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Karuppusamy M, Panneer SVK, Varathan E, Ravva MK, Easwaramoorthi S, Subramanian V. Design of Isoindigo-Based Small-Molecule Donors for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cell Applications in Combination with Nonfullerene Acceptors. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4206-4224. [PMID: 38752229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule organic solar cells with the required efficiency depends on the information obtained from molecular-level studies. In this context, 39 small-molecule donors featuring isoindigo as an acceptor moiety have been meticulously crafted for potential applications in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. These molecules follow the D2-A-D1-A-D2 and D2-A-π-D1-π-A-D2 framework. Similar molecules considered in the previous experimental study (molecules R1 ((3E,3″E)-6,6″-(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(1,1'-dimethyl-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione)) and R2 ((3E,3″E)-6,6″-(4,8-dimethoxybenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(1,1'-dimethyl-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione))) have been chosen as reference molecules. Molecules with and without π-spacers have been considered to understand the impact of the length of the π-spacer on intramolecular charge-transfer transitions and absorption properties. A detailed investigation is carried out to establish the relationship between the structure and photovoltaic parameters using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory methods. The newly developed molecules exhibit better electronic, excited-state, and charge transport properties than the reference molecules. Additionally, model donor-acceptor interfaces are constructed by integrating the designed donor molecules with fullerene/nonfullerene acceptors. The electronic and excited-state properties of these interfaces are rigorously evaluated. Results elucidate that the donor comprising of isoindigo-bithiophene-pyrroloindacenodithiophene (IIG-T2-PIDT) emerges as a promising candidate for bulk heterojunction solar cells based on nonfullerene acceptors. This research provides systematic design strategies for the development of small-molecule donors for organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masiyappan Karuppusamy
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shyam Vinod Kumar Panneer
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elumalai Varathan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Ravva
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522 240, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shanmugam Easwaramoorthi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Lab, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Subramanian
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Lab, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Jiang H, Zhu S, Cui Z, Li Z, Liang Y, Zhu J, Hu P, Zhang HL, Hu W. High-performance five-ring-fused organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3071-3122. [PMID: 35319036 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular semiconductors have been paid great attention due to their advantages of low-temperature processability, low fabrication cost, good flexibility, and excellent electronic properties. As a typical example of five-ring-fused organic semiconductors, a single crystal of pentacene shows a high mobility of up to 40 cm2 V-1 s-1, indicating its potential application in organic electronics. However, the photo- and optical instabilities of pentacene make it unsuitable for commercial applications. But, molecular engineering, for both the five-ring-fused building block and side chains, has been performed to improve the stability of materials as well as maintain high mobility. Here, several groups (thiophenes, pyrroles, furans, etc.) are introduced to design and replace one or more benzene rings of pentacene and construct novel five-ring-fused organic semiconductors. In this review article, ∼500 five-ring-fused organic prototype molecules and their derivatives are summarized to provide a general understanding of this catalogue material for application in organic field-effect transistors. The results indicate that many five-ring-fused organic semiconductors can achieve high mobilities of more than 1 cm2 V-1 s-1, and a hole mobility of up to 18.9 cm2 V-1 s-1 can be obtained, while an electron mobility of 27.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 can be achieved in five-ring-fused organic semiconductors. The HOMO-LUMO levels, the synthesis process, the molecular packing, and the side-chain engineering of five-ring-fused organic semiconductors are analyzed. The current problems, conclusions, and perspectives are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Yanqin Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Peng Hu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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3
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Yasa M, Toppare L. Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione‐based conjugated polymers for non‐fullerene organic solar cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yasa
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM) Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology Middle East Technical University Ankara 06800 Turkey
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4
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Wadsworth A, Chen H, Thorley KJ, Cendra C, Nikolka M, Bristow H, Moser M, Salleo A, Anthopoulos TD, Sirringhaus H, McCulloch I. Modification of Indacenodithiophene-Based Polymers and Its Impact on Charge Carrier Mobility in Organic Thin-Film Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:652-664. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hu Chen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Adamczak D, Komber H, Illy A, Scaccabarozzi AD, Caironi M, Sommer M. Indacenodithiophene Homopolymers via Direct Arylation: Direct Polycondensation versus Polymer Analogous Reaction Pathways. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Adamczak
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Illy
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alberto D. Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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6
