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Suremann NF, McCarthy BD, Gschwind W, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Hammarström L, Ott S. Molecular Catalysis of Energy Relevance in Metal-Organic Frameworks: From Higher Coordination Sphere to System Effects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6545-6611. [PMID: 37184577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The modularity and synthetic flexibility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have provoked analogies with enzymes, and even the term MOFzymes has been coined. In this review, we focus on molecular catalysis of energy relevance in MOFs, more specifically water oxidation, oxygen and carbon dioxide reduction, as well as hydrogen evolution in context of the MOF-enzyme analogy. Similar to enzymes, catalyst encapsulation in MOFs leads to structural stabilization under turnover conditions, while catalyst motifs that are synthetically out of reach in a homogeneous solution phase may be attainable as secondary building units in MOFs. Exploring the unique synthetic possibilities in MOFs, specific groups in the second and third coordination sphere around the catalytic active site have been incorporated to facilitate catalysis. A key difference between enzymes and MOFs is the fact that active site concentrations in the latter are often considerably higher, leading to charge and mass transport limitations in MOFs that are more severe than those in enzymes. High catalyst concentrations also put a limit on the distance between catalysts, and thus the available space for higher coordination sphere engineering. As transport is important for MOF-borne catalysis, a system perspective is chosen to highlight concepts that address the issue. A detailed section on transport and light-driven reactivity sets the stage for a concise review of the currently available literature on utilizing principles from Nature and system design for the preparation of catalytic MOF-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Suremann
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wanja Gschwind
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Weder N, Probst B, Sévery L, Fernández-Terán RJ, Beckord J, Blacque O, Tilley SD, Hamm P, Osterwalder J, Alberto R. Mechanistic insights into photocatalysis and over two days of stable H 2 generation in electrocatalysis by a molecular cobalt catalyst immobilized on TiO 2. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and heterogeneous water reduction combined: Over 2 days of electrocatalysis of a cobalt polypyridyl catalyst immobilized on TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Weder
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Probst
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Laurent Sévery
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Beckord
- Department of Physics
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - S. David Tilley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
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3
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Tetzlaff D, Simon C, Achilleos DS, Smialkowski M, Junge Puring K, Bloesser A, Piontek S, Kasap H, Siegmund D, Reisner E, Marschall R, Apfel UP. Fe xNi 9-xS 8 (x = 3-6) as potential photocatalysts for solar-driven hydrogen production? Faraday Discuss 2019; 215:216-226. [PMID: 30942205 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficient reduction of protons by non-noble metals under mild conditions is a challenge for our modern society. Nature utilises hydrogenases, enzymatic machineries that comprise iron- and nickel- containing active sites, to perform the conversion of protons to hydrogen. We herein report a straightforward synthetic pathway towards well-defined particles of the bio-inspired material FexNi9-xS8, a structural and functional analogue of hydrogenase metal sulfur clusters. Moreover, the potential of pentlandites to serve as photocatalysts for solar-driven H2-production is assessed for the first time. The FexNi9-xS8 materials are visible light responsive (band gaps between 2.02 and 2.49 eV, depending on the pentlandite's Fe : Ni content) and display a conduction band energy close to the thermodynamic potential for proton reduction. Despite the limited driving force, a modest activity for photocatalytic H2 has been observed. Our observations show the potential for the future development of pentlandites as photocatalysts. This work provides a basis to explore powerful synergies between biomimetic chemistry and material design to unlock novel applications in solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tetzlaff
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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4
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Dalle K, Warnan J, Leung JJ, Reuillard B, Karmel IS, Reisner E. Electro- and Solar-Driven Fuel Synthesis with First Row Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2752-2875. [PMID: 30767519 PMCID: PMC6396143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of renewable fuels from abundant water or the greenhouse gas CO2 is a major step toward creating sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies. In the last few decades, much attention has focused on the development of nonprecious metal-based catalysts and, in more recent years, their integration in solid-state support materials and devices that operate in water. This review surveys the literature on 3d metal-based molecular catalysts and focuses on their immobilization on heterogeneous solid-state supports for electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels in aqueous media. The first sections highlight benchmark homogeneous systems using proton and CO2 reducing 3d transition metal catalysts as well as commonly employed methods for catalyst immobilization, including a discussion of supporting materials and anchoring groups. The subsequent sections elaborate on productive associations between molecular catalysts and a wide range of substrates based on carbon, quantum dots, metal oxide surfaces, and semiconductors. The molecule-material hybrid systems are organized as "dark" cathodes, colloidal photocatalysts, and photocathodes, and their figures of merit are discussed alongside system stability and catalyst integrity. The final section extends the scope of this review to prospects and challenges in targeting catalysis beyond "classical" H2 evolution and CO2 reduction to C1 products, by summarizing cases for higher-value products from N2 reduction, C x>1 products from CO2 utilization, and other reductive organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane J. Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell S. Karmel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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5
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Willkomm J, Reisner E. Photo- and electrocatalytic H 2 evolution with cobalt oxime complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4019/bjscc.71.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
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6
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Rosser TE, Reisner E. Understanding Immobilized Molecular Catalysts for Fuel-Forming Reactions through UV/Vis Spectroelectrochemistry. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Rosser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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7
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Warnan J, Willkomm J, Ng JN, Godin R, Prantl S, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Solar H 2 evolution in water with modified diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes immobilised on molecular Co and Ni catalyst-TiO 2 hybrids. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3070-3079. [PMID: 28451376 PMCID: PMC5380916 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes with a terminal phosphonic acid group for attachment to metal oxide surfaces were synthesised and the effect of side chain modification on their properties investigated.
