level (GGA-DFT) for the molecule-surface interaction, have all overestimated measured reaction probabilities by at least an order of magnitude. Here, we perform ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and AIMD with electronic friction (AIMDEF) calculations employing a density functional that includes the attractive van der Waals interaction. Our calculations model the simultaneous and possibly synergistic effects of surface temperature, surface atom motion, electron-hole pair excitation, the molecular beam conditions of the experiments, and the van der Waals interaction on the reactivity. We find that reaction probabilities computed with AIMDEF and the SRP32-vdW functional still overestimate the measured reaction probabilities, by a factor 18 for the highest incidence energy at which measurements were performed (≈2.5 eV). Even granting that the experiment could have underestimated the sticking probability by about a factor three, this still translates into a considerable overestimation of the reactivity by the current theory. Likewise, scaled transition probabilities for vibrational excitation from ν = 1, j = 1 to ν = 2 are overestimated by the AIMDEF theory, by factors 3-8 depending on the initial conditions modeled. Energy losses to the surface and translational energy losses are, however, in good agreement with experimental values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Füchsel
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie—Physikalische und Theoretische
Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- E-mail: (G.F.)
| | - Xueyao Zhou
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department
of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department
of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - J. Iñaki Juaristi
- Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Facultad
de Químicas (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maite Alducin
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Hua Guo
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Phone: +31 (0)71 527
4396 (G.-J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abujarada S, AlSalem H, Chohan UK, Draper GL, Koehler SPK. Photodesorption of NO from Au(100) using 3D surface-velocity map imaging. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4967248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
5
|
Harding DJ, Neugebohren J, Auerbach DJ, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Using Ion Imaging to Measure Velocity Distributions in Surface Scattering Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12255-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan J. Harding
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Neugebohren
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Auerbach
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T. N. Kitsopoulos
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kershis MD, Wilson DP, White MG, John JJ, Nomerotski A, Brouard M, Lee JWL, Vallance C, Turchetta R. Exploring surface photoreaction dynamics using pixel imaging mass spectrometry (PImMS). J Chem Phys 2013; 139:084202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4818997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
7
|
Reid M, Koehler SPK. Validation of velocity map imaging conditions over larger areas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:044101. [PMID: 23635211 DOI: 10.1063/1.4798646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have established through simulations and experiments the area over which Velocity Map Imaging (VMI) conditions prevail. We designed a VMI setup in which we can vary the ionization position perpendicular to the center axis of the time-of-flight spectrometer. We show that weak extraction conditions are far superior over standard three-plate setups if the aim is to increase the ionization volume without distorting VMI conditions. This is important for a number of crossed molecular beam experiments that already utilize weak extraction conditions, but to a greater extent for surface studies where fragments are desorbed or scattered off a surface in all directions. Our results on the dissociation of NO2 at 226 nm show that ionization of the fragments can occur up to ±5.5 mm away from the center axis of the time-of-flight spectrometer without affecting resolution or arrival position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|