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Arrigoni A, Brambilla L, Castiglioni C, Bertarelli C. Conducting Electrospun Nanofibres: Monitoring of Iodine Doping of P3HT through Infrared (IRAV) and Raman (RaAV) Polaron Spectroscopic Features. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4308. [PMID: 36500931 PMCID: PMC9739408 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aligned polymer nanofibres are prepared by means of the electrospinning of a chlorobenzene solution containing regioregular poly(3-hexyltiophene-2,5-diyl), P3HT, and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO. The PEO scaffold is easily dissolved with acetonitrile, leaving pure P3HT fibres, which do not show structural modification. Polymer fibres, either with or without the PEO supporting polymer, are effectively doped by exposure to iodine vapours. Doping is monitored following the changes in the doping-induced vibrational bands (IRAVs) observed in the infrared spectra and by means of Raman spectroscopy. Molecular orientation inside the fibres has been assessed by means of IR experiments in polarised light, clearly demonstrating that electrospinning induces the orientation of the polymer chains along the fibre axis as well as of the defects introduced by doping. This work illustrates a case study that contributes to the fundamental knowledge of the vibrational properties of the doping-induced defects-charged polarons-of P3HT. Moreover, it provides experimental protocols for a thorough spectroscopic characterisation of the P3HT nanofibres, and of doped conjugated polymers in general, opening the way for the control of the material structure when the doped polymer is confined in a one-dimensional architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arrigoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Kim HJ, Perera K, Liang Z, Bowen B, Mei J, Boudouris BW. Radical Polymer-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:243-250. [PMID: 35574776 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are an emerging platform for bioelectronic applications. Significant effort has been placed in designing advanced polymers that simultaneously transport both charge and ions (i.e., macromolecules that are mixed conductors). However, the considerations for mixed organic conductors are often different from the established principles that are well-known in the solid-state organic electronics field; thus, the discovery of new OECT macromolecular systems is highly desired. Here, we demonstrate a new materials system by blending a radical polymer (i.e., a macromolecule with a nonconjugated backbone and with stable open-shell sites at its pendant group) with a frequently used conjugated polymer. Specifically, poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) (PTEO) was blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to create thin films with distinct closed-shell and open-shell domains. Importantly, the sharp and unique oxidation-reduction (redox) potential associated with the radical moieties of the PTEO chain provided a distinct actuation feature to the blended films that modulated the ionic transport of the OECT devices. In turn, this led to controlled regulation of the doping of the P3HT phase in the composite film. By decoupling the ionic and electronic transport into two distinct phases and by using an ion transport phase with well-controlled redox activity, never-before-seen performance for a P3HT-based OECT was observed. That is, at loadings as low as 5% PTEO (by weight) OECTs achieved figure-of-merit (i.e., μC*) values >150 F V-1 cm-1 s-1, which place the performance on the same order as state-of-the-art conjugated polymers despite the relatively common conjugated macromolecular moiety implemented. As such, this effort presents a design platform by which to readily create a tailored OECT response through strategic macromolecular selection and polymer processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Joong Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brennen Bowen
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Comparative solvent quality dependent crystallization in solvent vapor annealing of P3HT:PCBM thin films by in-situ GIWAXS. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Xu L, Xu XH, Liu N, Zou H, Wu ZQ. A Facile Synthetic Route to Multifunctional Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(phenyl isocyanide) Copolymers: From Aggregation-Induced Emission to Controlled Helicity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Xun-Hui Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
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5
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Controlling nanoparticle crystallinity and surface enrichment in polymer (P3HT)/Nanoparticle(PCBM) blend films with tunable soft confinement. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Dimitriev OP. Effect of Confinement on Photophysical Properties of P3HT Chains in PMMA Matrix. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:510. [PMID: 28853046 PMCID: PMC5574825 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of arrangement of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) chains embedded into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix on photophysical properties, such as electronic absorption spectrum, band gap, and photoluminescence quantum yield, of the formed P3HT aggregates have been studied. It has been found that variation of P3HT fraction in PMMA matrix from 25 to 2 wt% is accompanied with the increasing quantum yield of photoluminescence, red shift of the band gap, and structural change of P3HT crystallites. The above changes are accompanied with disruption of the continuous network of P3HT fraction into smaller P3HT particles with size ranged from several microns to several tens of nanometers. The results are interpreted in terms of the changing intermolecular packing and reduced intramolecular torsional disorder. It is discussed that the most contribution to the above changes comes from P3HT molecules at the interface of P3HT cluster and PMMA environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Natl. Acad. of Sci. of Ukraine, Prospect Nauki, 41, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine.
