1
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Abstract
Cyclopropanes that carry an electron-accepting group react as electrophiles in polar, ring-opening reactions. Analogous reactions at cyclopropanes with additional C2 substituents allow one to access difunctionalized products. Consequently, functionalized cyclopropanes are frequently used building blocks in organic synthesis. The polarization of the C1-C2 bond in 1-acceptor-2-donor-substituted cyclopropanes not only favorably enhances reactivity toward nucleophiles but also directs the nucleophilic attack toward the already substituted C2 position. Monitoring the kinetics of non-catalytic ring-opening reactions with a series of thiophenolates and other strong nucleophiles, such as azide ions, in DMSO provided the inherent SN2 reactivity of electrophilic cyclopropanes. The experimentally determined second-order rate constants k 2 for cyclopropane ring-opening reactions were then compared to those of related Michael additions. Interestingly, cyclopropanes with aryl substituents at the C2 position reacted faster than their unsubstituted analogues. Variation of the electronic properties of the aryl groups at C2 gave rise to parabolic Hammett relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eitzinger
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377München, Germany
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2
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Huo M, Bian Y, Yu C, Tong G, Zhang C, Zhu X. Sulfanion-initiated open-vessel anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of N-sulfonyl aziridines. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Abstract
The nucleophilic reactivities of substituted thiophenolates were determined by following the kinetics of their reactions with a series of quinone methides (reference electrophiles) in DMSO at 20 °C. The experimentally determined second-order rate constants were analyzed according to the Mayr-Patz equation log k = sN(N + E) to derive the nucleophile-specific reactivity parameters N and sN for ten thiophenolate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Jüstel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Cedric D Pignot
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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4
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Orlandi M, Escudero-Casao M, Licini G. Nucleophilicity Prediction via Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3555-3564. [PMID: 33534569 PMCID: PMC7901016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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The concept of nucleophilicity is
at the basis of most transformations
in chemistry. Understanding and predicting the relative reactivity
of different nucleophiles is therefore of paramount importance. Mayr’s
nucleophilicity scale likely represents the most complete collection
of reactivity data, which currently includes over 1200 nucleophiles.
Several attempts have been made to theoretically predict Mayr’s
nucleophilicity parameters N based on calculation
of molecular properties, but a general model accounting for different
classes of nucleophiles could not be obtained so far. We herein show
that multivariate linear regression analysis is a suitable tool for
obtaining a simple model predicting N for virtually
any class of nucleophiles in different solvents for a set of 341 data
points. The key descriptors of the model were found to account for
the proton affinity, solvation energies, and sterics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Margarita Escudero-Casao
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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5
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Gao J, Feng J, Du D. Shining Light on C−S Bonds: Recent Advances in C−C Bond Formation Reactions via C−S Bond Cleavage under Photoredox Catalysis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3637-3659. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tong Jia Xiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tong Jia Xiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Ding Du
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tong Jia Xiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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6
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de Pedro Beato E, Mazzarella D, Balletti M, Melchiorre P. Photochemical generation of acyl and carbamoyl radicals using a nucleophilic organic catalyst: applications and mechanism thereof. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6312-6324. [PMID: 32953026 PMCID: PMC7472930 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An organic catalyst uses low-energy photons to generate acyl and carbamoyl radicals upon activation of the corresponding chlorides via a nucleophilic acyl substitution path. The synthetic potential and the mechanism of this strategy are discussed.
We detail a strategy that uses a commercially available nucleophilic organic catalyst to generate acyl and carbamoyl radicals upon activation of the corresponding chlorides and anhydrides via a nucleophilic acyl substitution path. The resulting nucleophilic radicals are then intercepted by a variety of electron-poor olefins in a Giese-type addition process. The chemistry requires low-energy photons (blue LEDs) to activate acyl and carbamoyl radical precursors, which, due to their high reduction potential, are not readily prone to redox-based activation mechanisms. To elucidate the key mechanistic aspects of this catalytic photochemical radical generation strategy, we used a combination of transient absorption spectroscopy investigations, electrochemical studies, quantum yield measurements, and the characterization of key intermediates. We identified a variety of off-the-cycle intermediates that engage in a light-regulated equilibrium with reactive radicals. These regulated equilibriums cooperate to control the overall concentrations of the radicals, contributing to the efficiency of the overall catalytic process and facilitating the turnover of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Pedro Beato
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/
| | - Matteo Balletti
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/.,ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 , Barcelona , Spain
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7
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Spinnato D, Schweitzer-Chaput B, Goti G, Ošeka M, Melchiorre P. A Photochemical Organocatalytic Strategy for the α-Alkylation of Ketones by using Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9485-9490. [PMID: 32053279 PMCID: PMC7317845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a visible‐light‐mediated radical approach to the α‐alkylation of ketones. This method exploits the ability of a nucleophilic organocatalyst to generate radicals upon SN2‐based activation of alkyl halides and blue light irradiation. The resulting open‐shell intermediates are then intercepted by weakly nucleophilic silyl enol ethers, which would be unable to directly attack the alkyl halides through a traditional two‐electron path. The mild reaction conditions allowed functionalization of the α position of ketones with functional groups that are not compatible with classical anionic strategies. In addition, the redox‐neutral nature of this process makes it compatible with a cinchona‐based primary amine catalyst, which was used to develop a rare example of enantioselective organocatalytic radical α‐alkylation of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Spinnato
