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Skwarecki AS, Nowak MG, Milewska MJ. Synthetic strategies in construction of organic macromolecular carrier-drug conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5764-5783. [PMID: 32677650 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many metabolic inhibitors, considered potential antimicrobial or anticancer drug candidates, exhibit very limited ability to cross the biological membranes of target cells. The restricted cellular penetration of those molecules is often due to their highhydrophilicity. One of the possible solutions to this problem is a conjugation of an inhibitor with a molecular organic nanocarrier. The conjugate thus formed should be able to penetrate the membrane(s) by direct translocation, endocytosis or active transport mechanisms and once internalized, the active component could reach its intracellular target, either after release from the conjugate or in an intact form. Several such nanocarriers have been proposed so far, including macromolecular systems, carbon nanotubes and dendrimers. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the current status of rational design and synthesis of macromolecular organic nanocarrier-drug conjugates, with special attention focused on the mode of coupling of a nanocarrier moiety with a "cargo" molecule through linking fragments of non-cleavable or cleavable type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Skwarecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał G Nowak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Hu Z, Zhang D, Yu L, Huang Y. Light-triggered C 60 release from a graphene/cyclodextrin nanoplatform for the protection of cytotoxicity induced by nitric oxide. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:518-526. [PMID: 32254531 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02624b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An ultraviolet (UV) light-triggered nanocarbon hybrid is developed for controlled C60 release with excellent nitric oxide (NO) quenching ability. This nanocarrier, consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), is capable of hosting azobenzene functionalized C60 (Azo-C60) synthesized by diazo chemistry. The hybridization of rGO, β-CD and Azo-C60 enhances cellular uptake and limits the aggregation of C60, and shows enhanced protective effects on NO-induced cytotoxicity. More interestingly, azo groups can reversibly switch between trans- and cis-isomers upon UV irradiation, so that the Azo-C60 molecules exhibit photo-controlled release from rGO/β-CD in living cells. In vitro studies show that rGO/β-CD/C60 treated with UV irradiation causes higher NO scavenging efficacy, which further significantly increases the cell viability from 32.6% to 88.4% at low loading levels (50 μg mL-1). This represents an excellent NO quenching efficiency, better than other reports of the graphene/C60 nanohybrids, and indicates that this material can be an effective nanoplatform to combat oxidative damage. As the host-guest chemistry and diazo chemistry are versatile and universally applicable, it is worth noting that the present strategy can also be applied in preparing other photo-responsive nanohybrids, which should be valuable for use in life science and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Shepherd C, Hadzifejzovic E, Shkal F, Jurkschat K, Moghal J, Parker EM, Sawangphruk M, Slocombe DR, Foord JS, Moloney MG. New Routes to Functionalize Carbon Black for Polypropylene Nanocomposites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7917-7928. [PMID: 27417277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methods for chemical surface functionalization for carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were studied to produce (CB)/polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with superior electrical and thermal properties. Nanoparticle dispersion is known to directly control the extent to which nanocomposites maximize the unique attributes of their nanoscale fillers. As a result, tailored nanoparticle surface chemistry is a widely utilized method to enhance the interfacial interactions between nanoparticles and polymer matrices, assisting improved filler dispersion. In this work, a rapid chemical functionalization approach using a number of diarylcarbene derivatives, followed by the azo-coupling of substituted diazonium salts, for the covalent introduction of selected functional groups to the CB surface, is reported. Characterization of the modified CB by XPS, TGA, CHN, and ATR-IR collectively confirmed surface functionalization, estimating surface grafting densities of the order of 10(13) and 10(14) molecules/cm(2). Nanocomposites, synthesized by solvent mixing PP with pristine and modified CB, demonstrated macroscopic property changes as a result of the nanoparticle surface functionalization. Pronounced improvements were observed for PP nanocomposites prepared with a dodecyl-terminated diaryl functionalized CB, in which TEM analysis established improved nanofiller dispersion owing to the enhanced CB-PP interfacial interactions in the nanocomposite. Observed dielectric relaxation responses at 20 wt % loading and a reduced percolation threshold realized conductivities of 1.19 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 10 wt %, compared to 2.62 × 10(-15) S cm(-1) for pristine CB/PP nanocomposites at the same filler loading. In addition, thermal properties signify an increase in the number of nucleation sites by the raised degree of crystallinity as well as increased melting and crystallization temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Emina Hadzifejzovic
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Shkal
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University , The Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Jurkschat
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Moghal
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Montree Sawangphruk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Technology, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel R Slocombe
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University , The Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Foord
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Squitieri RA, Shearn-Nance GP, Hein JE, Shaw JT. Synthesis of Esters by in Situ Formation and Trapping of Diazoalkanes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5278-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Squitieri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Galen P. Shearn-Nance
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Cabana L, González-Campo A, Ke X, Van Tendeloo G, Núñez R, Tobias G. Efficient Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes with Metallacarboranes. Chemistry 2015; 21:16792-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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