A series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes with a terminal phosphonic acid group for attachment to metal oxide surfaces were synthesised and the effect of side chain modification on their properties investigated. The organic photosensitisers feature strong visible light absorption (λ = 400 to 575 nm) and electrochemical and fluorescence studies revealed that the excited state of all dyes provides sufficient driving force for electron injection into the TiO2 conduction band. The performance of the DPP chromophores attached to TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic H2 evolution with co-immobilised molecular Co and Ni catalysts was subsequently studied, resulting in solar fuel generation with a dye-sensitised semiconductor nanoparticle system suspended in water without precious metal components. The performance of the DPP dyes in photocatalysis did not only depend on electronic parameters, but also on properties of the side chain such as polarity, steric hinderance and hydrophobicity as well as the specific experimental conditions and the nature of the sacrificial electron donor. In an aqueous pH 4.5 ascorbic acid solution with a phosphonated DuBois-type Ni catalyst, a DPP-based turnover number (TONDPP) of up to 205 was obtained during UV-free simulated solar light irradiation (100 mW cm–2, AM 1.5G, λ > 420 nm) after 1 day. DPP-sensitised TiO2 nanoparticles were also successfully used in combination with a hydrogenase or platinum instead of the synthetic H2 evolution catalysts and the platinum-based system achieved a TONDPP of up to 2660, which significantly outperforms an analogous system using a phosphonated Ru tris(bipyridine) dye (TONRu = 431). Finally, transient absorption spectroscopy was performed to study interfacial recombination and dye regeneration kinetics revealing that the different performances of the DPP dyes are most likely dictated by the different regeneration efficiencies of the oxidised chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Jamues N Ng
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Sebastian Prantl
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
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8
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Martsinovich N. Theory of materials for solar energy conversion. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:070301. [PMID: 26808089 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/7/070301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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9
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Rosser TE, Gross MA, Lai YH, Reisner E. Precious-metal free photoelectrochemical water splitting with immobilised molecular Ni and Fe redox catalysts. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4024-4035. [PMID: 30155045 PMCID: PMC6013811 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04863j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with 3d transition metal molecular catalysts and light has been accomplished.
Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with molecular catalysts and light has been a long-established challenge. Approaches in homogeneous systems have been met with little success and the integration of molecular catalysts in photoelectrochemical cells is challenging due to inaccessibility and incompatibility of functional hybrid molecule/material electrodes with long-term stability in aqueous solution. Here, we present the first example of light-driven water splitting achieved with precious-metal-free molecular catalysts driving both oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. Mesoporous TiO2 was employed as a low-cost scaffold with long-term stability for anchoring a phosphonic acid-modified nickel(ii) bis-diphosphine catalyst (NiP) for electrocatalytic proton reduction. A turnover number of 600 mol H2 per mol NiP was achieved after 8 h controlled-potential electrolysis at a modest overpotential of 250 mV. X-ray photoelectron, UV-vis and IR spectroscopies confirmed that the molecular structure of the Ni catalyst remains intact after prolonged hydrogen production, thereby reasserting the suitability of molecular catalysts in the development of effective, hydrogen-evolving materials. The relatively mild operating conditions of a pH 3 aqueous solution allowed this molecule-catalysed cathode to be combined with a molecular Fe(ii) catalyst-modified WO3 photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell. Water splitting into H2 and O2 was achieved under solar light illumination with an applied bias of >0.6 V, which is below the thermodynamic potential (1.23 V) for water splitting and therefore allowed the storage of solar energy in the fuel H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Rosser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB1 2EW , UK .
| | - Manuela A Gross
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB1 2EW , UK .