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Huang H, Du Z, Huang C, Zhang J, Liu S, Fu N, Zhao B, Yang R, Huang W. Angular/linear-shaped indacenodithiophene (IDT) for donor-acceptor copolymers: Geometric shape effects on physical properties and photovoltaic performance. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Goker S, Hacioglu SO, Hizalan G, Aktas E, Cirpan A, Toppare L. Triphenylamine Based Random Copolymers: The Effect of Molecular Weight on Performance of Solar Cell and Optoelectronic Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seza Goker
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Serife O. Hacioglu
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Gonul Hizalan
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Ece Aktas
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Ali Cirpan
- Department of Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Technology; The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM); Department of Micro and Nanotechnology; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Technology; The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM); Department of Biotechnology; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
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8
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Qiao X, Chen W, Wu Q, Zhang S, Wu H, Liu Z, Yang R, Li H. Bithienopyrroledione vs. thienopyrroledione based copolymers: dramatic increase of power conversion efficiency in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3543-3546. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bithienopyrroledione (bi-TPD) based polymers P1 and P2 are designed and synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Weichao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Qinghe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Hongzhuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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9
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Vlasselaer M, Dehaen W. Synthesis of Linearly Fused Benzodipyrrole Based Organic Materials. Molecules 2016; 21:E785. [PMID: 27322228 PMCID: PMC6273171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to give an overview of the synthetic methods to prepare different indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles and similar systems with a potential use in electro-optical devices such as OLEDs (organic light emitting diode), OPVs (organic photovoltaic) and OFETs (organic field effect transistor). Some further modifications to the core units and their implications for specific applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Vlasselaer
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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10
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He M, Li W, Gao Y, Tian H, Zhang J, Tong H, Yan D, Geng Y, Wang F. Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Based on Dithieno[3,2-b:3′,2′-b′]naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene: Synthesis and Semiconducting Properties. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu He
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weili Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yao Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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11
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Ku J, Gim Y, Lansac Y, Jang YH. N-Alkylthienopyrroledione versus benzothiadiazole pulling units in push–pull copolymers used for photovoltaic applications: density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1017-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-band-gap push–pull copolymers are promising donor materials for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Ku
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 61005
- Korea
| | - Yeongrok Gim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 61005
- Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN
- UMR 7347
- Université François Rabelais
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 61005
- Korea
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12
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Akita M, Saito M, Osaka I, Koganezawa T, Takimiya K. Amide-bridged terphenyl and dithienylbenzene units for semiconducting polymers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers with new “electron-neutral” amide-bridged building units were designed, synthesized, and studied as materials for organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Akita
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Group
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science
- Wako
- Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Group
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science
- Wako
- Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Japan
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13
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Irgashev RA, Karmatsky AA, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN. A new and convenient synthetic way to 2-substituted thieno[2,3-b]indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015. [PMID: 26199654 PMCID: PMC4505097 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A short and robust approach for the synthesis of 2-(hetero)aryl substituted thieno[2,3-b]indoles from easily available 1-alkylisatins and acetylated (hetero)arenes has been advanced. The two-step procedure includes the “aldol-crotonic” type of condensation of the starting materials, followed by treatment of the intermediate 3-(2-oxo-2-(hetero)arylethylidene)indolin-2-ones with Lawesson’s reagent. The latter process involves two sequential reactions, namely reduction of the C=C ethylidene double bond of the intermediate indolin-2-ones followed by the Paal–Knorr cyclization, thus affording tricyclic thieno[2,3-b]indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Irgashev
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia ; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Arseny A Karmatsky
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia ; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Gennady L Rusinov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia ; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia ; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia, B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
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14
