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Pragya A, Ghosh TK. Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures - Natural and Manmade: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300912. [PMID: 37031358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) are used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there is increasing interest in polymer-based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy, and adapt to changing environments. Here, the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts are discussed using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, the challenges and potential pathways are highlighted to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties toward functional FGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pragya
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Tushar K Ghosh
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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High Efficiency and Low Migration Hyperbranched Silicone Contain Macrophotoinitiators for UV-Cured Transparent Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123005. [PMID: 33339280 PMCID: PMC7766499 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A kind of hyperbranched silicone containing macrophotoinitiators (HBSMIs) were synthesized from 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl propanone (HMPP) and the UV-curing behaviors of HBSMIs were investigated in UV-cured transparent polyurethane-acrylate (PUA) coatings. HBSMIs show higher UV-initiating efficiency than HMPP. The migration of HBSMIs from the UV-cured coatings can be as low as 1.7–6.0 wt%, which is obviously lower than the migration of HMPP. There is a remarkable improvement of the tensile strength of the UV-cured materials initiated by HBSMI in comparison to that of the materials prepared with the same PUA initiated by HMPP. Especially for the UV-cured materials prepared from PUA with 20 wt% 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (TMP), the tensile strength and the strain at break increased from 6.81 MPa to 12.14 MPa and from 43.0% to 71.9%, respectively. The fraction of improvement for the tensile strength and the strain at break is as high as 78.9% and 67.2%, respectively. The coatings prepared with HBSMI also have better UV resistance ability than those coatings prepared with HMPP because they turn slightly yellow when they are aged by UV for about 15 min while the coating prepared with 4 wt% of HMPP will turn yellow only aged by UV for 2 min. These results suggest that preparation hyperbranched silicone containing macrophotoinitiators will be one of the good strategies to improve the curing efficiency of the UV-curing system, reduce the migration of UV initiator from cured material, improve the mechanical and UV resistance performance of UV-cured materials.
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Wu Q, Liao W, Wang X, Xiong Y, Tang H. Sole‐Component Visible Macrophotoinitiators with Si‐H: Decreased Oxygen Inhibition and Modified Cured Polymer Materials. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wen Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hongding Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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Kabatc J, Iwińska K, Balcerak A, Kwiatkowska D, Skotnicka A, Czech Z, Bartkowiak M. Onium salts improve the kinetics of photopolymerization of acrylate activated with visible light. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24817-24829. [PMID: 35517455 PMCID: PMC9055187 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03818k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was study the influence of onium salts on the kinetics of photopolymerization in the visible light region. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate TMPTA was selected as a monomer, and activated by 1,3-bis(phenylamino)squaraine (SQ) used as a photosensitizer in addition to tetramethylammonium n-butyltriphenylborate (B2). The iodonium salt [A–I–B]+X− functioned as a second radical initiator, bearing a different substitution pattern for the cation. The ternary system was formulated with different concentrations of both borate and diphenyliodonium salts. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the polymerization reaction over the photoactivation time carried out at 300 nm < λ < 500 nm irradiation. When the squaraine dye/borate salt was used as photoinitiator, a slow polymerization reaction was observed and a lower monomer conversion. The addition of a third component (onium salt) increased the polymerization rate and conversion. Ternary photoinitiator systems showed improvement in the polymerization rate of triacrylate leading to high conversion in a short photoactivation time. The photoinitiating ability of bi- and tri-component photoinitiators acting in the UV-Vis region for initiation polymerization of triacrylate was compared with those of some commercially used photoinitiating systems. It was also found, that, the parallel electron transfer from an excited state of the sensitizer to [A–I–B]+X−, and an electron transfer from a ground state of R(Ph)3B−N(CH3)4+ to an excited state of the sensitizer results in two types of initiating radical. The chemical mechanisms were investigated by steady state photolysis and nanosecond laser flash photolysis experiments. A mechanism for initiating polymerization using both onium salts is proposed here.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kabatc
- University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Seminaryjna 3 85-326 Bydgoszcz Poland +48 52 374 9005 +48 52 374 9112
| | - Katarzyna Iwińska
- University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Seminaryjna 3 85-326 Bydgoszcz Poland +48 52 374 9005 +48 52 374 9112
| | - Alicja Balcerak
- University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Seminaryjna 3 85-326 Bydgoszcz Poland +48 52 374 9005 +48 52 374 9112
| | - Dominika Kwiatkowska
- University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Seminaryjna 3 85-326 Bydgoszcz Poland +48 52 374 9005 +48 52 374 9112
| | - Agnieszka Skotnicka
- University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Seminaryjna 3 85-326 Bydgoszcz Poland +48 52 374 9005 +48 52 374 9112
| | - Zbigniew Czech
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Organic Technology Pułaskiego 10 70-322 Szczecin Poland
| | - Marcin Bartkowiak
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Organic Technology Pułaskiego 10 70-322 Szczecin Poland