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lai
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB1 2EW , UK .
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB1 2EW , UK .
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10
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Willkomm J, Orchard KL, Reynal A, Pastor E, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Dye-sensitised semiconductors modified with molecular catalysts for light-driven H2 production. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:9-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress and basic understanding in the emerging field of dye-sensitised photocatalysis for light-driven hydrogen production is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Katherine L. Orchard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Anna Reynal
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle Upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Ernest Pastor
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | | | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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11
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Caputo CA, Wang L, Beranek R, Reisner E. Carbon nitride-TiO 2 hybrid modified with hydrogenase for visible light driven hydrogen production. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5690-5694. [PMID: 28757952 PMCID: PMC5512016 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02017d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A system consisting of a [NiFeSe]-hydrogenase (H2ase) grafted on the surface of a TiO2 nanoparticle modified with polyheptazine carbon nitride polymer, melon (CN x ) is reported. This semi-biological assembly shows a turnover number (TON) of more than 5.8 × 105 mol H2 (mol H2ase)-1 after 72 h in a sacrificial electron donor solution at pH 6 during solar AM 1.5 G irradiation. An external quantum efficiency up to 4.8% for photon-to-hydrogen conversion was achieved under irradiation with monochromatic light. The CN x -TiO2-H2ase construct was also active under UV-free solar light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), where it showed a substantially higher activity than TiO2-H2ase and CN x -H2ase due, in part, to the formation of a CN x -TiO2 charge transfer complex and highly productive electron transfer to the H2ase. The CN x -TiO2-H2ase system sets a new benchmark for photocatalytic H2 production with a H2ase immobilised on a noble- and toxic-metal free light absorber in terms of visible light utilisation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Caputo
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Cambridge University , Lensfied Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Lidong Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Cambridge University , Lensfied Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
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Abstract
This review summarizes three different approaches to engineering systems for the solar-driven evolution of hydrogen fuel from water: molecular, nanomaterials and biomolecular. Molecular systems have the advantage of being highly amenable to modification and detailed study and have provided great insight into photophysics, electron transfer and catalytic mechanism. However, they tend to display poor stability. Systems based on nanomaterials are more robust but also are more difficult to synthesize in a controlled manner and to modify and study in detail. Biomolecular systems share many properties with molecular systems and have the advantage of displaying inherently high efficiencies for light absorption, electron-hole separation and catalysis. However, biological systems must be engineered to couple modules that capture and convert solar photons to modules that produce hydrogen fuel. Furthermore, biological systems are prone to degradation when employed in vitro. Advances that use combinations of these three tactics also are described. Multidisciplinary approaches to this problem allow scientists to take advantage of the best features of biological, molecular and nanomaterials systems provided that the components can be coupled for efficient function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA
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13
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Wang M, Han K, Zhang S, Sun L. Integration of organometallic complexes with semiconductors and other nanomaterials for photocatalytic H2 production. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Willkomm J, Muresan NM, Reisner E. Enhancing H 2 evolution performance of an immobilised cobalt catalyst by rational ligand design. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2727-2736. [PMID: 29142677 PMCID: PMC5654411 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03946g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalyst [CoIIIBr((DO)(DOH)(4-BnPO3H2)(2-CH2py)pn)]Br, CoP3 , has been synthesised to improve the stability and activity of cobalt catalysts immobilised on metal oxide surfaces. The CoP3 catalyst contains an equatorial diimine-dioxime ligand, (DOH)2pn = N2,N2'-propanediyl-bis(2,3-butanedione-2-imine-3-oxime), with a benzylphosphonic acid (4-BnPO3H2) group and a methylpyridine (2-CH2py) ligand covalently linked to the bridgehead of the pseudo-macrocyclic diimine-dioxime ligand. The phosphonic acid functionality provides a robust anchoring group for immobilisation on metal oxides, whereas the pyridine is coordinated to the Co ion to enhance the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Electrochemical investigations in solution confirm that CoP3 shows electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of aqueous protons between pH 3 and 7. The metal oxide anchor provides the catalyst with a high affinity for mesostructured Sn-doped In2O3 electrodes (mesoITO; loading of approximately 22 nmol cm-2) and the electrostability of the attached CoP3 was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. Finally, immobilisation of the catalyst on ruthenium-dye sensitised TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous solutions in the presence of a hole scavenger establishes the activity of the catalyst in this photocatalytic scheme. The advantages of the elaborate catalyst design in CoP3 in terms of stability and catalytic activity are shown by direct comparison with previously reported phosphonated Co catalysts. We therefore demonstrate that rational ligand design is a viable route for improving the performance of immobilised molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk/