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Xia B, Lu K, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Yuan L, Zhu L, Yi Y, Wei Z. Linked-Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymer for High Performance Organic Photovoltaics with an Open-Circuit Voltage Exceeding 1 V. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500021. [PMID: 27980933 PMCID: PMC5115348 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A linked-acceptor type conjugated polymer is designed and sythesized based on 4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDTT) and linked-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (LTPD). This polymer uses alkyl-substituted thiophene as a bridge. The PBDTT-LTPD includes two TPD units in one repeating unit, which can enhance acceptor density in the polymer backbone and lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level. By contrast, variable alkyl substitutions in the thiophene-bridges ensure the subtle regulation of polymer properties. The solar cells based on PBDTT-LTPD display an open-circuit voltage (Voc) that exceeds 1 V, and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.59% is obtained. This PCE value is the highest for conventional single-junction bulk heterojunction solar cells with Voc values of up to 1 V. Given that PBDTT-LTPD exhibits a low HOMO energy level and a band gap equivalent to that of poly(3-hexylthiophene), PBDTT-LTPD/phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester may be a promising candidate for the front cell in tandem polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzheng Xia
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Kun Lu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Liu Yuan
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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15
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Wu JS, Cheng SW, Cheng YJ, Hsu CS. Donor–acceptor conjugated polymers based on multifused ladder-type arenes for organic solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1113-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the recent development of the multifused ladder-type conjugated building blocks for making donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhong-Sian Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsin-Chu
- 30010 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsin-Chu
- 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsin-Chu
- 30010 Taiwan
| | - Chain-Shu Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsin-Chu
- 30010 Taiwan
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16
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Zhao Y, Yuan L, Zhang J, Zhu L, Lu K, Yan W, Wei Z. Understanding effects of two different acceptors in one small molecule for solution processable organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparing two-acceptor type (A1–A2–D–A2–A1) with single-acceptor type organic photovoltaic small molecules, a deep understanding of two-acceptors was obtained, which could help potential strategies of molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
| | - Liu Yuan
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Kun Lu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
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17
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Kowalski S, Allard S, Scherf U. Scope and Limitations of a Direct Arylation Polycondensation Scheme in the Synthesis of PCPDTBT-Type Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kowalski
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; makrobuw and Institute for Polymer Technology; Gauss-Str. 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; makrobuw and Institute for Polymer Technology; Gauss-Str. 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; makrobuw and Institute for Polymer Technology; Gauss-Str. 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
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18
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Guo X, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Imide- and amide-functionalized polymer semiconductors. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8943-9021. [PMID: 25181005 DOI: 10.1021/cr500225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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19
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Akkuratov AV, Troshin PA. Conjugated polymers with benzothiadiazole, benzoxadiazole, and benzotriazole moieties as promising semiconductor materials for organic solar cells. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090414040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Shin Y, Liu J, Quigley JJ, Luo H, Lin X. Combinatorial design of copolymer donor materials for bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACS NANO 2014; 8:6089-6096. [PMID: 24835665 DOI: 10.1021/nn5014066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Seeking π-conjugated polymers with targeted optical band gaps is not only a grand scientific challenge but also in great practical need for systematically improving the performance of organic optoelectronic devices. This work presents a generic combinatorial band-gap design strategy over 780 different copolymer donor materials for bulk heterojunction solar cell applications. Predicted optical band gaps effectively cover the entire solar spectrum from infrared, to visible, to ultraviolet. Combined with empirical arguments widely acknowledged in the literature, the optimal copolymer structures are identified for both single and tandem cells with the optimal power conversion efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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21
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22
