1
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Nguyen QT, Rousset E, Nguyen VTH, Colliere V, Lecante P, Klysubun W, Philippot K, Esvan J, Respaud M, Lemercier G, Tran PD, Amiens C. Covalent Grafting of Ruthenium Complexes on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53829-53840. [PMID: 34726907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present environmental crisis prompts the search for renewable energy sources such as solar-driven production of hydrogen from water. Herein, we report an efficient hybrid photocatalyst for water oxidation, consisting of a ruthenium polypyridyl complex covalently grafted on core/shell Fe@FeOx nanoparticles via a phosphonic acid group. The photoelectrochemical measurements were performed under 1 sun illumination in 1 M KOH. The photocurrent density of this hybrid photoanode reached 20 μA/cm2 (applied potential of +1.0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode), corresponding to a turnover frequency of 0.02 s-1. This performance represents a 9-fold enhancement of that achieved with a mixture of Fe@FeOx nanoparticles and a linker-free ruthenium polypyridyl photosensitizer. This increase in performance could be attributed to a more efficient electron transfer between the ruthenium photosensitizer and the Fe@FeOx catalyst as a consequence of the covalent link between these two species through the phosphonate pendant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen T Nguyen
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Elodie Rousset
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, UMR CNRS, 7312 Moulin de la House, BP 1039, F-51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Van T H Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vincent Colliere
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pierre Lecante
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29 rue J. Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Wantana Klysubun
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, 111 University Avenue, Muang, 30000 Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Karine Philippot
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérôme Esvan
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INPT-UPS, 4 Allée Emile Monso, BP 44362, 31030 Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Respaud
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LPCNO, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, UMR CNRS, 7312 Moulin de la House, BP 1039, F-51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Phong D Tran
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Catherine Amiens
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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2
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Zhang H, Weiss I, Rudra I, Jo WJ, Kellner S, Katsoukis G, Galoppini E, Frei H. Controlling and Optimizing Photoinduced Charge Transfer across Ultrathin Silica Separation Membrane with Embedded Molecular Wires for Artificial Photosynthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23532-23546. [PMID: 33983702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin amorphous silica membranes with embedded organic molecular wires (oligo(p-phenylenevinylene), three aryl units) provide chemical separation of incompatible catalytic environments of CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation while maintaining electronic and protonic coupling between them. For an efficient nanoscale artificial photosystem, important performance criteria are high rate and directionality of charge flow. Here, the visible-light-induced charge flow from an anchored Ru bipyridyl light absorber across the silica nanomembrane to Co3O4 water oxidation catalyst is quantitatively evaluated by photocurrent measurements. Charge transfer rates increase linearly with wire density, with 5 nm-2 identified as an optimal target. Accurate measurement of wire and light absorber densities is accomplished by the polarized FT-IRRAS method. Guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, four wire derivatives featuring electron-donating (methoxy) and -withdrawing groups (sulfonate, perfluorophenyl) with highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) potentials ranging from 1.48 to 0.64 V vs NHE were synthesized and photocurrents evaluated. Charge transfer rates increase sharply with increasing driving force for hole transfer from the excited light absorber to the embedded wire, followed by a decrease as the HOMO potential of the wire moves beyond the Co3O4 valence band level toward more negative values, pointing to an optimal wire HOMO potential around 1.3 V vs NHE. Comparison with photocurrents of samples without nanomembrane indicates that silica layers with optimized wires are able to approach undiminished electron flux at typical solar intensities. Combined with the established high proton conductivity and small-molecule blocking property, the charge transfer measurements demonstrate that oxidation and reduction catalysis can be efficiently integrated on the nanoscale under separation by an ultrathin silica membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Indranil Rudra
- Shell India Markets Pvt. Ltd., Mahadeva Kodigehalli, Bangalore 562149, India
| | - Won Jun Jo
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon Kellner
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Georgios Katsoukis
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Heinz Frei
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Mirbagheri N, Campos R, Ferapontova EE. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Water by OH
−
‐ and H
2
O‐Capped IrO
x
Nanoparticles Electrophoretically Deposited on Graphite and Basal Plane HOPG: Effect of the Substrate Electrode**. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmehalsadat Mirbagheri
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Rui Campos
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- AXES research group and NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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4