| | - Nicoleta M Muresan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk/
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk/
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15
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Yin M, Ma S, Wu C, Fan Y. A noble-metal-free photocatalytic hydrogen production system based on cobalt(iii) complex and eosin Y-sensitized TiO2. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10767e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With CoL2 as cocatalyst and eosin Y as sensitizer, the noble-metal-free heterogeneous CoL2/TiO2 system shows much efficient and more stable hydrogen evolution activity than that of the homogeneous system under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcai Yin
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shuang Ma
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chaojun Wu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yaoting Fan
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
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16
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Tschierlei S, Karnahl M, Rockstroh N, Junge H, Beller M, Lochbrunner S. Substitution-controlled excited state processes in heteroleptic copper(I) photosensitizers used in hydrogen evolving systems. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3709-13. [PMID: 25236384 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four different heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]PF6 complexes, which combine classical bidentate diimine ligands and sterically demanding diphosphine ligands, are studied by a combination of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The light-induced excited state processes, accompanied by a structural change, are discussed with respect to the application of these complexes as a new class of noble-metal-free photosensitizers in proton reducing systems. In particular, the influence of different substituents in the ligand backbone on the photophysical properties is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tschierlei
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock (Germany).
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17
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Gross M, Reynal A, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Versatile photocatalytic systems for H2 generation in water based on an efficient DuBois-type nickel catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:356-66. [PMID: 24320740 PMCID: PMC3901378 DOI: 10.1021/ja410592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of renewable H2 through an efficient photochemical route requires photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from a light harvester to an efficient electrocatalyst in water. Here, we report on a molecular H2 evolution catalyst (NiP) with a DuBois-type [Ni(P2(R')N2(R"))2](2+) core (P2(R')N2(R") = bis(1,5-R'-diphospha-3,7-R"-diazacyclooctane), which contains an outer coordination sphere with phosphonic acid groups. The latter functionality allows for good solubility in water and immobilization on metal oxide semiconductors. Electrochemical studies confirm that NiP is a highly active electrocatalyst in aqueous electrolyte solution (overpotential of approximately 200 mV at pH 4.5 with a Faradaic yield of 85 ± 4%). Photocatalytic experiments and investigations on the ET kinetics were carried out in combination with a phosphonated Ru(II) tris(bipyridine) dye (RuP) in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption spectroscopy studies confirmed that directed ET from RuP to NiP occurs efficiently in all systems on the nano- to microsecond time scale, through three distinct routes: reductive quenching of RuP in solution or on the surface of ZrO2 ("on particle" system) or oxidative quenching of RuP when the compounds were immobilized on TiO2 ("through particle" system). Our studies show that NiP can be used in a purely aqueous solution and on a semiconductor surface with a high degree of versatility. A high TOF of 460 ± 60 h(-1) with a TON of 723 ± 171 for photocatalytic H2 generation with a molecular Ni catalyst in water and a photon-to-H2 quantum yield of approximately 10% were achieved for the homogeneous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela
A. Gross
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable
SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Anna Reynal
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable
SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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Karnahl M, Mejía E, Rockstroh N, Tschierlei S, Luo SP, Grabow K, Kruth A, Brüser V, Junge H, Lochbrunner S, Beller M. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production with Copper Photosensitizer-Titanium Dioxide Composites. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lakadamyali F, Reynal A, Kato M, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Electron Transfer in Dye-Sensitised Semiconductors Modified with Molecular Cobalt Catalysts: Photoreduction of Aqueous Protons. Chemistry 2012; 18:15464-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lakadamyali F, Kato M, Muresan NM, Reisner E. Selective Reduction of Aqueous Protons to Hydrogen with a Synthetic Cobaloxime Catalyst in the Presence of Atmospheric Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9381-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lakadamyali F, Kato M, Muresan NM, Reisner E. Selective Reduction of Aqueous Protons to Hydrogen with a Synthetic Cobaloxime Catalyst in the Presence of Atmospheric Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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