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Bujak P, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Zagorska M, Maurel V, Wielgus I, Pron A. Polymers for electronics and spintronics. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8895-999. [PMID: 24030727 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This critical review is devoted to semiconducting and high spin polymers which are of great scientific interest in view of further development of the organic electronics and the emerging organic spintronic fields. Diversified synthetic strategies are discussed in detail leading to high molecular mass compounds showing appropriate redox (ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA)), electronic (charge carrier mobility, conductivity), optoelectronic (electroluminescence, photoconductivity) and magnetic (magnetization, ferromagnetic spin interactions) properties and used as active components of devices such as n- and p-channel field effect transistors, ambipolar light emitting transistors, light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, photodiodes, magnetic photoswitches, etc. Solution processing procedures developed with the goal of depositing highly ordered and oriented films of these polymers are also described. This is completed by the description of principal methods that are used for characterizing these macromolecular compounds both in solution and in the solid state. These involve various spectroscopic methods (UV-vis-NIR, UPS, pulse EPR), electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry, magnetic measurements (SQUID), and structural and morphological investigations (X-ray diffraction, STM, AFM). Finally, four classes of polymers are discussed in detail with special emphasis on the results obtained in the past three years: (i) high IP, (ii) high |EA|, (iii) low band gap and (iv) high spin ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bujak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Donaghey JE, Sohn EH, Ashraf RS, Anthopoulos TD, Watkins SE, Song K, Williams CK, McCulloch I. Pyrroloindacenodithiophene polymers: the effect of molecular structure on OFET performance. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Xiong Y, Wu Q, Li J, Wang S, Gao X, Li H. Electron-Rich Pyrroloindacenodithiophenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopic Studies. J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3022154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiong
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinghe Wu
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shitao Wang
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xike Gao
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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25
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Pouliot JR, Mercier LG, Caron S, Leclerc M. Accessing New DPP-Based Copolymers by Direct Heteroarylation Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Pron A, Berrouard P, Leclerc M. Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Tseng CA, Wu JS, Lin TY, Kao WS, Wu CE, Hsu SL, Liao YY, Hsu CS, Huang HY, Hsieh YZ, Cheng YJ. A Pentacyclic Nitrogen-Bridged Thienyl-Phenylene-Thienyl Arene for Donor-Acceptor Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Field-Effect Transistors and Polymer Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2102-10. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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McCulloch I, Ashraf RS, Biniek L, Bronstein H, Combe C, Donaghey JE, James DI, Nielsen CB, Schroeder BC, Zhang W. Design of semiconducting indacenodithiophene polymers for high performance transistors and solar cells. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:714-22. [PMID: 22280366 DOI: 10.1021/ar200208g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of using low cost, high throughput material deposition processes to fabricate organic circuitry and solar cells continues to drive research towards improving the performance of the semiconducting materials utilized in these devices. Conjugated aromatic polymers have emerged as a leading candidate semiconductor material class, due to their combination of their amenability to processing and reasonable electrical and optical performance. Challenges remain, however, to further improve the charge carrier mobility of the polymers for transistor applications and the power conversion efficiency for solar cells. This optimization requires a clear understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and both electronic properties and thin film morphology. In this Account, we describe an optimization process for a series of semiconducting polymers based on an electron rich indacenodithiophene aromatic backbone skeleton. We demonstrate the effect of bridging atoms, alkyl chain functionalization, and co-repeating units on the morphology, molecular orbital energy levels, charge carrier mobility, and solar cell efficiencies. This conjugated unit is extremely versatile with a coplanar aromatic ring structure, and the electron density can be manipulated by the choice of bridging group between the rings. The functionality of the bridging group also plays an important role in the polymer solubility, and out of plane aliphatic chains present in both the carbon and silicon bridge promote solubility. This particular polymer conformation, however, typically suppresses long range organization and crystallinity, which had been shown to strongly influence charge transport. In many cases, polymers exhibited both high solubility and excellent charge transport properties, even where there was no observable evidence of polymer crystallinity. The optical bandgap of the polymers can be tuned by the combination of the donating power of the bridging unit and the electron withdrawing nature of co-repeat units, alternating along the polymer backbone. Using strong donors and acceptors, we could shift the absorption into the near infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raja Shahid Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Biniek
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Combe
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny E. Donaghey
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David I. James
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bob C. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. Recent development of push–pull conjugated polymers for bulk-heterojunction photovoltaics: rational design and fine tailoring of molecular structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30470h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Chen H, He C, Yu G, Zhao Y, Huang J, Zhu M, Liu H, Guo Y, Li Y, Liu Y. Phenanthro[1,10,9,8-cdefg]carbazole-containing copolymer for high performance thin-film transistors and polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Zhang Z, Wang J. Structures and properties of conjugated Donor–Acceptor copolymers for solar cell applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14951f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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