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Zhou J, Allonas X, Ibrahim A, Liu X. Progress in the development of polymeric and multifunctional photoinitiators. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yu J, Pan H, Jiang S, Gao Y, Sun F. Synthesis and performances of polysiloxane-modified 5-arylthianthrenium salt cationic photoinitiators with self-floating capability. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gradient polymer networks formed by photopolymerization with self-floating polysiloxane-containing nanogel. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liang Q, Zhang L, Xiong Y, Wu Q, Tang H. A facile method to prepare a polyethylene glycol modified polysilane as a waterborne photoinitiator. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Visible light sensitive photoinitiating systems: Recent progress in cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions under soft conditions. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cheng J, Jiang S, Gao Y, Wang J, Sun F. Tuning gradient property and initiating gradient photopolymerization of acrylamide aqueous solution of a hydrosoluble photocleavage polysiloxane-based photoinitiator. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shengling Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Chen C, Liu J, Sun F, Stansbury JW. Control of microstructure and gradient property of polymer network by photopolymerizable silicone-containing nanogel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - JianCheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; University of Colorado; Aurora Colorado 80045
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12
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Chen C, Liu J, Sun F, Stansbury JW. Tuning Surface Microstructure and Gradient Property of Polymer by Photopolymerizable Polysiloxane-modified Nanogels. RSC Adv 2014; 4:28928-28936. [PMID: 25045518 PMCID: PMC4097311 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a series of photopolymerizable polysiloxane-modified nanogels for regulating surface microstructure and gradient property of polymers, which were synthesized by solution polymerization under different feed ratios of a methacrylate-modified polysiloxane, urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) in the presence of a thiol chain transfer agent. The nanogel structure and composition were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dispersion of these nanogels in triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) can reduce the onset and magnitude of shrinkage stress during polymerization without compromise to mechanical properties of the resulting polymers. Most importantly, as demonstrated by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the nanogels exhibit good self-floating ability in the monomer/polymer matrix and the increase of polysiloxane content in the nanogel can enhance the self-floating capability due to the lower surface tension and energy associated with the polysiloxane component. As a result, the polysiloxane-modified nanogels can spontaneously form a concentration gradient that can be locked in upon photopolymerization leading to a well-controlled heterogeneous polymer that presents a gradient change in thermal stability. With the increase of polysiloxane content, the thermal stability of the polymer was improved significantly. Furthermore, the enrichment of the nanogel on the surface resulting from the good self-floating ability can reduce the dispersion surface energy of gradient polymer film and generate a more hydrophobic surface with altered surface microstructure. These photopolymerizable polysiloxane-modified nanogels are demonstrated to have potential broad application in the preparation of gradient polymer with controlled surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China ; College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - JianCheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China ; College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States ; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Cheng J, Jiang S, Gao Y, Wang J, Sun F, Du H. Hydrosoluble hybrid and multifunctional polysiloxane-based photoinitiators for initiating gradient photopolymerization of acrylamide aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Xiao P, Dumur F, Thirion D, Fagour S, Vacher A, Sallenave X, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Fouassier JP, Gigmes D, Lalevée J. Multicolor Photoinitiators for Radical and Cationic Polymerization: Monofunctional vs Polyfunctional Thiophene Derivatives. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401389t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xiao
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15,
rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7273, F-13397
Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - Damien Thirion
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie
des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise,
95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Fagour
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie
des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise,
95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Vacher
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie
des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise,
95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Sallenave
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie
des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise,
95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15,
rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15,
rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | | | - Didier Gigmes
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7273, F-13397
Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15,
rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Tehfe MA, Dumur F, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP, Gigmes D, Lalevée J. New Push–Pull Dyes Derived from Michler’s Ketone For Polymerization Reactions Upon Visible Lights. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400766z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ali Tehfe
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M − UMR CNRS 7361 − UHA; 15, rue Jean
Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex − France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille,
Cedex 20, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M − UMR CNRS 7361 − UHA; 15, rue Jean
Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex − France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M − UMR CNRS 7361 − UHA; 15, rue Jean
Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex − France
| | | | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille,
Cedex 20, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux
de Mulhouse IS2M − UMR CNRS 7361 − UHA; 15, rue Jean
Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex − France
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Mokbel H, Dumur F, Telitel S, Vidal L, Xiao P, Versace DL, Tehfe MA, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Fouassier JP, Gigmes D, Toufaily J, Hamieh T, Lalevée J. Photoinitiating systems of polymerization and in situ incorporation of metal nanoparticles into polymer matrices upon exposure to visible light: push–pull malonate and malononitrile based dyes. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Tehfe MA, Dumur F, Xiao P, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP, Gigmes D, Lalevée J. New chromone based photoinitiators for polymerization reactions under visible light. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00536d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Zhang N, Li M, Nie J, Sun F. Microstructure and surface property of macroscopic gradient polymer initiated by polysiloxane benzophenone photoinitiators with different silicone chain lengths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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