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Schweitzer-Chaput
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giulio Goti
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maksim Ošeka
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Spinnato D, Schweitzer‐Chaput B, Goti G, Ošeka M, Melchiorre P. A Photochemical Organocatalytic Strategy for the α‐Alkylation of Ketones by using Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Spinnato
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Bertrand Schweitzer‐Chaput
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Giulio Goti
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Maksim Ošeka
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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9
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Mazzarella D, Magagnano G, Schweitzer-Chaput B, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Borylation of Alkyl Chlorides, Bromides, and Sulfonates. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- ICIQ−Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giandomenico Magagnano
- ICIQ−Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Schweitzer-Chaput
- ICIQ−Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ−Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- IIT−Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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10
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Cuadros S, Horwitz MA, Schweitzer-Chaput B, Melchiorre P. A visible-light mediated three-component radical process using dithiocarbamate anion catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5484-5488. [PMID: 31293731 PMCID: PMC6553376 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A three-component radical process is reported that, by coupling alkyl chlorides, maleimides, and heteroaromatic fragments, installs multiple biologically relevant heterocycles within complex cascade products. This method, which generates radicals via an SN2-based photochemical catalytic mechanism, activates substrates incompatible with or inert to classical radical-generating strategies.
We report a photoinduced three-component radical process, which couples readily available alkyl chlorides, maleimides, and heteroaromatic fragments to rapidly generate complex chiral products with high diastereocontrol. This method generates radicals via an SN2-based photochemical catalytic mechanism, which is not reliant on the redox properties of the precursors. It therefore grants access to open-shell intermediates from substrates that would be incompatible with or inert to classical radical-generating strategies. The redox-neutral conditions of this process make it tolerant of redox-sensitive substrates and allow the installation of multiple biologically relevant heterocycles within the cascade products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cuadros
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/
| | - Matthew A Horwitz
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/
| | - Bertrand Schweitzer-Chaput
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Països Catalans 16 , 43007 , Tarragona , Spain . ; http://www.iciq.org/research/research_group/prof-paolo-melchiorre/.,IIT - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Photochemistry , Via Morego 30 , 16163 , Genoa , Italy.,ICREA - Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 , Barcelona , Spain
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11
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Korb M, Mahrholdt J, Liu X, Lang H. Reactivity of Planar‐Chiral α‐Ferrocenyl Carbocations towards Electron‐Rich Aromatics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Korb
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Julia Mahrholdt
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Xianming Liu
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry 09107 Chemnitz Germany
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12
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Photochemical generation of radicals from alkyl electrophiles using a nucleophilic organic catalyst. Nat Chem 2018; 11:129-135. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Dowling G, Kavanagh PV, Talbot B, O’Brien J, Hessman G, McLaughlin G, Twamley B, Brandt SD. Outsmarted by nootropics? An investigation into the thermal degradation of modafinil, modafinic acid, adrafinil, CRL-40,940 and CRL-40,941 in the GC injector: formation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane and its tetra fluoro analog. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:518-528. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Dowling
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Dublin Institute of Technology; Kevin Street Dublin D08 NF82 Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital; James's Street Dublin D08 W9RT Ireland
| | - Pierce V. Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital; James's Street Dublin D08 W9RT Ireland
| | - Brian Talbot
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Trinity College Dublin, College Green; Dublin D02 EV57 Ireland
| | - John O’Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green; Dublin D02 EV57 Ireland
| | - Gary Hessman
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green; Dublin D02 EV57 Ireland
| | - Gavin McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital; James's Street Dublin D08 W9RT Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green; Dublin D02 EV57 Ireland
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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14
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15
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Maslov AS, Smirnov VO, Struchkova MI, Arkhipov DE, Dilman AD. Dithiocarbamate-substituted gem-difluorinated silicon reagent: generation and addition to aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Ammer J, Mayr H. Photogeneration of carbocations: applications in physical organic chemistry and the design of suitable precursors. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
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17
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Maji B, Baidya M, Ammer J, Kobayashi S, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Nucleophilic Reactivities and Lewis Basicities of 2-Imidazolines and Related N-Heterocyclic Compounds. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Gao N, Zhao X. Synthesis of Chiral Allylic Thioesters: Enantio- and Regioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Allylations of KSAc. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Trmčić M, Chadbourne FL, Brear PM, Denny PW, Cobb SL, Hodgson DRW. Aqueous synthesis of N,S-dialkylthiophosphoramidates: design, optimisation and application to library construction and antileishmanial testing. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2660-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Ammer J, Sailer CF, Riedle E, Mayr H. Photolytic Generation of Benzhydryl Cations and Radicals from Quaternary Phosphonium Salts: How Highly Reactive Carbocations Survive Their First Nanoseconds. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11481-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3017522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
| | - Christian F. Sailer
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
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