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Rinkovec T, Kalebic D, Dehaen W, Whitelam S, Harvey JN, De Feyter S. On the origin of cooperativity effects in the formation of self-assembled molecular networks at the liquid/solid interface. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6076-6087. [PMID: 38665531 PMCID: PMC11041291 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate the behaviour of molecules at the nanoscale using scanning tunnelling microscopy in order to explore the origin of the cooperativity in the formation of self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) at the liquid/solid interface. By studying concentration dependence of alkoxylated dimethylbenzene, a molecular analogue to 5-alkoxylated isophthalic derivatives, but without hydrogen bonding moieties, we show that the cooperativity effect can be experimentally evaluated even for low-interacting systems and that the cooperativity in SAMN formation is its fundamental trait. We conclude that cooperativity must be a local effect and use the nearest-neighbor Ising model to reproduce the coverage vs. concentration curves. The Ising model offers a direct link between statistical thermodynamics and experimental parameters, making it a valuable tool for assessing the thermodynamics of SAMN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rinkovec
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Demian Kalebic
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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2
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Zhang S, Chen S, Ma T, Zou H, Li B, Miao X, Cheng X, Deng W. Terminal Group Effect on Two-Dimensional Self-Assembly of Fluorenone-Based Liquid Crystals at the Solid/Liquid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1902-1908. [PMID: 38194665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Self-assemblies of two fluorenone-based derivatives (FE and FEC) consisting of a central 2,7-diphenyl-9-fluorenone polar moiety but differing in the flexible terminal groups were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the 1-octanoic acid/HOPG interface under different concentrations and density functional theory calculation (DFT). STM results reveal a concentration-dependent polymorphic self-assembly behavior for FE, but without the presence of co-adsorbed solvents. As the concentration decreases, the dimer, bracket-like, and ribbon-like self-assembled structures were observed. On the contrary, FEC molecules assemble into only a type of oval-shaped morphology by the intermolecular N···H-O hydrogen bonds with the solvent molecules. Combined with DFT calculations, it can be deduced that the intermolecular van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding are the main driving forces to stabilize the molecular packing of fluorenone-based polycatenars with strong polarity. Our work is of significance at the molecular level to further clarify the intermolecular interactions and conformational effects on the formation of molecular packing structures with liquid crystal property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengqi Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Miao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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3
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Sato Y, De Feyter S, Tahara K. Formation of Supramolecular Heterostacks at the Liquid-Solid Interface: Impact of Symmetry Mismatching on Structural Growth. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16825-16832. [PMID: 37967133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The construction of intricate three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures on surfaces through molecular self-assembly attracts attention not only from a crystal engineering viewpoint but also because of its potential in a range of applications, given the current interest in van der Waals heterostructures. We herein report the formation of porous structures on alkane buffer layers on graphite. A dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) derivative having six decyloxy chains forms hexagonal structures on n-pentacontane and n-hexacontane buffer layers through van der Waals interactions at the 1-octanoic acid/graphite interface. The structural features are very similar to those on the graphite surface, except for the slight structural distortion, which is attributed to the p2 symmetry of the buffer layer underneath. Moreover, based on the observation of small clusters of the DBA molecules, we discussed the nucleation and structural growth of the DBA network on a buffer layer. Finally, a hierarchical multicomponent structure was formed through the coadsorption of a heteromolecular cluster formed by a hydrogen-bonded isophthalic acid cyclic hexamer hosting a coronene molecule on the buffer layer. This study on supramolecular heterostacks provides insights into the construction of intricate 3D nanoarchitectures using self-assembly at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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4
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Akimenko SS, Gorbunov VA, Ustinov EA. Equilibrium structure of a dense trimesic acid monolayer on a homogeneous solid surface: from atomistic simulation to thermodynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31352-31362. [PMID: 37961824 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03955b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A general methodology for determining the thermodynamic characteristics of rigid organic crystals on the atomistic level is presented. The proposed approach is based on a combination of grid interpolation of the precalculated intermolecular potential and kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of the gas-crystal system with an explicit interphase. The two-phase system is stabilized in a wide range of external parameters with an imposed external potential and damping field. The damping field reduces the intermolecular potential at the edges of the crystals and turns it off in the gas phase. To determine the thermodynamic characteristics of a crystal the conditions of equality of chemical potentials in coexisting phases are used. The intermolecular pairwise potential can be calculated on the atomistic or quantum level. In the kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, a grid interpolation of the precalculated potential is performed on each iteration of the algorithm. We have applied the approach to the thermodynamic analysis of a dense monolayer of trimesic acid on a homogeneous surface. The calculated free energy and entropy for the dense "superflower" and filled chicken-wire phases obey the Gibbs-Duhem equation, which confirms the thermodynamic consistency of our approach. Using the proposed approach, we have revealed that the dense "superflower" phase becomes metastable at zero pressure and 470-500 K. Under these conditions, the filled chicken-wire structure with partially released hexagonal cages is thermodynamically favourable. The proposed approach is a potentially universal tool for the thermodynamic analysis of crystals formed by "rigid" organic molecules of any complexity on the atomistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Akimenko
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.
- Omsk State Technical University, 11 Pr. Mira, Omsk, 644050, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly A Gorbunov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.
- Omsk State Technical University, 11 Pr. Mira, Omsk, 644050, Russian Federation
| | - Eugene A Ustinov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.