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Reilly CE, Dillon RJ, Nayak A, Brogan S, Moot T, Brennaman MK, Lopez R, Meyer TJ, Alibabaei L. Dye-Sensitized Nonstoichiometric Strontium Titanate Core-Shell Photocathodes for Photoelectrosynthesis Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15261-15269. [PMID: 33745279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A core-shell approach that utilizes a high-surface-area conducting core and an outer semiconductor shell is exploited here to prepare p-type dye-sensitized solar energy cells that operate with a minimal applied bias. Photocathodes were prepared by coating thin films of nanocrystalline indium tin oxide with a 0.8 nm Al2O3 seeding layer, followed by the chemical growth of nonstoichiometric strontium titanate. Films were annealed and sensitized with either a porphyrin chromophore or a chromophore-catalyst molecular assembly consisting of the porphyrin covalently tethered to the ruthenium complex. The sensitized photoelectrodes produced cathodic photocurrents of up to -315 μA/cm2 under simulated sunlight (AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm2) in aqueous media, pH 5. The photocurrent was increased by the addition of regenerative hole donors to the system, consistent with slow interfacial recombination kinetics, an important property of p-type dye-sensitized electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert J Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shane Brogan
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Taylor Moot
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew K Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rene Lopez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leila Alibabaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Hernández-Pagán EA, Lord RW, Veglak JM, Schaak RE. Incorporation of Metal Phosphide Domains into Colloidal Hybrid Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4278-4290. [PMID: 33661620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal hybrid nanoparticles have generated considerable attention in the inorganic nanomaterials community. The combination of different materials within a single nanoparticle can lead to synergistic properties that can enable new properties, new applications, and the discovery of new phenomena. As such, methodologies for the synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles that integrate metal-metal, metal chalcogenide, metal oxide, and oxide-chalcogenide domains have been extensively reported in the literature. However, colloidal hybrid nanoparticles containing metal phosphide domains are rare, despite being attractive systems for their potentially unique catalytic, photocatalytic, and optoelectronic properties. In this Forum Article, we report a study of the synthesis of colloidal hybrid nanoparticles that couple the metal phosphides Ni2P and CoxPy with Au, Ag, PbS, and CdS using heterogeneous seeded-growth reactions. We also investigate the transformation of Au-Ni heterodimers to Au-Ni2P, where phosphidation of preformed metal-metal hybrid nanoparticles offers an alternative route to metal phosphide systems. We also study sequential cation-exchange reactions to target specific metal phosphide hybrids, i.e., the transformation of Ni2P-PbS into Ni2P-Ag2S and then Ni2P-CdS. Throughout all of these pathways, the accompanying discussion emphasizes the synthetic rationale, as well as the challenges in synthesis and characterization that are unique to these systems. In particular, the observation of oxide shells that surround the phosphide domains has implications for the potential photocatalytic applications of these hybrid nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil A Hernández-Pagán
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Robert W Lord
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph M Veglak
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Raymond E Schaak
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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6
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Sherman BD, McMillan NK, Willinger D, Leem G. Sustainable hydrogen production from water using tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:7. [PMID: 33650039 PMCID: PMC7921270 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
If generated from water using renewable energy, hydrogen could serve as a carbon-zero, environmentally benign fuel to meet the needs of modern society. Photoelectrochemical cells integrate the absorption and conversion of solar energy and chemical catalysis for the generation of high value products. Tandem photoelectrochemical devices have demonstrated impressive solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies but have not become economically relevant due to high production cost. Dye-sensitized solar cells, those based on a monolayer of molecular dye adsorbed to a high surface area, optically transparent semiconductor electrode, offer a possible route to realizing tandem photochemical systems for H2 production by water photolysis with lower overall material and processing costs. This review addresses the design and materials important to the development of tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for solar H2 production and highlights current published reports detailing systems capable of spontaneous H2 formation from water using only dye-sensitized interfaces for light capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Nelli Klinova McMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Debora Willinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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7
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Decavoli C, Boldrini CL, Manfredi N, Abbotto A. Molecular Organic Sensitizers for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Decavoli
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Liliana Boldrini
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
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8
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Yoshimura N, Kobayashi A, Yoshida M, Kato M. A Systematic Study on the Double-Layered Photosensitizing Dye Structure on the Surface of Pt-Cocatalyst-Loaded TiO2 Nanoparticles. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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9
