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Reid B, Taylor A, Alvarez-Fernandez A, Ismael MH, Sharma S, Schmidt-Hansberg B, Guldin S. Photocatalytic Template Removal by Non-Ozone-Generating UV Irradiation for the Fabrication of Well-Defined Mesoporous Inorganic Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19308-19314. [PMID: 31001970 PMCID: PMC6543510 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The processing of mesoporous inorganic coatings typically requires a high-temperature calcination step to remove organic precursors that are essential during the material assembly. Lowering the fabrication energy costs and cutting back on the necessary resources would provide a greater scope for the deployment in applications such as architectural glass, optical components, photovoltaic cells, and energy storage, as well as further compatibilize substrates with low temperature stability. Organic removal methods based on UV-ozone treatment are increasing in popularity, but concerns remain regarding large-scale ozone generation and usage of mercury-containing UV lamps. To this end, we present a method that relies on non-ozone-generating UV radiation at 254 nm (UV254) and incorporation of small amounts of photocatalytic material in the formulation, here demonstrated with TiO2 nanocrystals. At concentrations as low as 5 wt % relative to the main inorganic aluminosilicate material, the TiO2 nanocrystals catalyze a "cold combustion" of the organic components under UV254 irradiation to reveal a porous inorganic network. Using block copolymer-based co-assembly in conjunction with photocatalytic template removal, we produce well-defined mesoporous inorganic thin films with controlled porosity and refractive index values, where the required processing time is governed by the amount of TiO2 loading. This approach provides an inexpensive, flexible, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional organic removal techniques, such as UV-ozone degradation and thermal calcination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Reid
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Alaric Taylor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Ismael
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Shatakshi Sharma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Benjamin Schmidt-Hansberg
- BASF
SE, Process Research & Chemical Engineering, Coating & Film
Processing, Carl-Bosch-Strasse
38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- E-mail:
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2
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González-García L, Colodrero S, Míguez H, González-Elipe AR. Single-step fabrication process of 1-D photonic crystals coupled to nanocolumnar TiO 2 layers to improve DSC efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:A1642-A1650. [PMID: 26698810 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.0a1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work proposes the use of a TiO2 electrode coupled to a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC), all formed by the sequential deposition of nanocolumnar thin films by physical vapor oblique angle deposition (PV-OAD), to enhance the optical and electrical performance of DSCs while transparency is preserved. We demonstrate that this approach allows building an architecture combining a non-dispersive 3 µm of TiO2 electrode and 1 µm TiO2-SiO2 1DPC, both columnar, in a single-step process. The incorporation of the photonic structure is responsible for a rise of 30% in photovoltaic efficiency, as compared with a transparent cell with a single TiO2 electrode. Detailed analysis of the spectral dependence of the photocurrent demonstrates that the 1DPC improves light harvesting efficiency by both back reflection and optical cavity modes confinement within the TiO2 films, thus increasing the overall performance of the cell.
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3
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Stefik M, Guldin S, Vignolini S, Wiesner U, Steiner U. Block copolymer self-assembly for nanophotonics. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5076-91. [PMID: 25856171 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control and modulate the interaction of light with matter is crucial to achieve desired optical properties including reflection, transmission, and selective polarization. Photonic materials rely upon precise control over the composition and morphology to establish periodic interactions with light on the wavelength and sub-wavelength length scales. Supramolecular assembly provides a natural solution allowing the encoding of a desired 3D architecture into the chemical building blocks and assembly conditions. The compatibility with solution processing and low-overhead manufacturing is a significant advantage over more complex approaches such as lithography or colloidal assembly. Here we review recent advances on photonic architectures derived from block copolymers and highlight the influence and complexity of processing pathways. Notable examples that have emerged from this unique synthesis platform include Bragg reflectors, antireflective coatings, and chiral metamaterials. We further predict expanded photonic capabilities and limits of these approaches in light of future developments of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Stefik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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4
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Urbani M, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Torres T. Meso-substituted porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12330-96. [PMID: 25495339 DOI: 10.1021/cr5001964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Urbani
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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López-López C, Colodrero S, Míguez H. Panchromatic porous specular back reflectors for efficient transparent dye solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:663-8. [PMID: 24263620 PMCID: PMC3894859 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A panchromatic specular reflector that mimics the reflection properties of a standard diffuse scattering layer in a broad spectral range within the visible is coupled to a dye sensitized nanocrystalline titania electrode to attain a solar cell of largely enhanced efficiency that, at the same time, preserves its transparency.