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5
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Preetha Genesh N, Cui D, Dettmann D, MacLean O, Johal TK, Lunchev AV, Grimsdale AC, Rosei F. Selective Self-Assembly and Modification of Herringbone Reconstructions at a Solid-Liquid Interface of Au(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3057-3062. [PMID: 36946688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of molecular self-assembly on surfaces presents many opportunities for the creation of complex nanostructures. Within this endeavor, selective patterning by exploiting molecular interactions at the solid-liquid interface would be a beneficial capability. Using scanning tunneling microscopy at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/Au(111) interface, we observed selective self-assembly of 1,3,5-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)benzene (TMPB) molecules in the face-centered cubic (FCC) regions of Au(111). Density functional theory calculations suggest higher adsorption energy of TMPB molecules at FCC regions, explaining the preference for self-assembly. The molecular coverage is found to increase with the concentration of the applied solution, eventually yielding a full monolayer. Moreover, the adsorption of TMPB molecules induces a concentration-dependent lifting of the herringbone reconstruction, observed as an increase in the area of the FCC regions at higher concentrations. Our results represent a simple and cost-effective selective nanoscale patterning method on Au(111), providing a possible avenue to guide the co-adsorption of other functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130103, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarnjit Kaur Johal
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Andrey V Lunchev
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Andrew C Grimsdale
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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6
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Fang Y, Ivasenko O, Sanz-Matias A, Mali KS, Tahara K, Tobe Y, De Feyter S. Spontaneous and scanning-assisted desorption-adsorption dynamics in porous supramolecular networks at the solution-solid interface. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4301-4308. [PMID: 36756798 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) are formed by the spontaneous assembly of molecules on surfaces. On conductive atomically flat surfaces, and also at the liquid-solid interface, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can follow their growth dynamics. Desorption and adsorption dynamics are difficult to probe through the liquid-solid interface. Porous molecular networks are of particular interest because they may act as platforms for sensing and host-guest chemistry. Very little is known though about their stability, particularly in a liquid environment. To this end, we have investigated the desorption/adsorption dynamics of supramolecular porous monolayers of alkoxylated dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) derivatives at the interface between highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, the substrate, and 1-phenyloctane, the liquid. To trace the dynamics, structurally analogous chiral DBA derivatives were used as marker molecules, which co-assemble with the achiral ones forming the supramolecular network. This approach reveals the time scales of the adsorption/desorption dynamics, the significance of temperature, and the important role of the STM tip in inducing dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ana Sanz-Matias
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30030, Taiwan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Heiner BR, Pittsford AM, Kandel SA. Self-assembly controlled at the level of individual functional groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:170-178. [PMID: 36484702 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is driven by intermolecular interactions between the functional groups on the component molecules. Small changes in molecular structure can make large differences in extended structure, and understanding this connection will lead to predictive power and control of the self-assembly process. Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to study self-assembly in two-dimensional clusters and monolayers, and the experimental approach is to study "families" of molecules where one or more functional groups is varied in a methodical way. Studied families include indole carboxylic acids, isatin derivatives (which have the indole backbone), quinaldic acid, thioethers, and fluorenone derivatives. In these systems, a variety of intermolecular interactions drive the assembly of the molecular monolayer, including hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, zwitterionic interactions, surface interactions, and halogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, 2002 Cavanaugh Dr, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Alexander M Pittsford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, 2002 Cavanaugh Dr, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - S Alex Kandel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, 2002 Cavanaugh Dr, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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8
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Shi J, Li Z, Lin T, Shi Z. Successive Deprotonation Steering the Structural Evolution of Supramolecular Assemblies on Ag(111). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123876. [PMID: 35744999 PMCID: PMC9231327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the structural evolution of a two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular assembly system, which is steered by the thermally activated deprotonation of the primary organic building blocks on a Ag(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed that a variety of structures, featuring distinct structural, chiral, and intermolecular bonding characters, emerged with the gradual thermal treatments. According to our structural analysis, in combination with density function theory calculations, the structural evolution can be attributed to the successive deprotonation of the organic building blocks due to the inductive effect. Our finding offers a facile strategy towards controlling the supramolecular assembly pathways and provides a comprehensive understanding of the 2D crystal engineering on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Zhanbo Li
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China;
| | - Tao Lin
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ziliang Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.S.)
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9
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Goll FD, Taubmann G, Ziener U. Static Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images Reveal the Mechanism of Supramolecular Polymerization of an Oligopyridine on Graphite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117580. [PMID: 35138691 PMCID: PMC9307023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymerization of a donor–acceptor bisterpyridine (BTP) equipped with an electron‐rich carbazole unit is observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)|solution interface. It is shown that two‐dimensional crystals of supramolecular (co)polymers are formed by chain growth polymerization, which in turn can be described by copolymerization statistics. From concentration‐dependent measurements, derived copolymerization parameters and DFT calculations, a mechanism for self‐assembly is developed that suggests a kinetically driven polymerization process in combination with thermodynamically controlled crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix D. Goll
- Ulm University Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Gerhard Taubmann
- Ulm University Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- Ulm University Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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10
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Goll FD, Taubmann G, Ziener U. Statische Rastertunnelmikroskopie‐Bilder enthüllen den Mechanismus der supramolekularen Polymerisation eines Oligopyridins auf Graphit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix D. Goll
- Universität Ulm Institut für Organische Chemie III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Taubmann
- Universität Ulm Institut für Theoretische Chemie Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- Universität Ulm Institut für Organische Chemie III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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11
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Li C, Meng X, Weismann A, von Glasenapp JS, Hamer S, Xiang F, Pignedoli CA, Herges R, Berndt R. Effect of an axial ligand on the self-assembly of molecular platforms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28864-28869. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sub-monolayer amounts of trioxatriangulenium (TOTA) molecules functionalized with biphenyl on Ag(111) were investigated with scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Weismann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hamer
