Quinic acid and hypervalent chromium: a spectroscopic and kinetic study

The redox reaction between an excess of quinic acid (QA) and CrVI involves the formation of intermediates, namely, CrIV and CrV species, which in turn react with the organic substrates. As observed with other substrates that have already been studied, CrIV does not accumulate during this reaction because of the rate of the reaction. Its rate of disappearance is several times higher than that of the reaction of CrVI or CrV with QA. Kinetic studies indicate that the redox reaction proceeds via a combined mechanism that involves the pathways CrVI → CrIV → CrII and CrVI → CrIV → CrIII, which is supported by the observation of superoxo-CrIII (CrO2 2+) ions, free radicals, and oxo-CrV species as intermediates and the detection of CrVI ester species. The present study reports the complete rate laws for the QA/chromium redox reaction.

EPR and DFT analysis of biologically relevant chromium(V) complexes with d-glucitol and d-glucose

1,2-diolato ligands, such as carbohydrates and glycoproteins, tend to stabilize chromium(V), thus forming important intermediates that have been implicated in the genotoxicity of Cr(VI). Since many years, room-temperature continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at X-band microwave frequencies has been used as a standard characterization tool to study chromium(V) intermediates formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of biomolecules. In this work, the added value is tested of using a combination of pulsed and high-field EPR techniques with density functional theory computations to unravel the nature of Cr(V) complexes with biologically relevant chelators, such as carbohydrates. The study focuses on the oxidochromium(V) complexes formed during reduction of potassium dichromate with glutathione in the presence of the monosaccharide d-glucose or the polyalcohol d-glucitol. It is shown that although the presence of a multitude of Cr(V) intermediates may hamper a complete structural determination, the combined EPR and DFT approach reveals unambiguously the effect of freezing on the location of the counterions, the gradual replacement of water ligands by the diols, and the preference of Cr(V) to bind certain conformers.

Redox and complexation chemistry of the CrVI/CrV-D-glucaric acid system

When an excess of uronic acid over Cr(VI) is used, the oxidation of D-glucaric acid (Glucar) by Cr(VI) yields D-arabinaric acid, CO2 and Cr(III)-Glucar complex as final redox products. The redox reaction involves the formation of intermediate Cr(IV) and Cr(V) species. The reaction rate increases with [H(+)] and [substrate]. The experimental results indicated that Cr(IV) and Cr(V) are very reactive intermediates since their disappearance rates are much faster than Cr(VI). Cr(IV) and Cr(V) intermediates are involved in fast steps and do not accumulate in the redox reaction of the mixture Cr(VI)-Glucar. Kinetic studies show that the redox reaction between Glucar and Cr(VI) proceeds through a mechanism combining one- and two-electron pathways: Cr(VI) → Cr(IV) → Cr(II) and Cr(VI) → Cr(IV) → Cr(III). After the redox reaction, results show a slow hydrolysis of the Cr(III)-Glucar complex into [Cr(OH2)6](3+). The proposed mechanism is supported by the observation of free radicals, CrO2(2+) (superoxo-Cr(III) ion) and oxo-Cr(V)-Glucar species as reaction intermediates. The continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance, CW-EPR, spectra show that five-coordinate oxo-Cr(V) bischelates are formed at pH ≤ 4 with the aldaric acid bound to oxo-Cr(V) through the carboxylate and the α-OH group. A different oxo-Cr(V) species with Glucar was detected at pH 6.0. The high g(iso) value for the last species suggests a mixed coordination species, a five-coordinated oxo-Cr(V) bischelate with one molecule of Glucar acting as a bi-dentate ligand, using the 2-hydroxycarboxylate group, and a second molecule of Glucar with any vic-diolate sites. At pH 7.5 only a very weak EPR signal was observed, which may point to instability of these complexes. This behaviour contrasts with oxo-Cr(V)-uronic species, and must thus be related to the Glucar acyclic structure. In vitro, our studies on the chemistry of oxo-Cr(V)-Glucar complexes can provide information on the nature of the species that are likely to be stabilized in vivo.

Reduction of hypervalent chromium in acidic media by alginic acid

Selective oxidation of carboxylate groups present in alginic acid by Cr(VI) affords CO2, oxidized alginic acid, and Cr(III) as final products. The redox reaction afforded first-order kinetics in [alginic acid], [Cr(VI)], and [H(+)], at fixed ionic strength and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the redox reaction proceeds through a mechanism which combines Cr(VI)→Cr(IV)→Cr(II) and Cr(VI)→Cr(IV)→Cr(III) pathways. The mechanism was supported by the observation of free radicals, CrO2(2+) and Cr(V) as reaction intermediates. The reduction of Cr(IV) and Cr(V) by alginic acid was independently studied and it was found to occur more than 10(3) times faster than alginic acid/Cr(VI) reaction, in acid media. At pH 1-3, oxo-chromate(V)-alginic acid species remain in solution during several hours at 15°C. The results showed that this abundant structural polysaccharide present on brown seaweeds is able to reduce Cr(VI/V/IV) or stabilize high-valent chromium depending on pH value.

Detection and structural characterization of oxo-chromium(V)-sugar complexes by electron paramagnetic resonance

This article describes the detection and characterization of oxo-Cr(V)-saccharide coordination compounds, produced during chromic oxidation of carbohydrates by Cr(VI) and Cr(V), using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. After an introduction into the main importance of chromium (bio)chemistry, and more specifically the oxo-chromium(V)-sugar complexes, a general overview is given of the current state-of-the-art EPR techniques. The next step reviews which types of EPR spectroscopy are currently applied to oxo-Cr(V) complexes, and what information about these systems can be gained from such experiments. The advantages and pitfalls of the different approaches are discussed, and it is shown that the potential of high-field and pulsed EPR techniques is as yet still largely unexploited in the field of oxo-Cr(V) complexes. Subsequently, the discussion focuses on the analysis of oxo-Cr(V) complexes of different types of sugars and the implications of the results in terms of understanding chromium (bio)chemistry.