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7
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Verification of Scherrer formula for well-shaped poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based conductive single crystals and nanofibers and fabrication of photovoltaic devices from thin film coating. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Pierini F, Lanzi M, Nakielski P, Pawłowska S, Urbanek O, Zembrzycki K, Kowalewski TA. Single-Material Organic Solar Cells Based on Electrospun Fullerene-Grafted Polythiophene Nanofibers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
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Cheng CC, Wang YS, Chang FC, Lee DJ, Yang LC, Chen JK. Supramolecular assembly-induced enhanced emission of electrospun nanofibers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:672-5. [PMID: 25415758 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07971j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nucleobase-assembled supramolecular nanofiber is capable of forming network-like polymeric clusters through complementary hydrogen-bonding interactions. It behaves as an effective chromophore that greatly enhances the light emission efficiency of fluorescent fibers, reaching up to three times higher efficiency than the control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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10
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Persano L, Camposeo A, Pisignano D. Active polymer nanofibers for photonics, electronics, energy generation and micromechanics. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Kim T, Yang SJ, Sung SJ, Kim YS, Chang MS, Jung H, Park CR. Highly reproducible thermocontrolled electrospun fiber based organic photovoltaic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4481-4487. [PMID: 25650717 DOI: 10.1021/am508250q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we examined the reasons underlying the humidity-induced morphological changes of electrospun fibers and suggest a method of controlling the electrospun fiber morphology under high humidity conditions. We fabricated OPV devices composed of electrospun fibers, and the performance of the OPV devices depends significantly on the fiber morphology. The evaporation rate of a solvent at various relative humidity was measured to investigate the effects of the relative humidity during electrospinning process. The beaded nanofiber morphology of electrospun fibers was originated due to slow solvent evaporation rate under high humidity conditions. To increase the evaporation rate under high humidity conditions, warm air was applied to the electrospinning system. The beads that would have formed on the electrospun fibers were completely avoided, and the power conversion efficiencies of OPV devices fabricated under high humidity conditions could be restored. These results highlight the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed method for improving the reproducibility of electrospun nanofibers and performances of devices consisting of the electrospun nanofibers, regardless of the relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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12
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Li J, Li X, Ni D, Wang J, Tu G, Zhu J. Self-assembly of poly(3-hexyl thiophene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) into cylindrical micelles in binary solvent mixtures. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Materials and Systems of the Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST); Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory of Optoelectronics; HUST; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Debin Ni
- Wuhan National Laboratory of Optoelectronics; HUST; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jianying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Materials and Systems of the Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST); Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Tu
- Wuhan National Laboratory of Optoelectronics; HUST; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Materials and Systems of the Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST); Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
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13
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Kim T, Yang SJ, Kim SK, Choi HS, Park CR. Preparation of PCDTBT nanofibers with a diameter of 20 nm and their application to air-processed organic solar cells. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2847-2854. [PMID: 24469012 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices based on PCDTBT nanofibers and PC70BM is described. Electrospinning techniques are used to prepare PCDTBT nanofibers and OPV devices in ambient air. The diameters of the PCDTBT nanofibers are approximately twice the exciton diffusion length, 20 nm. The active layer exhibits 100% photoluminescence quenching due to the small nanofiber diameter, indicating that the excitons are efficiently dissociated. The electrospun PCDTBT nanofibers absorb more photons at longer wavelengths, leading to improved photon harvesting. OPV devices composed of PCDTBT nanofibers show a high short circuit current of 11.54 mA cm(-2) and a high power conversion efficiency of 5.82%. The increase in the short circuit current is attributed to enhanced photon harvesting and charge transport. This method may be applied to the fabrication, in ambient air, of large-area active layers composed of other new conjugated polymers to yield high-performance OPV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Global Research Laboratory (GRL), Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Hellmann C, Paquin F, Treat ND, Bruno A, Reynolds LX, Haque SA, Stavrinou PN, Silva C, Stingelin N. Controlling the interaction of light with polymer semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4906-4911. [PMID: 23857559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a generally applicable strategy is described to manipulate the optical properties of a wide range of polymer semiconductors in the solid state. Blending these materials with a non-conjugated, polar polymer matrix is found to be the processing key to a drastic change and red-shift of the absorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hellmann
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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15
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Erothu H, Sohdi AA, Kumar AC, Sutherland AJ, Dagron-Lartigau C, Allal A, Hiorns RC, Topham PD. Facile synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers via Steglich esterification. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Gao Q, Meguro H, Okamoto S, Kimura M. Flexible tactile sensor using the reversible deformation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofiber assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:17593-17596. [PMID: 23210599 DOI: 10.1021/la304240r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we report a simple approach to fabricating scalable flexible tactile sensors using a nanofiber assembly of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Uniform P3HT nanofibers are obtained through a continuous electrospinning process using a homogeneous solution of high-molecular-weight P3HT. The P3HT nanofibers are oriented by collecting them on a rotating drum collector. Small physical inputs into the self-standing P3HT nanofiber assemblies give rise to additional contact among neighboring nanofibers, which results in decreased contact resistance in directions orthogonal to the nanofiber orientation. The P3HT nanofiber assemblies could detect pressure changes and bending angles by monitoring the resistance changes, and the sensor responses were repeatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Functional Polymer Science, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
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17
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Im JH, Yang SJ, Yun CH, Park CR. Simple fabrication of carbon/TiO2 composite nanotubes showing dual functions with adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of Rhodamine B. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:035604. [PMID: 22172680 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/3/035604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon/TiO2 composite nanotubes were fabricated via a very simple electrospinning process and their dual functionalities of adsorptivity and photocatalytic activity were evaluated using Rhodamine B (RhB) as a model organic pollutant. A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution was directly electrospun into a coagulation bath containing titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) solution so that PVA-core/TiO2-shell composite nanofibers were formed through the in situ sol-gel reaction of TTIP. The carbon/TiO2 composite nanotubes were then fabricated by heat treatment of composite nanofibers under nitrogen atmosphere. By using several characterization methods, we confirmed that the resultant nanotubes consisted of anatase TiO2 nanocrystallites embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. The prepared nanotubes exhibited fast adsorption of RhB with high capacity compared with a commercial porous carbon, and they also showed the photocatalytic decomposition activity for the dye molecules under UV irradiation comparable to the degradation by P-25 and ST-01 (commercial TiO2). Finally, the carbon/TiO2 composite nanotubes exhibited several cycle performances of adsorption-photodegradation for RhB. This indicates that the composite nanotubes can adsorb and photodecompose organic pollutants repeatedly without additional activating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyuk Im
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Global Research Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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