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Swierk JR, McCool NS, Röhr JA, Hedström S, Konezny SJ, Nemes CT, Xu P, Batista VS, Mallouk TE, Schmuttenmaer CA. Ultrafast proton-assisted tunneling through ZrO 2 in dye-sensitized SnO 2-core/ZrO 2-shell films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7971-7974. [PMID: 29961797 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04189j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell architectures are used to modulate injection and recombination in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. Here, we demonstrate that exposing SnO2-core/ZrO2-shell films to acid permits photoinduced electron transfer through ZrO2-shells at least 4 nm thick. A novel mechanism of charge transfer is proposed where protonic defects permit ultrafast trap-assisted tunneling of electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
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10
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Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical water oxidation through a buried junction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6946-6951. [PMID: 29915092 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804728115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water oxidation has long been a challenge in artificial photosynthetic devices that convert solar energy into fuels. Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (WS-DSPECs) provide a modular approach for integrating light-harvesting molecules with water-oxidation catalysts on metal-oxide electrodes. Despite recent progress in improving the efficiency of these devices by introducing good molecular water-oxidation catalysts, WS-DSPECs have poor stability, owing to the oxidation of molecular components at very positive electrode potentials. Here we demonstrate that a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (ss-DSSC) can be used as a buried junction for stable photoelectrochemical water splitting. A thin protecting layer of TiO2 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) stabilizes the operation of the photoanode in aqueous solution, although as a solar cell there is a performance loss due to increased series resistance after the coating. With an electrodeposited iridium oxide layer, a photocurrent density of 1.43 mA cm-2 was observed in 0.1 M pH 6.7 phosphate solution at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, with good stability over 1 h. We measured an incident photon-to-current efficiency of 22% at 540 nm and a Faradaic efficiency of 43% for oxygen evolution. While the potential profile of the catalyst layer suggested otherwise, we confirmed the formation of a buried junction in the as-prepared photoelectrode. The buried junction design of ss-DSSs adds to our understanding of semiconductor-electrocatalyst junction behaviors in the presence of a poor semiconducting material.
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11
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Yamamoto M, Tanaka K. Artificial Molecular Photosynthetic Systems: Towards Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1028-1044. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Advanced Chemical Technology Center in Kyoto; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences; Kyoto University; Jibucho 105, Fushimi-ku Kyoto 612-8374 Japan
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12
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Silicon Compound Decorated Photoanode for Performance Enhanced Visible Light Driven Water Splitting. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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McCool NS, Swierk JR, Nemes CT, Schmuttenmaer CA, Mallouk TE. Dynamics of Electron Injection in SnO2/TiO2 Core/Shell Electrodes for Water-Splitting Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2930-4. [PMID: 27414977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (WS-DSPECs) rely on photoinduced charge separation at a dye/semiconductor interface to supply electrons and holes for water splitting. To improve the efficiency of charge separation and reduce charge recombination in these devices, it is possible to use core/shell structures in which photoinduced electron transfer occurs stepwise through a series of progressively more positive acceptor states. Here, we use steady-state emission studies and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy to follow the dynamics of electron injection from a photoexcited ruthenium polypyridyl dye as a function of the TiO2 shell thickness on SnO2 nanoparticles. Electron injection proceeds directly into the SnO2 core when the thickness of the TiO2 shell is less than 5 Å. For thicker shells, electrons are injected into the TiO2 shell and trapped, and are then released into the SnO2 core on a time scale of hundreds of picoseconds. As the TiO2 shell increases in thickness, the probability of electron trapping in nonmobile states within the shell increases. Conduction band electrons in the TiO2 shell and the SnO2 core can be differentiated on the basis of their mobility. These observations help explain the observation of an optimum shell thickness for core/shell water-splitting electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Coleen T Nemes
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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14
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Sherman BD, Sheridan MV, Dares CJ, Meyer TJ. Two Electrode Collector-Generator Method for the Detection of Electrochemically or Photoelectrochemically Produced O2. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7076-82. [PMID: 27341737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A dual working electrode technique for the in situ production and quantification of electrochemically or photoelectrochemically produced O2 is described. This technique, termed a collector-generator cell, utilizes a transparent fluorine doped tin oxide electrode to sense O2. This setup is specifically designed for detecting O2 in dye sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew V Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher J Dares
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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15
