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Zhang X, Ma X, Zhang W. Decarboxylative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of amino acids for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1677-1693. [PMID: 38025085 PMCID: PMC10644012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The [3 + 2] cycloadditions of stabilized azomethine ylides (AMYs) derived from amino esters are well-established. However, the reactions of semi-stabilized AMYs generated from decarboxylative condensation of α-amino acids with arylaldehydes are much less explored. The [3 + 2] adducts of α-amino acids could be used for a second [3 + 2] cycloaddition as well as for other post-condensation modifications. This article highlights our recent work on the development of α-amino acid-based [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of N-H-type AMYs in multicomponent, one-pot, and stepwise reactions for the synthesis of diverse heterocycles related to some bioactive compounds and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cerevel Therapeutics, 222 Jacobs St Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Neal MJ, Hejnosz SL, Rohde JJ, Evanseck JD, Montgomery TD. Multi-Ion Bridged Pathway of N-Oxides to 1,3-Dipole Dilithium Oxide Complexes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11502-11518. [PMID: 34379424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Roussi's landmark work on the generation of 1,3-dipoles from tertiary amine N-oxides has not reached its full potential since its underlying mechanism is neither well explored nor understood. Two competing mechanisms were previously proposed to explain the transformation involving either an iminium ion or a diradical intermediate. Our investigation has revealed an alternative mechanistic pathway that explains experimental results and provides significant insights to guide the creation of new N-oxide reagents beyond tertiary alkylamines for direct synthetic transformations. Truhlar's M06-2x functional and Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory with Dunning's [jul,aug]-cc-pv[D,T]z basis sets and discrete-continuum solvation models were employed to determine activation enthalpies and structures. During these mechanistic explorations, we discovered a unique multi-ion bridged pathway resulting from the rate-determining step, which was energetically more favorable than other alternate mechanisms. This newly proposed mechanism contains no electrophilic intermediates, strengthening the reaction potential by broadening the reagent scope and limiting the possible side reactions. This thoroughly defined general mechanism supports a more direct route for improving the use of N-oxides in generating azomethine ylide-dilithium oxide complexes with expanded functional group tolerance and breadth of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Sarah L Hejnosz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rohde
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering, Franciscan University of Steubenville, 1235 University Boulevard, Steubenville, Ohio 43952, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Evanseck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Thomas D Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Tang S, Zhang X, Sun J, Niu D, Chruma JJ. 2-Azaallyl Anions, 2-Azaallyl Cations, 2-Azaallyl Radicals, and Azomethine Ylides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10393-10457. [PMID: 30302999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the use of 2-azaallyl anions, 2-azaallyl cations, and 2-azaallyl radicals in organic synthesis up through June 2018. Particular attention is paid to both foundational studies and recent advances over the past decade involving semistabilized and nonstabilized 2-azaallyl anions as key intermediates in various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming processes. Both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free transformations are covered. Azomethine ylides, which have received significant attention elsewhere, are discussed briefly with the primary focus on critical comparisons with 2-azaallyl anions in regard to generation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jason J Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
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