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Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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Fuentes-Ríos D, Muñoz C, Díaz A, Sarabia F, López-Romero JM. Diastereoselective C-alkylation of aldimines, derived from chiral α-carbon heteroatom-substituted aldehydes, with triethylborane. Application to the synthesis of benzylisoquinolines. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8976-8984. [PMID: 36936855 PMCID: PMC10022415 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The one-pot reaction of a chiral aldehyde, p-methoxyaniline or p-fluoroaniline, and triethylborane produces the corresponding alkylated chiral amine with high yields and diastereoisomeric ratios. Stereocontrol is induced by the presence of a heteroatom in the α-position to the aldehyde. In the case of alkylation of imines derived from chiral aliphatic amines, good yields and moderate to high diastereoselectivity are obtained: yields are significantly better when the preformed imine is used in the reaction with triethyl borane, and diastereoselectivity of the reactions largely depends on the structure of the chiral aliphatic amine. The methodology is successfully applied to the synthesis of romneine, a natural benzylisoquinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuentes-Ríos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - Amelia Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
| | - J Manuel López-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071-Málaga Spain
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Xu J, Li Y, Ding T, Guo H. Metal-Free Chemoselective Oxidation of 4-Methylquinolines into Quinoline-4-Carbaldehydes. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3114-3117. [PMID: 34472705 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A convenient protocol for the synthesis of quinoline-4-carbaldehydes via chemoselective oxidation of 4-methylquinolines using hypervalent iodine(III) reagents as oxidant is described. This method highlights metal-free and mild reaction conditions, nice yield, good functional group tolerance, and high chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R China
| | - Tianling Ding
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, P. R China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R China
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Friestad GK, Banerjee K, Marié JC, Mali U, Yao L. Stereoselective access to tubuphenylalanine and tubuvaline: improved Mn-mediated radical additions and assembly of a tubulysin tetrapeptide analog. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:294-8. [PMID: 26883395 PMCID: PMC4924578 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of tubuphenylalanine and tubuvaline (Tuv), α-substituted γ-amino acid building blocks for tubulysin family of antimitotic compounds, has been improved using a radical addition reaction in the presence of unprotected hydroxyl functionality. The key carbon-carbon bond construction entails stereoselective Mn-mediated photolytic additions of alkyl iodides to the C=N bond of chiral N-acylhydrazones, and generates the chiral amines in high yield with complete stereocontrol. Reductive N-N bond cleavage and alcohol oxidation converted these amino alcohols into the corresponding γ-amino acids. The route to Tuv proceeded via peptide coupling with serine methyl ester, followed by a high-yielding sequence to convert the serine amide to a thiazole. Finally, peptide bond construction established the tubulysin framework in the form of a C-terminal alcohol analog. Attempted oxidation to the C-terminal carboxylate was unsuccessful; control experiments with dipeptide 18 showed a cyclization interfered with the desired oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koushik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | | | - Umesh Mali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
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Slater KA, Friestad GK. Mn-Mediated Radical-Ionic Annulations of Chiral N-Acylhydrazones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6432-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory K. Friestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Rossi B, Pastori N, Prosperini S, Punta C. Multicomponent versus domino reactions: One-pot free-radical synthesis of β-amino-ethers and β-amino-alcohols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:66-73. [PMID: 25670994 PMCID: PMC4311587 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an optimized multicomponent procedure, an aryl amine, a ketone, and a cyclic ether or an alcohol molecule are assembled in a one-pot synthesis by nucleophilic radical addition of ketyl radicals to ketimines generated in situ. The reaction occurs under mild conditions by mediation of the TiCl4/Zn/t-BuOOH system, leading to the formation of quaternary β-amino-ethers and -alcohols. The new reaction conditions guarantee good selectivity by preventing the formation of secondary products. The secondary products are possibly derived from a competitive domino reaction, which involves further oxidation of the ketyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta" - Politecnico di Milano, Via Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20131 Milano, Italy; Fax (+39)0223993180
| | - Nadia Pastori
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta" - Politecnico di Milano, Via Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20131 Milano, Italy; Fax (+39)0223993180
| | - Simona Prosperini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta" - Politecnico di Milano, Via Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20131 Milano, Italy; Fax (+39)0223993180
| | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta" - Politecnico di Milano, Via Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20131 Milano, Italy; Fax (+39)0223993180
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Miyata O, Ueda M, Ito Y, Matsuda N, Nishida Y. Sequential Radical Addition and Fischer-Type Indolization Reactions of Conjugated Hydrazones for the Preparation of α-Alkylindole-3-acetic Acids. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Charette AB, Lindsay V. Stereoselective formation of amines by nucleophilic addition to azomethine derivatives. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 343:33-73. [PMID: 24233253 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes state-of-the-art methods to prepare α-chiral amines by the addition of nonstabilized nucleophiles to imine derivatives. The first part of the chapter illustrates the most effective diastereoselective addition reaction (substrate controlled and chiral auxiliary based methods) whereas the second part focuses on catalytic asymmetric methods.
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Rossi B, Pastori N, Clerici A, Punta C. Free-radical hydroxymethylation of ketimines generated in situ: a one-pot multicomponent synthesis of β,β-disubstituted-β-aminoalcohols. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Friestad GK, Ji A, Baltrusaitis J, Korapala CS, Qin J. Scope of Stereoselective Mn-Mediated Radical Addition to Chiral Hydrazones and Application in a Formal Synthesis of Quinine. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3159-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2026349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K. Friestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - An Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Jun Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Yamada KI, Konishi T, Nakano M, Fujii S, Cadou R, Yamamoto Y, Tomioka K. High Performance of N-Alkoxycarbonyl-imines in Triethylborane-Mediated Tin-Free Radical Addition. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1547-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2025042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Takehito Konishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Mayu Nakano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Romain Cadou
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yamamoto
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo,
Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tomioka
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo,
Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
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Radical Additions to Chiral Hydrazones: Stereoselectivity and Functional Group Compatibility. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 320:61-91. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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