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Feifei Xiang
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Qiu S, Li Y, Xu S, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Li W. Temperature-Induced Structural Phase Transitions in Self-Assembled Hydrogen Bonded Networks at the Liquid/Solid Interface. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421090247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Khan SB, Lee SL. Supramolecular Chemistry: Host-Guest Molecular Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:3995. [PMID: 34208882 PMCID: PMC8271753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, researchers have emphasized practical approaches for capturing coordinated and selective guest entrap. The physisorbed nanoporous supramolecular complexes have been widely used to restrain various guest species on compact supporting surfaces. The host-guest (HG) interactions in two-dimensional (2D) permeable porous linkages are growing expeditiously due to their future applications in biocatalysis, separation technology, or nanoscale patterning. The different crystal-like nanoporous network has been acquired to enclose and trap guest molecules of various dimensions and contours. The host centers have been lumped together via noncovalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals (vdW) interactions, or coordinate bonds). In this review article, we enlighten and elucidate recent progress in HG chemistry, explored via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We summarize the synthesis, design, and characterization of typical HG structural design examined on various substrates, under ambient surroundings at the liquid-solid (LS) interface, or during ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We emphasize isoreticular complexes, vibrant HG coordination, or hosts functional cavities responsive to the applied stimulus. Finally, we critically discuss the significant challenges in advancing this developing electrochemical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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14
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Xu P, Li X, Yu H. Thermodynamic Phase-like Transition Effect of Molecular Self-assembly. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:126-131. [PMID: 33307700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The technique of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is frequently applied for grafting functional groups or area-selective deposition of thin films on a material surface. The formation and quality of SAMs are fundamentally determined by thermodynamic data, which are difficult to measure with available experimental methods. This work quantitatively extracted thermodynamic parameters including ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS° during the SAMs construction process with an ultrasensitive resonant microcantilever as molecule-surface interactions real-time recording tool. By correlating the thermodynamic parameters with self-assembling temperatures, a new thermodynamic phase-like transition effect of molecular self-assembly has been first revealed. The sharp transition of the thermodynamic parameters defines the critical condition for SAMs formation. The thermodynamic data further provide optimized reaction conditions for constructing high-quality SAMs. The explored quantitative thermodynamic analysis method not only plays as criterion for SAM growth but also helps to fundamentally elucidate physicochemical mechanism of spontaneous self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
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15
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Li W, Xu S, Chen X, Xu C. Structural transformations of carboxyl acids networks induced by concentration and oriented external electric field. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Graphene transistors for real-time monitoring molecular self-assembly dynamics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4731. [PMID: 32948763 PMCID: PMC7501237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastering the dynamics of molecular assembly on surfaces enables the engineering of predictable structural motifs to bestow programmable properties upon target substrates. Yet, monitoring self-assembly in real time on technologically relevant interfaces between a substrate and a solution is challenging, due to experimental complexity of disentangling interfacial from bulk phenomena. Here, we show that graphene devices can be used as highly sensitive detectors to read out the dynamics of molecular self-assembly at the solid/liquid interface in-situ. Irradiation of a photochromic molecule is used to trigger the formation of a metastable self-assembled adlayer on graphene and the dynamics of this process are monitored by tracking the current in the device over time. In perspective, the electrical readout in graphene devices is a diagnostic and highly sensitive means to resolve molecular ensemble dynamics occurring down to the nanosecond time scale, thereby providing a practical and powerful tool to investigate molecular self-organization in 2D. Molecular self-assembly provides the desired functions to substrates, but investigation and control of its dynamics is challenging for the large area over which it must be detected. Here the authors report the use of graphene field effect devices to monitor with sub-second time resolution the photoinduced supramolecular assembly of a spiropyran derivative on graphene, covering an area of 100 × 100 μm2.
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17
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Kunitake M, Uemura S. Construction and Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging of Two-dimensional Nanomaterials. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kunitake
- Faculty of Advanced Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinobu Uemura
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
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18
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Adachi K, Hirose T, Matsuda K. The polymorphism of porphyrin 2D assemblies at the liquid-graphite interface: the effect of a polar solvent additive and a flexible spacer on the face-on and edge-on type molecular arrangements. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8836-8839. [PMID: 31157333 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly structures of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-substituted phenyl)porphyrins at the liquid-graphite interface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. We found that the presence of a small amount of a polar solvent, i.e., only 0.5 vol% of octanoic acid in phenyloctane, significantly affected the selective formation of the face-on polymorph over the edge-on one likely due to the solvent-molecule interactions at the 2D interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Adachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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19
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Mahmood A, Saeed M, Chan Y, Saleemi AS, Guo J, Lee SL. Synergic Effect: Temperature-Assisted Electric-Field-Induced Supramolecular Phase Transitions at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8031-8037. [PMID: 31120252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using trimesic acid (TMA) as a model system by means of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a temperature controller, here, we report a temperature-assisted method to cooperatively control electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface. Octanoic acid is used as a solvent due to its good solubility for TMA and its less complicated pattern formed under negative STM bias (e.g., only chicken-wire polymorphs existing). At positive substrate bias, STM revealed that TMA assembly based on temperature modulations underwent phase transitions from a porous (22 °C) to a flower (45 °C) and further to a zigzag (68 °C) structure. The transitions are ascribed to the partial deprotonation of the carboxyl groups of TMA. Both the temperature and electrical polarity of the substrate are crucial, i.e., the transitions only take place at positive substrate bias and elevated temperatures. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried out to calculate the temperature and electric field dependence of the adsorption enthalpy and free energy of the chicken-wire assembly of TMA on the two layers of graphene surface. The calculated decrease in adsorption enthalpy with the increase of temperature and electric field values that causes the TMA chicken-wire assembly to be less stable is proposed to promote the occurrence of the phase transition observed by STM. This study paves the way toward program-controlled supramolecular phase switching via the synergic effect of electrical and thermal stimuli.