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Sherman BD, Sheridan MV, Wee KR, Song N, Dares CJ, Fang Z, Tamaki Y, Nayak A, Meyer TJ. Analysis of Homogeneous Water Oxidation Catalysis with Collector-Generator Cells. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:512-7. [PMID: 26561735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A collector-generator (C-G) technique has been applied to determine the Faradaic efficiencies for electrocatalytic O2 production by the homogeneous water oxidation catalysts Ru(bda)(isoq)2 (1; bda = 2,2'-bipyridine and isoq = isoquinoline) and [Ru(tpy)(bpz)(OH2)](2+) (2; tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and bpz = 2,2'-bipyrazine). This technique uses a custom-fabricated cell consisting of two fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) working electrodes separated by 1 mm with the conductive sides facing each other. With a catalyst in solution, water oxidation occurs at one FTO electrode under a sufficient bias to drive O2 formation by the catalyst; the O2 formed then diffuses to the second FTO electrode poised at a potential sufficiently negative to drive O2 reduction. A comparison of the current versus time response at each electrode enables determination of the Faradaic efficiency for O2 production with high concentrations of supporting electrolyte important for avoiding capacitance effects between the electrodes. The C-G technique was applied to electrocatalytic water oxidation by 1 in the presence of the electron-transfer mediator Ru(bpy)3(2+) in both unbuffered aqueous solutions and with the added buffer bases HCO3(-), HPO4(2-), imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, and 4-methoxypyridine. HCO3(-) and HPO4(2-) facilitate water oxidation by atom-proton transfer (APT), which gave Faradaic yields of 100%. With imidazole as the buffer base, coordination to the catalyst inhibited water oxidation. 1-Methylimidazole and 4-methoxypyridine gave O2 yields of 55% and 76%, respectively, with the lower Faradaic efficiencies possibly due to competitive C-H oxidation of the bases. O2 evolution by catalyst 2 was evaluated at pH 12 with 0.1 M PO4(3-) and at pH 7 in a 0.1 M H2PO4(-)/HPO4(2-) buffer. At pH 12, at an applied potential of 0.8 V vs SCE, water oxidation by the Ru(IV)(O)(2+) form of the catalyst gave O2 in 73% yield. In a pH 7 solution, water oxidation at 1.4 V vs SCE, which is dominated by Ru(V)(O)(3+), gave O2 with an efficiency of 100%. The lower efficiency for Ru(IV)(O)(2+) at pH 12 may be due to competitive oxidation of a polypyridyl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew V Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Na Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher J Dares
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yusuke Tamaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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16
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Ashford DL, Gish MK, Vannucci AK, Brennaman MK, Templeton JL, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ. Molecular Chromophore–Catalyst Assemblies for Solar Fuel Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13006-49. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Ashford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Melissa K. Gish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Aaron K. Vannucci
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joseph L. Templeton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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17
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Lapides AM, Sherman BD, Brennaman MK, Dares CJ, Skinner KR, Templeton JL, Meyer TJ. Synthesis, characterization, and water oxidation by a molecular chromophore-catalyst assembly prepared by atomic layer deposition. The "mummy" strategy. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6398-6406. [PMID: 30090260 PMCID: PMC6054119 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01752a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for preparing spatially-controlled, multi-component films consisting of molecular light absorbing chromophores and water oxidation catalysts on high surface area, mesoporous metal oxide surfaces is described. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used to embed a surface-bound chromophore in a thin layer of inert Al2O3, followed by catalyst binding to the new oxide surface. In a final step, catalyst surface-binding is stabilized by a subsequent ALD overlayer of Al2O3. The ALD assembly procedure bypasses synthetic difficulties arising from the preparation of phosphonic acid derivatized, covalently-linked assemblies. An ALD mummy-based assembly has been used to demonstrate photoelectrochemical dehydrogenation of hydroquinone. Electrocatalytic water oxidation at pH 8.8 is observed over a 2 hour electrolysis period and light-assisted water oxidation over a 6 hour photolysis period with O2 detected with a generator-collector electrode configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lapides
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
| | - B D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
| | - M K Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
| | - C J Dares
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
| | - K R Skinner
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
| | - J L Templeton
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
| | - T J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB 3290 , Chapel Hill , NC 27599 , USA . ;
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18
