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Cheeseman J, Badia C, Thomson RI, Kuhnle G, Gardner RA, Spencer DIR, Osborn H. Quantitative Standards of 4-O acetyl and 9-O acetyl N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid for the Analysis of Plasma and Serum. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100662. [PMID: 34874597 PMCID: PMC9303589 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N‐Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid, Neu5Ac) is one of a large, diverse family of nine‐carbon monosaccharides that play roles in many biological functions such as immune response. Neu5Ac has previously been identified as a potential biomarker for the presence and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and cancer. More recent research has highlighted acetylated sialic acid derivatives, specifically Neu5,9Ac2, as biomarkers for oral and breast cancers, but advances in analysis have been hampered due to a lack of commercially available quantitative standards. We report here the synthesis of 9‐O‐ and 4‐O‐acetylated sialic acids (Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu4,5Ac2) with optimisation of previously reported synthetic routes. Neu5,9Ac2 was synthesised in 1 step in 68 % yield. Neu4,5Ac2 was synthesised in 4 steps in 39 % overall yield. Synthesis was followed by analysis of these standards via quantitative NMR (qNMR) spectroscopy. Their utilisation for the identification and quantification of specific acetylated sialic acid derivatives in biological samples is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cheeseman
- University of Reading - Whiteknights Campus: University of Reading, Pharmacy, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Rebecca I Thomson
- University of Reading - Whiteknights Campus: University of Reading, Pharmacy, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Helen Osborn
- The university of Reading, School of Chemistry, PO Box 224, Whiteknights, RG6 6AD, Reading, UNITED KINGDOM
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2
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Visser EA, Moons SJ, Timmermans SBPE, de Jong H, Boltje TJ, Büll C. Sialic acid O-acetylation: From biosynthesis to roles in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100906. [PMID: 34157283 PMCID: PMC8319020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon backbone of sialic acids can undergo extensive enzymatic modification in nature and O-acetylation at the C-4/7/8/9 position in particular is widely observed. In recent years, the detection and analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids have advanced, and sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) and O-acetylesterases (SIAEs) that add and remove O-acetyl groups, respectively, have been identified and characterized in mammalian cells, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses. These advances now allow us to draw a more complete picture of the biosynthetic pathway of the diverse O-acetylated sialic acids to drive the generation of genetically and biochemically engineered model cell lines and organisms with altered expression of O-acetylated sialic acids for dissection of their roles in glycoprotein stability, development, and immune recognition, as well as discovery of novel functions. Furthermore, a growing number of studies associate sialic acid O-acetylation with cancer, autoimmunity, and infection, providing rationale for the development of selective probes and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs. Here, we discuss the current insights into the biosynthesis and biological functions of O-acetylated sialic acids and review the evidence linking this modification to disease. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for the design, synthesis, and potential application of unnatural O-acetylated sialic acids and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs that may enable therapeutic targeting of this versatile sialic acid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A Visser
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen de Jong
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Büll
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Li Z, Lang Y, Liu L, Bunyatov MI, Sarmiento AI, de Groot RJ, Boons GJ. Synthetic O-acetylated sialosides facilitate functional receptor identification for human respiratory viruses. Nat Chem 2021; 13:496-503. [PMID: 33753916 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from animal reservoirs to humans poses major threats to public health. Preparedness for future zoonotic outbreaks requires a fundamental understanding of how viruses of animal origin have adapted to binding to a cell surface component and/or receptor of the new host. Here we report on the specificities of human and animal viruses that engage with O-acetylated sialic acid, which include betacoronaviruses, toroviruses and influenza C and D viruses. Key to these studies was the development of a chemoenzymatic methodology that can provide almost any sialate-acetylation pattern. A collection of O-acetylated sialoglycans was printed as a microarray for the determination of receptor specificity. These studies showed host-specific patterns of receptor recognition and revealed that three distinct human respiratory viruses uniquely bind 9-O-acetylated α2,8-linked disialoside. Immunofluorescence and cell entry studies support that such a glycotope as part of a ganglioside is a functional receptor for human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yifei Lang
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mehman I Bunyatov
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Angelic Isaza Sarmiento
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul J de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Chemistry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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4
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Post-Glycosylation Modification of Sialic Acid and Its Role in Virus Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040171. [PMID: 31683930 PMCID: PMC6963189 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of nine carbon keto-aldononulosonic acids presented at the terminal ends of glycans on cellular membranes. α-Linked sialoglycoconjugates often undergo post-glycosylation modifications, among which O-acetylation of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common in mammalian cells. Isoforms of sialic acid are critical determinants of virus pathogenesis. To date, the focus of viral receptor-mediated attachment has been on Neu5Ac. O-Acetylated Neu5Acs have been largely ignored as receptor determinants of virus pathogenesis, although it is ubiquitous across species. Significantly, the array of structures resulting from site-specific O-acetylation by sialic acid O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) provides a means to examine specificity of viral binding to host cells. Specifically, C4 O-acetylated Neu5Ac can influence virus pathogenicity. However, the biological implications of only O-acetylated Neu5Ac at C7-9 have been explored extensively. This review will highlight the biological significance, extraction methods, and synthetic modifications of C4 O-acetylated Neu5Ac that may provide value in therapeutic developments and targets to prevent virus related diseases.