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20
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Zhang SQ, Cheng LX, Gong ZL, Duan WB, Tu B, Zhong YW, Zeng QD. Temperature-Triggered Self-Assembled Structural Transformation: From Pure Hydrogen-Bonding Quadrilateral Nanonetwork to Trihexagonal Structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6571-6577. [PMID: 31002519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adequate control over the structures of molecular building blocks plays an important role in the fabrication of desired supramolecular nanostructures at interfaces. In this study, the formation of a pure hydrogen-bonding co-assembly supramolecular nanonetwork on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface was demonstrated by means of a scanning tunneling microscope. The thermal annealing process was conducted to monitor the temperature-triggered structural transformation of the self-assembled nanonetwork. On the basis of the single-molecule-level resolution scanning tunneling microscopy images, together with the density functional theory calculations, the formation mechanisms of the formed nanoarrays were proposed. The results have great significance with regard to controlled construction of complex nanostructures on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044 , P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Lin-Xiu Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Wu-Biao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Qing-Dao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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21
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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22
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Garah ME, Cook TR, Sepehrpour H, Ciesielski A, Stang PJ, Samorì P. Concentration-dependent supramolecular patterns of C 3 and C 2 symmetric molecules at the solid/liquid interface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 168:211-216. [PMID: 29198983 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) investigation on the self-assembly of C3- and C2-symmetric molecules at the solution/graphite interface. 1,3,5-tris((E)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)benzene and 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethane are used as model systems. These molecules displayed a concentration dependent self-assembly behaviour on graphite, resulting in highly ordered supramolecular structures, which are stabilized jointly by van der Waals substrate-adsorbate interactions and in-plane intermolecular H-bonding. Denser packing is obtained when applying a relatively high concentration solution to the basal plane of the surface whereas a less dense porous network is observed upon lowering the concentration. We show that the molecular conformation does not influence the stability of the self-assembly and a twisted molecule can pack into dense and porous architectures under the concentration effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Garah
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Timothy R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United State
| | - Hajar Sepehrpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United State
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United State.
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
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23
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Kim S, Castillo HD, Lee M, Mortensen RD, Tait SL, Lee D. From Foldable Open Chains to Shape-Persistent Macrocycles: Synthesis, Impact on 2D Ordering, and Stimulated Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Henry D. Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Riley D. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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24
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Di Giovannantonio M, Contini G. Reversibility and intermediate steps as key tools for the growth of extended ordered polymers via on-surface synthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:093001. [PMID: 29345628 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa8cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined polymerization is a bottom-up strategy to create one- and two-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures with a π-conjugated backbone, which are suitable to be employed in real-life electronic devices, due to their high mechanical resistance and electronic charge transport efficiency. This strategy makes it possible to change the properties of the final nanostructures by a careful choice of the monomer architecture (i.e. of its constituent atoms and their spatial arrangement). Several chemical reactions have been proven to form low-dimensional polymers on surfaces, exploiting a variety of precursors in combination with metal (e.g. Cu, Ag, Au) and insulating (e.g. NaCl, CaCO3) surfaces. One of the main challenges of such an approach is to obtain nanostructures with long-range order, to boost the conductance performances of these materials. Most of the exploited chemical reactions use irreversible coupling between the monomers and, as a consequence, the resulting structures often suffer from poor order and high defect density. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art surface-confined polymerization reactions, with particular attention paid to reversible coupling pathways and irreversible processes including intermediate states, which are key aspects to control to increase the order of the final nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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25
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Frath D, Yokoyama S, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Photoresponsive supramolecular self-assemblies at the liquid/solid interface. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Hipps KW, Mazur U. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control in Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Self-Assembled Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3-17. [PMID: 28929771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are ubiquitous in modern science and technology. Their stability, redox properties, and photoresponse make them candidates for numerous applications. Many of these applications rely on thin films, and these are critically dependent on the first monolayer. In this article, we focus on noncovalently bound self-assembled monolayers of porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the solution-solid interface with special emphasis on the kinetic and thermodynamic processes that define the films and their reaction chemistry. We first discuss the difference between film-formation kinetics and desorption kinetics from fully formed films. We then present evidence that many of these monolayers are controlled by adsorption kinetics and are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Measurement of the solution-solid interface desorption energy by scanning tunneling microscopy is discussed, and data is presented for cobalt, nickel, and free base octaethylporphyrin. The activation energy for the desorption of these compounds into phenyloctane is about half of the computed desorption energy in vacuum, and this is discussed in terms of the role of the solvent. Preexponential factors are very low compared to desorption into vacuum, and this is attributed to a reduction in the entropy of activation due to the participation of solvent in the transition state. An example of the use of relative desorption kinetics to create a new binary surface structure is given. It is suggested that this is a synthesis route that may have been missed because of the large difference in solution concentrations required to drive binary film formation. Attention then turns to the axial reaction chemistry of metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines supported on conducting surfaces. We show several examples of chemistry unique to the supported complexes: cases where the metal binds ligands more readily and cases where the substrate induces ligand loss. Understanding this new axial coordination chemistry is of great importance in catalysis, sensing, and the growth of 3D materials from a self-assembled template.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - Ursula Mazur
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
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27
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Lipton-Duffin J, Abyazisani M, MacLeod J. Periodic and nonperiodic chiral self-assembled networks from 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid on Ag(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8316-8319. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An activated reaction can lead to a diversity of intermolecular bonding motifs through partially-reacted molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Institute for Future Environments
| | - Maryam Abyazisani
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Institute for Future Environments
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28
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Cui D, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Macleod JM. Control of Fullerene Crystallization from 2D to 3D through Combined Solvent and Template Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16732-16740. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Jennifer M. Macleod
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
- School
of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland Australia
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29
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Amabilino DB, Tait SL. Complex molecular surfaces and interfaces: concluding remarks. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:487-502. [PMID: 29028066 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper is derived from our concluding remarks presentation and the ensuing conversations at the Faraday Discussions meeting on Complex Molecular Surfaces and Interfaces, Sheffield, UK, 24th-26th July 2017. This meeting was comprised of sessions on understanding the interaction of molecules with surfaces and their subsequent organisation, reactivity or properties from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. This paper attempts to put these presentations in the wider context and focuses on topics that were debated during the meeting and where we feel that opportunities lie for the future development of this interdisciplinary research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK.