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Fielden J, Sumliner JM, Han N, Geletii YV, Xiang X, Musaev DG, Lian T, Hill CL. Water splitting with polyoxometalate-treated photoanodes: enhancing performance through sensitizer design. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5531-5543. [PMID: 29861891 PMCID: PMC5949860 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01439e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible light driven water oxidation has been demonstrated at near-neutral pH using photoanodes based on nanoporous films of TiO2, polyoxometalate (POM) water oxidation catalyst [{Ru4O4(OH)2(H2O)4}(γ-SiW10O36)2]10- (1), and both known photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)2(H4dpbpy)]2+ (P2) and the novel crown ether functionalized dye [Ru(5-crownphen)2(H2dpbpy)](H22). Both triads, containing catalyst 1, and catalyst-free dyads, produce O2 with high faradaic efficiencies (80 to 94%), but presence of catalyst enhances quantum yield by up to 190% (maximum 0.39%). New sensitizer H22 absorbs light more strongly than P2, and increases O2 quantum yields by up to 270%. TiO2-2 based photoelectrodes are also more stable to desorption of active species than TiO2-P2: losses of catalyst 1 are halved when pH > TiO2 point-of-zero charge (pzc), and losses of sensitizer reduced below the pzc (no catalyst is lost when pH < pzc). For the triads, quantum yields of O2 are higher at pH 5.8 than at pH 7.2, opposing the trend observed for 1 under homogeneous conditions. This is ascribed to lower stability of the dye oxidized states at higher pH, and less efficient electron transfer to TiO2, and is also consistent with the 4th1-to-dye electron transfer limiting performance rather than catalyst TOFmax. Transient absorption reveals that TiO2-2-1 has similar 1st electron transfer dynamics to TiO2-P2-1, with rapid (ps timescale) formation of long-lived TiO2(e-)-2-1(h+) charge separated states, and demonstrates that metallation of the crown ether groups (Na+/Mg2+) has little or no effect on electron transfer from 1 to 2. The most widely relevant findings of this study are therefore: (i) increased dye extinction coefficients and binding stability significantly improve performance in dye-sensitized water splitting systems; (ii) binding of POMs to electrode surfaces can be stabilized through use of recognition groups; (iii) the optimal homogeneous and TiO2-bound operating pHs of a catalyst may not be the same; and (iv) dye-sensitized TiO2 can oxidize water without a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fielden
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA . .,WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK
| | - Jordan M Sumliner
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Nannan Han
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Yurii V Geletii
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Xu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA . .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 1000029 , P. R. China
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Craig L Hill
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
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19
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Ashford DL, Sherman BD, Binstead RA, Templeton JL, Meyer TJ. Electro-assembly of a Chromophore-Catalyst Bilayer for Water Oxidation and Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Ashford DL, Sherman BD, Binstead RA, Templeton JL, Meyer TJ. Electro-assembly of a chromophore-catalyst bilayer for water oxidation and photocatalytic water splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4778-81. [PMID: 25707676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of electropolymerization to prepare electrocatalytically and photocatalytically active electrodes for water oxidation is described. Electropolymerization of the catalyst Ru(II)(bda)(4-vinylpyridine)2 (bda=2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) on planar electrodes results in films containing semirigid polymer networks. In these films there is a change in the water oxidation mechanism compared to the solution analogue from bimolecular to single-site. Electro-assembly construction of a chromophore-catalyst structure on mesoporous, nanoparticle TiO2 films provides the basis for a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) for sustained water splitting in a pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. Photogenerated oxygen was measured in real-time by use of a two-electrode cell design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Schrauben JN, Zhao Y, Mercado C, Dron PI, Ryerson JL, Michl J, Zhu K, Johnson JC. Photocurrent enhanced by singlet fission in a dye-sensitized solar cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2286-2293. [PMID: 25607825 DOI: 10.1021/am506329v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of singlet fission have accelerated recently because of its potential utility in solar photoconversion, although only a few reports definitively identify the role of singlet fission in a complete solar cell. Evidence of the influence of singlet fission in a dye-sensitized solar cell using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPIBF, 1) as the sensitizer is reported here. Self-assembly of the blue-absorbing 1 with co-adsorbed oxidation products on mesoporous TiO2 yields a cell with a peak internal quantum efficiency of ∼70% and a power conversion efficiency of ∼1.1%. Introducing a ZrO2 spacer layer of thickness varying from 2 to 20 Å modulates the short-circuit photocurrent such that it is initially reduced as thickness increases but 1 with 10-15 Å of added ZrO2. This rise can be explained as being due to a reduced rate of injection of electrons from the S1 state of 1 such that singlet fission, known to occur with a 30 ps time constant in polycrystalline films, has the opportunity to proceed efficiently and produce two T1 states per absorbed photon that can subsequently inject electrons into TiO2. Transient spectroscopy and kinetic simulations confirm this novel mode of dye-sensitized solar cell operation and its potential utility for enhanced solar photoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Schrauben
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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22
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Brennan BJ, Durrell AC, Koepf M, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. Towards multielectron photocatalysis: a porphyrin array for lateral hole transfer and capture on a metal oxide surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12728-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01683e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
“An artificial photosynthetic model system is reported consisting of a porphyrin monolayer on a SnO2 surface that enables oxidizing equivalents to be efficiently delivered to a thermodynamic trap via lateral hole transfer.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Brennan
- Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Alec C. Durrell
- Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Matthieu Koepf
- Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Energy Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
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23
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Kärkäs MD, Verho O, Johnston EV, Åkermark B. Artificial Photosynthesis: Molecular Systems for Catalytic Water Oxidation. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11863-2001. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400572f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric V. Johnston
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Åkermark
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Swierk JR, McCool NS, Saunders TP, Barber GD, Mallouk TE. Effects of electron trapping and protonation on the efficiency of water-splitting dye-sensitized solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10974-82. [PMID: 25068176 DOI: 10.1021/ja5040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical (WS-DSPECs) cells employ molecular sensitizers to absorb light and transport holes across the TiO2 surface to colloidal or molecular water oxidation catalysts. As hole diffusion occurs along the surface, electrons are transported through the mesoporous TiO2 film. In this paper we report the effects of electron trapping and protonation in the TiO2 film on the dynamics of electron and hole transport in WS-DSPECs. When the sensitizer bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(4,4'-diphosphonato-2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) is adsorbed from aqueous acid instead of from ethanol, there is more rapid hole transfer between photo-oxidized sensitizer molecules that are adsorbed from strong acid. However, the photocurrent and open-circuit photovoltage are dramatically lower with sensitizers adsorbed from acid because intercalated protons charge-compensate electron traps in the TiO2 film. Kinetic modeling of the photocurrent shows that electron trapping is responsible for the rapid electrode polarization that is observed in all WS-DSPECs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests that proton intercalation also plays an important role in the slow degradation of WS-DSPECs, which generate protons at the anode as water is oxidized to oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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25
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Klepser BM, Bartlett BM. Anchoring a Molecular Iron Catalyst to Solar-Responsive WO3 Improves the Rate and Selectivity of Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1694-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4086808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Klepser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bart M. Bartlett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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26
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Karnahl M, Mejía E, Rockstroh N, Tschierlei S, Luo SP, Grabow K, Kruth A, Brüser V, Junge H, Lochbrunner S, Beller M. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production with Copper Photosensitizer-Titanium Dioxide Composites. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Wide frequency range diagnostic impedance behavior of the multiple interfaces charge transport and transfer processes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Osterloh FE. Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2294-320. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1658] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Cowan AJ, Durrant JR. Long-lived charge separated states in nanostructured semiconductor photoelectrodes for the production of solar fuels. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2281-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Swierk JR, Mallouk TE. Design and development of photoanodes for water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2357-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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The in vivo biodistribution and fate of CdSe quantum dots in the murine model: a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:3025-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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32
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Improving the efficiency of water splitting in dye-sensitized solar cells by using a biomimetic electron transfer mediator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15612-6. [PMID: 22547794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118339109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting directly converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in hydrogen, a high energy density fuel. Although water splitting using semiconductor photoelectrodes has been studied for more than 40 years, it has only recently been demonstrated using dye-sensitized electrodes. The quantum yield for water splitting in these dye-based systems has, so far, been very low because the charge recombination reaction is faster than the catalytic four-electron oxidation of water to oxygen. We show here that the quantum yield is more than doubled by incorporating an electron transfer mediator that is mimetic of the tyrosine-histidine mediator in Photosystem II. The mediator molecule is covalently bound to the water oxidation catalyst, a colloidal iridium oxide particle, and is coadsorbed onto a porous titanium dioxide electrode with a Ruthenium polypyridyl sensitizer. As in the natural photosynthetic system, this molecule mediates electron transfer between a relatively slow metal oxide catalyst that oxidizes water on the millisecond timescale and a dye molecule that is oxidized in a fast light-induced electron transfer reaction. The presence of the mediator molecule in the system results in photoelectrochemical water splitting with an internal quantum efficiency of approximately 2.3% using blue light.
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