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Shadrick M, Yu C, Geringer S, Ritter S, Behm A, Cox A, Lohman M, De Meo C. Facile and robust methods for the regioselective acylation of N-acetylneuraminic acid. NEW J CHEM 2018; 42:14138-14141. [PMID: 30147293 DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of sialic acid glycoconjugates is still a challenge in the field. Surprisingly, little is known on the regioselective O-substitution of sialic acids. Consequently, the effect of O-protecting groups and/or regioselectively protected building blocks in sialylations, remains practically unexplored. O-Picoloyl protecting groups have emerged as novel substituents that have a profound effect on sialylations. Recently, high stereoselectivities were obtained by introducing picoloyl groups at the C-4 and C-7/C-8 positions. However, to understand the relationship between the position of the picoloyl group and its exact effect in sialylations, a convenient access to a wider range of regioselectively picoloylated building blocks is needed. Reported herein is a new method that provides an accessible route to a wide array of regioselectively acylated building blocks. The regioselective introduction of picoloyl groups at various O-positions was achieved either by controlled direct picoloylation or by applying a modified ReSET methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Shadrick
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Charlene Yu
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Scott Geringer
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Sean Ritter
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Alexanndra Behm
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Abby Cox
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Matt Lohman
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Cristina De Meo
- Department of Chemistry Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
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Park SS, Gervay-Hague J. Synthesis of partially O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid using regioselective silyl exchange technology. Org Lett 2014; 16:5044-7. [PMID: 25247390 PMCID: PMC4184446 DOI: 10.1021/ol502389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
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Postglycosylation acetylation of
sialic acid imparts unique roles
to sialoglycoconjugates in mammalian immune response making structural
and functional understanding of these analogues important. Five partially O-acetylated Neu5Ac analogues have been synthesized. Reaction
of per-O-silylated Neu5Ac ester with AcOH and Ac2O in pyridine promotes regioselective silyl ether/acetate
exchange in the following order: C4 (2°) > C9 (1°) > C8 (2°) > C2 (anomeric).
Subsequent hydrogenolysis affords the corresponding sialic acid analogues
as useful chemical biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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7
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Unified theory of bacterial sialometabolism: how and why bacteria metabolize host sialic acids. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 2013:816713. [PMID: 23724337 PMCID: PMC3658417 DOI: 10.1155/2013/816713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are structurally diverse nine-carbon ketosugars found mostly in humans and other animals as the terminal units on carbohydrate chains linked to proteins or lipids. The sialic acids function in cell-cell and cell-molecule interactions necessary for organismic development and homeostasis. They not only pose a barrier to microorganisms inhabiting or invading an animal mucosal surface, but also present a source of potential carbon, nitrogen, and cell wall metabolites necessary for bacterial colonization, persistence, growth, and, occasionally, disease. The explosion of microbial genomic sequencing projects reveals remarkable diversity in bacterial sialic acid metabolic potential. How bacteria exploit host sialic acids includes a surprisingly complex array of metabolic and regulatory capabilities that is just now entering a mature research stage. This paper attempts to describe the variety of bacterial sialometabolic systems by focusing on recent advances at the molecular and host-microbe-interaction levels. The hope is that this focus will provide a framework for further research that holds promise for better understanding of the metabolic interplay between bacterial growth and the host environment. An ability to modify or block this interplay has already yielded important new insights into potentially new therapeutic approaches for modifying or blocking bacterial colonization or infection.
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