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30
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MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin J, Fu C, Taerum T, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. A 2D Substitutional Solid Solution through Hydrogen Bonding of Molecular Building Blocks. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8901-8909. [PMID: 28806527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) molecular self-assembly allows for the formation of well-defined supramolecular layers with tailored geometrical, compositional, and chemical properties. To date, random intermixing and entropic effects in these systems have largely been associated with crystalline disorder and glassy phases. Here we describe a 2D crystalline self-assembled molecular system that exhibits random incorporation of substitutional molecules. The lattice is formed from a mixture of trimesic acid (TMA) and terthienobenzenetricarboxylic acid (TTBTA), C3-symmetric hydrogen-bonding units of very different sizes (0.79 and 1.16 nm, respectively), at the solution-highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) interface. Remarkably, the TTBTA substitutes into the TMA lattice at a fixed stoichiometry near 12%. The resulting lattice constant is consistent with Vegard's law prediction for an alloy with a composition TMA0.88TTBTA0.12, and the substrate orientation of the lattice is defined by an epitaxial relation with the HOPG substrate. The Gibbs free energy for the TMA/TTBTA lattice was elucidated by considering the entropy of intermixing, via Monte Carlo simulations of multiplicity of the substitutional lattices, and the enthalpy of intermixing, via density functional theory calculations. The latter show that both the bond enthalpy of the H-bonded lattice and the adsorption enthalpy of the molecule/substrate interactions play important roles. This work provides insight into the manifestation of entropy in a molecular crystal constrained by both epitaxy and intermolecular interactions and demonstrates that a randomly intermixed yet crystalline 2D solid can be formed through hydrogen bonding of molecular building blocks of very different size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M MacLeod
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications , 1650 Lionel Boulet Boulevard, Varennes, QC, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Josh Lipton-Duffin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications , 1650 Lionel Boulet Boulevard, Varennes, QC, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Chaoying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Tyler Taerum
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Federico Rosei
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications , 1650 Lionel Boulet Boulevard, Varennes, QC, Canada J3X 1S2
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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31
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Nishitani N, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Influence of Multidirectional Interactions on Domain Size and Shape of 2-D Molecular Assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9151-9159. [PMID: 28783345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of molecule-molecule interactions on the size and shape of two-dimensional (2-D) ordering domains was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid/solid interface. Synthesized alkoxybenzene derivatives bearing amide group tend to form very large domains of 2-D orderings (>0.25 μm2), whereas the domain size of corresponding urea derivatives was significantly small in the same condition. The quantitative analysis of the concentration dependence of surface coverage using a nucleation-elongation model suggests that the replacement of amide functionality by urea increased the equilibrium constant of the nucleation process of 2-D self-assembly, which is a key factor for the domain size at the liquid/solid interface. Interestingly, the STM observation revealed that a slight difference of molecular structure influences the shape of 2-D ordering domains, and needle-shaped domains with large aspect ratio around 10 were observed by tuning molecule-molecule intramolecular interactions in 2-D self-assembly formed at a liquid/graphite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Nishitani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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32
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Brown RD, Quardokus RC, Wasio NA, Petersen JP, Silski AM, Corcelli SA, Kandel SA. Non-intuitive clustering of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on Au(111). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1801-1807. [PMID: 28904841 PMCID: PMC5588540 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The direct injection of a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in tetrahydrofuran solution on a Au(111) substrate in high vacuum results in the formation of metastable clusters with a non-intuitive structure. Metastable, rectangular tetramers of this molecule form in which the net molecular dipoles all orient toward the center of the cluster. This structure does not allow for additional hydrogen bonding and thus the origin of its metastability is not clear. We compare this feature to other structures observed on this surface, as well as those formed during the deposition of 9-fluorenone, which does not exhibit this anomalous clustering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | | | - Natalie A Wasio
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Jacob P Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Angela M Silski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Steven A Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - S Alex Kandel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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33
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Iritani K, Tahara K, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Host-Guest Chemistry in Integrated Porous Space Formed by Molecular Self-Assembly at Liquid-Solid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4601-4618. [PMID: 28206764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest chemistry in two-dimensional (2D) space, that is, physisorbed monolayers of a single atom or a single molecular thickness on surfaces, has become a subject of intense current interest because of perspectives for various applications in molecular-scale electronics, selective sensors, and tailored catalysis. Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used as a powerful tool for the visualization of molecules in real space on a conducting substrate surface. For more than a decade, we have been investigating the self-assembly of a series of triangle-shaped phenylene-ethynylene macrocycles called dehydrobenzo[12]annulenes (DBAs). These molecules are substituted with six alkyl chains and are capable of forming hexagonal porous 2D molecular networks via van der Waals interactions between interdigitated alkyl chains at the interface of organic solvents and graphite. The dimension of the nanoporous space or nanowell formed by the self-assembly of DBAs can be controlled from 1.6 to 4.7 nm by simply changing the alkyl chain length from C6 to C20. Single molecules as well as homoclusters and heteroclusters are capable of coadsorbing within the host matrix using shape- and size-complementarity principles. Moreover, on the basis of the versatility of the DBA molecules that allows chemical modification of the alkyl chain terminals, we were able to decorate the interior space of the nanoporous networks with functional groups such as azobenzenedicarboxylic acid for photoresponsive guest adsorption/desorption or fluoroalkanes and tetraethylene glycol groups for selective guest binding by electrostatic interactions and zinc-porphyrin units for complexation with a guest by charge-transfer interactions. In this Feature Article, we describe the general aspects of molecular self-assembly at liquid/solid interfaces, followed by the formation of programmed porous molecular networks using rationally designed molecular building blocks. We focus on our own work involving host-guest chemistry in integrated nanoporous space that is modified for specific purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Iritani
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University , Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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34