A panchromatic specular reflector based dye solar cell is presented herein. Photovoltaic performance of this novel design is compared to that of cells in which standard diffuse scattering layers are integrated. The capability of the proposed multilayer structures to both emulate the broad band reflection of diffuse scattering layers of standard thickness (around 5 microns) and give rise to similarly high light harvesting and power conversion efficiencies, yet preserving the transparency of the device, is demonstrated. Such white light reflectors are comprised of stacks of different porous optical multilayers, each one displaying a strong reflection in a complementary spectral range, and are designed to leave transmittance unaltered in a narrow red-frequency range in which the sensitized electrode shows negligible absorption, thus allowing us to see through the cell. The reflectance bandwidth achieved is three times as broad as the largest bandwidth previously achieved using any photonic structure integrated into a dye solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López-López
- Multifunctional Optical Materials Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla (US-CSIC), Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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6
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Guo M, Yong Z, Xie K, Lin J, Wang Y, Huang H. Enhanced light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells coupled with titania nanotube photonic crystals: a theoretical study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:13022-13028. [PMID: 24313334 DOI: 10.1021/am4039213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a theoretical analysis on the optical properties and the photocurrent enhancement of nanotube-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) coupled with a TiO2 nanotube (NT) photonic crystal (PC). It is found that the introduction of a TiO2 nanotube PC produces both Bragg mirror effect and Fabry-Perot cavity behavior, leading to a significant enhancement of light harvesting for photons in the photonic bandgap and at the two band edges. In addition, an increased amount of surface-anchored dye due to the larger surface area in the NT PC layer also causes absorption enhancement in the whole visible spectrum. The effects of structural parameters of the PC, such as the thickness of the PC layer, the axial lattice constant, the diameter of the nanotube, and light incident angle, on the optical properties and photocurrent magnification are thoroughly studied. The optimum structural parameters are proposed, which not only provide guidance but also offer further opportunities in the design and applications of TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
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7
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Heiniger LP, O'Brien PG, Soheilnia N, Yang Y, Kherani NP, Grätzel M, Ozin GA, Tétreault N. See-through dye-sensitized solar cells: photonic reflectors for tandem and building integrated photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5734-5741. [PMID: 23966106 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
See-through dye-sensitized solar cells with 1D photonic crystal Bragg reflector photoanodes show an increase in peak external quantum efficiency of 47% while still maintaining high fill factors, resulting in an almost 40% increase in power conversion efficiency. These photoanodes are ideally suited for tandem and building integrated photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo-Philipp Heiniger
- Laboratory of Photonic and Interfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Igarashi T, Kuwahara S, Katayama K. Photo and Thermal Control of Liposome Solubilization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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López-López C, Colodrero S, Calvo ME, Míguez H. Angular response of photonic crystal based dye sensitized solar cells. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013; 6:1260-1266. [PMID: 26339288 PMCID: PMC4535183 DOI: 10.1039/c3ee23609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report an experimental analysis of the performance of photonic crystal based dye solar cells (PC-DSCs) as the incident light angle moves away from the normal with respect to the cell surface. Nanoparticle multilayers operating at different wavelength ranges were coupled to the working electrode of a dye solar cell for this study. The interplay between optical and photovoltaic properties with the incident light angle is discussed. We demonstrate that an efficiency enhancement is attained for PC-DSCs at all angles measured, and that rational design of the photonic crystal back mirror leads to a reduction of the photocurrent losses related to the tilt angle of the cell, usually labeled as cosine losses. Angular variations of the cell transparency are also reported and discussed. These angular properties are relevant to the application of these solar devices in building integrated photovoltaics as potential window modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López-López
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , Avda. Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Silvia Colodrero
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , Avda. Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Mauricio E Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , Avda. Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla , Avda. Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain .
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10
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Guldin S, Kohn P, Stefik M, Song J, Divitini G, Ecarla F, Ducati C, Wiesner U, Steiner U. Self-cleaning antireflective optical coatings. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5329-35. [PMID: 24124901 DOI: 10.1021/nl402832u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost antireflection coatings (ARCs) on large optical surfaces are an ingredient-technology for high-performance solar cells. While nanoporous thin films that meet the zero-reflectance conditions on transparent substrates can be cheaply manufactured, their suitability for outdoor applications is limited by the lack of robustness and cleanability. Here, we present a simple method for the manufacture of robust self-cleaning ARCs. Our strategy relies on the self-assembly of a block-copolymer in combination with silica-based sol-gel chemistry and preformed TiO2 nanocrystals. The spontaneous dense packing of copolymer micelles followed by a condensation reaction results in an inverse opal-type silica morphology that is loaded with TiO2 photocatalytic hot-spots. The very low volume fraction of the inorganic network allows the optimization of the antireflecting properties of the porous ARC despite the high refractive index of the embedded photocatalytic TiO2 nanocrystals. The resulting ARCs combine high optical and self-cleaning performance and can be deposited onto flexible plastic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Guldin
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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11
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Guldin S. Optical Aspects of Thin Films and Interfaces. INORGANIC NANOARCHITECTURES BY ORGANIC SELF-ASSEMBLY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-00312-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Pavlichenko I, Exner AT, Logvenov G, Scarpa G, Lugli P, Lotsch BV. Nanomorphology tuning of the thermal response of TiO2/SiO2 Bragg stacks. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a comparative study of thermo- and environmentally responsive TiO2/SiO2 one-dimensional photonic crystals (Bragg stacks) fabricated by different deposition methods and fabrication schemes, featuring various multilayer nanomorphologies. These include dense multilayer systems processed by physical vapor deposition and wet-chemistry protocols, as well as porous systems, namely, nanoparticle-based optical filters exhibiting textural porosity, and evaporation-induced self-assembled mesoporous Bragg stacks exhibiting predominantly structural porosity, as well as hybrid structures comprising both dense and porous layers. We investigate the spectral shift of the photonic stop band for the different Bragg stack nanomorphologies induced by the humidity-enhanced thermo-optic effect in a temperature range from 15 to 60 °C. We also demonstrate the response and recovery kinetics of the multilayer systems during external changes in ambient humidity. Notably, the choice of fabrication method plays a significant role in the thermal and humidity response of the system. Taking advantage of different material nanomorphologies we can tune the thermal shift of the photonic stop band in the range 0.2–32.9 nm for the Bragg stacks at ambient relative humidity. In addition, we can design dense multilayer systems nonresponsive to humidity and achieve time responses of the porous systems to external changes in humidity ranging from about 1 to 3 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pavlichenko
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Armin T. Exner
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Gennady Logvenov
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Scarpa
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Prosser JH, Brugarolas T, Lee S, Nolte AJ, Lee D. Avoiding cracks in nanoparticle films. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5287-91. [PMID: 22984890 DOI: 10.1021/nl302555k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new method utilizing subsequent depositions of thin crack-free nanoparticle layers is demonstrated to avoid the formation of cracks within silica nanoparticle films. Using this method, films can be assembled with thicknesses exceeding the critical cracking values. Explanation of this observed phenomenon is hypothesized to mainly arise from chemical bond formation between neighboring silica nanoparticles. Application of this method for fabricating crack-free functional structures is demonstrated by producing crack-free Bragg reflectors that exhibit structural color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Prosser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Redel E, Mlynarski J, Moir J, Jelle A, Huai C, Petrov S, Helander MG, Peiris FC, von Freymann G, Ozin GA. Electrochromic Bragg mirror: ECBM. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:OP265-OP269. [PMID: 22886997 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Redel
- Center for Inorganic and Polymeric, Nanomaterials, Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
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