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Mukherjee A, Teyssandier J, Hennrich G, De Feyter S, Mali KS. Two-dimensional crystal engineering using halogen and hydrogen bonds: towards structural landscapes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3759-3769. [PMID: 28553534 PMCID: PMC5427994 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) crystallization on solid surfaces is governed by a subtle balance of supramolecular and interfacial interactions. However, these subtle interactions often make the prediction of supramolecular structure from the molecular structure impossible. As a consequence, surface-based 2D crystallization has often been studied on a case-by-case basis, which hinders the identification of structure-determining relationships between different self-assembling systems. Here we begin the discussion on such structure-determining relationships by comparing the 2D crystallization of two identical building blocks based on a 1,3,5-tris(pyridine-4-ylethynyl)benzene unit at the solution-solid interface. The concepts of supramolecular synthons and structural landscapes are introduced in the context of 2D crystallization on surfaces to identify common structural elements. The systems are characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This strategy involves carrying out minor structural modifications on the parent compound to access supramolecular patterns that are otherwise not obtained. We demonstrate that this chemical perturbation strategy translates equally well for 2D co-crystallization experiments with halogen bond donors yielding porous bi-component networks. The holistic approach described here represents a stepping stone towards gaining predictive power over the 2D crystallization of molecules on solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B3001 Leuven , Belgium . ;
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B3001 Leuven , Belgium . ;
| | - Gunther Hennrich
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B3001 Leuven , Belgium . ;
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B3001 Leuven , Belgium . ;
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35
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Li C, Li N, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yuan C, Peng L, Hou S, Wang Y. Kinetically controlled hierarchical self-assemblies of all-trans-retinoic acid on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2252-2255. [PMID: 28144644 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetically controlled hierarchical self-assemblies of all-trans-retinoic acid on Au(111) were investigated via low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy in ultra-high vacuum. The dominant molecular hierarchical superstructure could be selectively controlled to dimer, tetramer, or pentamer patterns, which were stabilized by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chenyang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lianmao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and Peking University Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and Peking University Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300457, China
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36
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Velpula G, Takeda T, Adisoejoso J, Inukai K, Tahara K, Mali KS, Tobe Y, De Feyter S. On the formation of concentric 2D multicomponent assemblies at the solution–solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1108-1111. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and fabrication of a four-component supramolecular network consisting of three concentric shells around a central guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangamallaiah Velpula
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Division of Frontier Materials Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Jinne Adisoejoso
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Koji Inukai
- Division of Frontier Materials Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Kunal S. Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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37
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Gorbunov VA, Akimenko SS, Myshlyavtsev AV. Cross-impact of surface and interaction anisotropy in the self-assembly of organic adsorption monolayers: a Monte Carlo and transfer-matrix study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01863k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have theoretically studied the features of self-assembly in organic adsorption layers where both “molecule–surface” and “molecule–molecule” interactions are anisotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. V. Myshlyavtsev
- Omsk State Technical University
- Omsk
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Processing SB RAS
- Omsk
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38
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Phillipson R, Lockhart de la Rosa CJ, Teyssandier J, Walke P, Waghray D, Fujita Y, Adisoejoso J, Mali KS, Asselberghs I, Huyghebaert C, Uji-I H, De Gendt S, De Feyter S. Tunable doping of graphene by using physisorbed self-assembled networks. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:20017-20026. [PMID: 27883146 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One current key challenge in graphene research is to tune its charge carrier concentration, i.e., p- and n-type doping of graphene. An attractive approach in this respect is offered by controlled doping via well-ordered self-assembled networks physisorbed on the graphene surface. We report on tunable n-type doping of graphene using self-assembled networks of alkyl-amines that have varying chain lengths. The doping magnitude is modulated by controlling the density of the strong n-type doping amine groups on the surface. As revealed by scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, this density is governed by the length of the alkyl chain which acts as a spacer within the self-assembled network. The modulation of the doping magnitude depending on the chain length was demonstrated using Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements on graphene field effect devices. This supramolecular functionalization approach offers new possibilities for controlling the properties of graphene and other two-dimensional materials at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Phillipson
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - César J Lockhart de la Rosa
- KU Leuven, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium and imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peter Walke
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Deepali Waghray
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jinne Adisoejoso
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and RIES, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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39
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Cheng L, Li Y, Zhang CY, Gong ZL, Fang Q, Zhong YW, Tu B, Zeng Q, Wang C. Temperature-Triggered Chiral Self-Assembly of Achiral Molecules at the Liquid-Solid Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32004-32010. [PMID: 27801560 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperature triggered chiral nanostructures have been investigated on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces by means of scanning tunneling microscopy. Achiral molecules 1 and 2 tend to self-assemble into strip structures on graphite before heating. However, R and S flower-like structures are observed when heated to certain temperature. The transition temperatures of 1 and 2 systems are 55 and 60 °C, respectively. The density functional theory calculations demonstrate that R and S flower-like structures are more stable than strip structures. The coexistence of flower-like structures and strip structures demonstrates the thermodynamic equilibrium. Further, when chiral solvent is added to the sample with other conditions remaining the same, the racemic phenomenon disappears and homochirality emerges. This is an efficient method to control the chirality of 2D molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiu Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yibao Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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40
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Hibino M. Adsorption Behaviors of Mixed Monolayers of n-Alkanes at the Liquid-Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4705-4709. [PMID: 27124544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand the self-assembly of monolayers at the liquid-solid interface, a thermodynamic model, which describes the contributions of the molecular interactions, is essential. We present an adapted Zimm-Bragg model of the cooperativity transitions for determining the Gibbs free energy for self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to observe the monolayers formed on graphite from phenyloctane solutions of binary mixtures of n-hexacosane (C26H54) and n-tetratriacontane (C34H70). This revealed that the sharp transition in the monolayers from the full surface coverage of the long-chain alkane, which is adsorbed preferentially, to the full coverage of the short-chain alkane is a function of the mixture composition. The model allows for the estimation of the free-energy changes associated with the difference in the alkyl chain length and the interface between the two different alkane regions in the monolayers. It is also suitable for understanding more complex systems that exhibit intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hibino
- Department of Applied Science, Muroran Institute of Technology , 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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41
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Tuca E, Paci I. Fundamental aspects in surface self-assembly: theoretical implications of molecular polarity and shape. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:6498-508. [PMID: 26864632 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04479k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate fundamental aspects of structure formation in molecular self-assembly, by examining the emergence of order upon adsorption of a series of model molecules. It is known that strongly polar diatomic molecules form three-dimensional crystals in the absence of a substrate. This tendency can be disrupted upon assembly on a solid surface, and various other types of order may arise. Depending on the relative strength of the interactions, disordered phases, two-dimensional crystals commensurate to the surface, and unmodified crystals were observed upon adsorption of simple dipoles in the present work. Introduction of steric features, in the form of a longer backbone or substituents external to the polar pair, led to even richer phase diagrams. The formation of two-dimensional phases with nematic (parallel) or antiparallel alignment was accomplished by altering the polarity of the end groups on needle-like molecules, whereas embedded charged groups made two-dimensional structure unstable for even very long molecules. These molecules preferred to align in long, often desorbed, molecular wires. The wealth of phases observed here parallel the results of experimental systematic or incidental studies of the relationships between molecular interactions and self-assembled patterns, and provide some insight into the molecular handles that self-assembly researchers can wield to guide the process towards a desired structural outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilian Tuca
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
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42
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Ciesielski A, El Garah M, Masiero S, Samorì P. Self-assembly of Natural and Unnatural Nucleobases at Surfaces and Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:83-95. [PMID: 26488679 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of small organic molecules interacting via non-covalent forces is a viable approach towards the construction of highly ordered nanostructured materials. Among various molecular components, natural and unnatural nucleobases can undergo non-covalent self-association to form supramolecular architectures with ad hoc structural motifs. Such structures, when decorated with appropriate electrically/optically active units, can be used as scaffolds to locate such units in pre-determined positions in 2D on a surface, thereby paving the way towards a wide range of applications, e.g., in optoelectronics. This review discusses some of the basic concepts of the supramolecular engineering of natural and unnatural nucleobases and derivatives thereof as well as self-assembly processes on conductive solid substrates, as investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy in ultra-high vacuum and at the solid/liquid interface. By unravelling the structure and dynamics of these self-assembled architectures with a sub-nanometer resolution, a greater control over the formation of increasingly sophisticated functional systems is achieved. The ability to understand and predict how nucleobases interact, both among themselves as well as with other molecules, is extremely important, since it provides access to ever more complex DNA- and RNA-based nanostructures and nanomaterials as key components in nanomechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed El Garah
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Caimician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, v. San Giacomo, 11 - 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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43
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Nguyen DCY, Smykalla L, Nguyen TNH, Mehring M, Hietschold M. Role of the deposition temperature on the self-assembly of the non-planar molecule benzene-1,3,5-triphosphonic acid (BTP) at the liquid–solid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24219-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structures of BTP at the undecanol–graphite interface were studied by STM in dependence on the deposition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Chau Yen Nguyen
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Institute of Physics
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Lars Smykalla
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Institute of Physics
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Thi Ngoc Ha Nguyen
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Institute of Physics
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Institut für Chemie
- Koordinationschemie
- D-09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Michael Hietschold
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Institute of Physics
- Solid Surfaces Analysis Group
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
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44
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Woo EM, Lugito G, Yang CE. Analysis of crystal assembly in banded spherulites of phthalic acid upon solvent evaporation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02043c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences are seen in the mechanism of lamellar assembly of two alternating banded regions (valley and ridge) of phthalic acid spherulites solvent-evaporation crystallized at either higher (80 °C) or ambient (28 °C) temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamor M. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Graecia Lugito
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
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45
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Adsorption thermodynamics of cross-shaped molecules with one attractive arm on random heterogeneous square lattice. ADSORPTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-015-9747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Yokoyama S, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Effects of Alkyl Chain Length and Hydrogen Bonds on the Cooperative Self-Assembly of 2-Thienyl-Type Diarylethenes at a Liquid/Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) Interface. Chemistry 2015. [PMID: 26219631 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate understanding of the process of self-assembly is of critical importance to tailor nanostructured order on 2D surfaces with functional molecules. Photochromic compounds are promising candidates for building blocks of advanced photoresponsive surfaces. To investigate the relationship between molecular structure and the mechanism of ordering formation, 2-thienyl-type diarylethenes with various lengths of alkyl side chains linked through an amide or ester group were synthesized. Their self-assemblies at a liquid/solid interface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The concentration dependence of the surface coverage was analyzed by using a cooperative model for a 2D surface based on two characteristic parameters: the nucleation equilibrium constant (Kn) and the elongation equilibrium constant (Ke). The following conclusions can be drawn. 1) The concentration at which a stable 2D molecular ordering is observed by STM exponentially decreases with increasing length of the alkyl chain. 2) Compounds bearing amide groups have higher degrees of cooperativity in self-assembly on 2D surfaces (i.e., σ, which is defined as Kn/Ke) than compounds with ester groups. 3) The self-assembly process of the open-ring isomer of an ester derivative is close to isodesmic, whereas that of the closed-ring isomer is cooperative because of the difference in equilibrium constants for the nucleation step (i.e., Kn) between the two isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yokoyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan)
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan)
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan).
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47
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MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin JA, Cui D, De Feyter S, Rosei F. Substrate Effects in the Supramolecular Assembly of 1,3,5-Benzene Tricarboxylic Acid on Graphite and Graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7016-7024. [PMID: 25594568 DOI: 10.1021/la5048886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of small molecules on a surface depends critically on both molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions. We present here a detailed comparative investigation of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid, TMA) on two different surfaces: highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and single-layer graphene (SLG) grown on a polycrystalline Cu foil. On the basis of high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images, we show that the epitaxy matrix for the hexagonal TMA chicken wire phase is identical on these two surfaces, and, using density functional theory (DFT) with a non-local van der Waals correlation contribution, we identify the most energetically favorable adsorption geometries. Simulated STM images based on these calculations suggest that the TMA lattice can stably adsorb on sites other than those identified to maximize binding interactions with the substrate. This is consistent with our net energy calculations that suggest that intermolecular interactions (TMA-TMA dimer bonding) are dominant over TMA-substrate interactions in stabilizing the system. STM images demonstrate the robustness of the TMA films on SLG, where the molecular network extends across the variable topography of the SLG substrates and remains intact after rinsing and drying the films. These results help to elucidate molecular behavior on SLG and suggest significant similarities between adsorption on HOPG and SLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M MacLeod
- †INRS Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J A Lipton-Duffin
- †INRS Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - D Cui
- †INRS Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - S De Feyter
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Rosei
- †INRS Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada
- §Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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48
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Nishitani N, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Investigation on the Surface-Confined Self-Assembly Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds of Urea and Amide Groups: Quantitative Analysis of Concentration Dependence of Surface Coverage. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1926-31. [PMID: 26033832 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a hydrogen-bond network via an amide group is a key driving force for the nucleation-elongation-type self-assembly that is often seen in biomolecules and artificial supramolecular assemblies. In this work, rod-coil-like aromatic compounds bearing an amide (1 a-3 a) or urea group (1 u-3 u) were synthesized, and their self-assemblies on a 2-D surface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). According to the quantitative analysis of the concentration dependence of the surface coverage, it was revealed that the strength of the hydrogen bond (i.e., amide or urea) and the number of non-hydrogen atoms in a molecular component (i.e., size of core and length of alkyl side chain) play a primary role in determining the stabilization energy during nucleation and elongation processes of molecular ordering on the HOPG surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Nishitani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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49
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Mazur U, Hipps KW. Kinetic and thermodynamic processes of organic species at the solution-solid interface: the view through an STM. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4737-49. [PMID: 25634141 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09840d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A focused review is presented on the evolution of our understanding of the kinetic and thermodynamic factors that play a critical role in the formation of well ordered organic adlayers at the solution-solid interface. While the current state of knowledge is in the very early stages, it is now clear that assumptions of kinetic or thermodynamic control are dangerous and require careful confirmation. Equilibrium processes at the solution-solid interface are being described by evolving thermodynamic models that utilize concepts from the thermodynamics of micelles. A surface adsorption version of the Born-Haber cycle is helping to extract the thermodynamic functions of state associated with equilibrium structures, but only a very few systems have been so analyzed. The kinetics of surface phase transformation, especially for polymorphic phases is in an early qualitative stage. Adsorption and desorption kinetics are just starting to be measured. The study of kinetics and thermodynamics for organic self-assembly at the solution-solid interface is experiencing very exciting and rapid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Mazur
- Chemistry Department and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
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Haar S, Ciesielski A, Clough J, Yang H, Mazzaro R, Richard F, Conti S, Merstorf N, Cecchini M, Morandi V, Casiraghi C, Samorì P. A supramolecular strategy to leverage the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene in the presence of surfactants: unraveling the role of the length of fatty acids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1691-1702. [PMID: 25504589 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the full control over the production as well as processability of high-quality graphene represents a major challenge with potential interest in the field of fabrication of multifunctional devices. The outstanding effort dedicated to tackle this challenge in the last decade revealed that certain organic molecules are capable of leveraging the exfoliation of graphite with different efficiencies. Here, a fundamental understanding on a straightforward supramolecular approach for producing homogenous dispersions of unfunctionalized and non-oxidized graphene nanosheets in four different solvents is attained, namely N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylformamide, ortho-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. In particular, a comparative study on the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene in the presence of linear alkanes of different lengths terminated by a carboxylic-acid head group is performed. These molecules act as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the exfoliation process. The efficiency of the exfoliation in terms of concentration of exfoliated graphene is found to be proportional to the length of the employed fatty acid. Importantly, a high percentage of single-layer graphene flakes is revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses. A simple yet effective thermodynamic model is developed to interpret the chain-length dependence of the exfoliation yield. This approach relying on the synergistic effect of a ad-hoc solvent and molecules to promote the exfoliation of graphene in liquid media represents a promising and modular strategy towards the rational design of improved dispersion-stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Haar
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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