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Kihara K, Kobayashi T, Xu W, Kumagai N. In2Q2: A New Entry of 16-Membered Tetraazamacrocycle Concatenating Indole and Quinoline Units. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304176. [PMID: 38407941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A new family of 16-membered macrocycles comprising two indole (In) and two quinoline (Q) units, coined In2Q2, was synthesized. Each unit is diagonally located and concatenated in a head-to-tail fashion, furnishing a non-flat saddle-shaped architecture with C2 symmetry. The synthetic protocol utilizing macrocyclic diamide as a pivotal precursor allowed us to access a series of In2Q2 derivatives bearing various substituents on the periphery. The In2Q2 derivatives and their Zn2+ complexes were emissive in both solution phase and solid state. While the entire architecture of In2Q2 is similar to that of quinoline tetramer TEtraQuinoline, a couple of contrasting physicochemical properties were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Wei Xu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
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2
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Yu IF, Wilson JW, Hartwig JF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Silylation and Borylation of C-H Bonds for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11619-11663. [PMID: 37751601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules containing functional groups has been one of the holy grails of catalysis. One synthetically important approach to the diverse functionalization of C-H bonds is the catalytic silylation or borylation of C-H bonds, which enables a broad array of downstream transformations to afford diverse structures. Advances in both undirected and directed methods for the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have led to their rapid adoption in early-, mid-, and late-stage of the synthesis of complex molecules. In this Review, we review the application of the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds to the synthesis of bioactive molecules, organic materials, and ligands. Overall, we aim to provide a picture of the state of art of the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds as applied to the synthesis and modification of diverse architectures that will spur further application and development of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Xu W, Nagata Y, Kumagai N. TEtraQuinolines: A Missing Link in the Family of Porphyrinoid Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2609-2618. [PMID: 36689566 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin contains four inwardly oriented nitrogen atoms. It is arguably the most ubiquitous multifunctional naturally occurring macrocycle that has inspired the design of novel nitrogen-containing heterocycles for decades. While cyclic tetramers of pyrrole, indole, and pyridine have been exploited as macrocycles in this category, quinoline has been largely neglected as a synthon. Herein, we report the synthesis of TEtraQuinoline (TEQ) as a 'missing link' in this N4 macrocycle family. In TEQs, four quinoline units are concatenated to produce an S4-symmetric architecture. TEQs are characterized by a highly rigid saddle shape, wherein the lone-pair orbitals of the four nitrogen atoms are not aligned in a planar fashion. Nevertheless, TEQs can coordinate a series of transition-metal cations (Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pd2+). TEQs are inherently fluorescence-silent but become strongly emissive upon protonation or complexation of Zn(II) cations (ϕ = 0.71). TEQ/Fe(II) complexes can catalyze dehydrogenation and oxygenation reactions with catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.,Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0025, Japan
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4
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Prystupa M, Söhnel T, Sperry J. Synthesis of the 2,2′:3′,3′':2′',2′'' tetraindole framework of the alkaloid bisindigotin. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hiroto S. Development of synthetic protocols for porphyrins and their analogs based on distorted structures — a SPP/JPP Young Investigator Award paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Creation of novel [Formula: see text]-conjugated molecules is an important research topic. I describe in this account an approach to this aim that is based on the use of the distorted conformation of porphyrins. Planarization of distorted molecules enables the synthesis of heteroatom-containing porphyrin derivatives. Furthermore, dearomatization reaction proves effective to construct distorted conformations from planar [Formula: see text]-conjugated molecules under mild reaction conditions. According to this protocol, we have succeeded in the synthesis of heteroatom-containing curved-[Formula: see text] conjugated molecules that had never been achieved by conventional protocols. In particular, a nitrogen-embedded buckybowl is the first example of a buckybowl having a heteroatom in its central position, which exhibits unique properties due to the incorporation of the heteroatom in its curved [Formula: see text]-surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Nihonmatsu-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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7
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StC. Black D, Alamgir M, Jiang H, Bhadbhade M, Kumar N. Synthesis and Reactivity of Dimethoxy Activated Benzothiazoles. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Hiroto S. Innovative Synthesis and Functions of Curved π-Conjugated Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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Vainer AY, Dyumaev KM, Kovalenko AM, Barannik NV, Zelikson KI, Kotov SV. Porphyrin Derivatives of Macrocyclic Tetraindoles: Synthesis and Chemical Transformations. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500818050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Saegusa Y, Ishizuka T, Kojima T. Substituent Effects at the β-Positions of the Nonfused Pyrroles in a Quadruply Fused Porphyrin on the Structure and Optical and Electrochemical Properties. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1106-1115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saegusa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Crescenzi O, D'Ischia M, Napolitano A. Kaxiras's Porphyrin: DFT Modeling of Redox-Tuned Optical and Electronic Properties in a Theoretically Designed Catechol-Based Bioinspired Platform. Biomimetics (Basel) 2017; 2:biomimetics2040021. [PMID: 31105182 PMCID: PMC6352670 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics2040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed computational investigation of the 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI)-based porphyrin-type tetramer first described by Kaxiras as a theoretical structural model for eumelanin biopolymers is reported herein, with a view to predicting the technological potential of this unique bioinspired tetracatechol system. All possible tautomers/conformers, as well as alternative protonation states, were explored for the species at various degrees of oxidation and all structures were geometry optimized at the density functional theory (DFT) level. Comparison of energy levels for each oxidized species indicated a marked instability of most oxidation states except the six-electron level, and an unexpected resilience to disproportionation of the one-electron oxidation free radical species. Changes in the highest energy occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest energy unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gaps with oxidation state and tautomerism were determined along with the main electronic transitions: more or less intense absorption in the visible region is predicted for most oxidized species. Data indicated that the peculiar symmetry of the oxygenation pattern pertaining to the four catechol/quinone/quinone methide moieties, in concert with the NH centers, fine-tunes the optical and electronic properties of the porphyrin system. For several oxidation levels, conjugated systems extending over two or more indole units play a major role in determining the preferred tautomeric state: thus, the highest stability of the six-electron oxidation state reflects porphyrin-type aromaticity. These results provide new clues for the design of innovative bioinspired optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Crescenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco D'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
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Hiroto S, Miyake Y, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and Functionalization of Porphyrins through Organometallic Methodologies. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2910-3043. [PMID: 27709907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the postfunctionalization of porphyrins and related compounds through catalytic and stoichiometric organometallic methodologies. The employment of organometallic reactions has become common in porphyrin synthesis. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are now standard techniques for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in porphyrin synthesis. In addition, iridium- or palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of porphyrins is emerging as an efficient way to install various substituents onto porphyrins. Furthermore, the copper-mediated Huisgen cycloaddition reaction has become a frequent strategy to incorporate porphyrin units into functional molecules. The use of these organometallic techniques, along with the traditional porphyrin synthesis, now allows chemists to construct a wide range of highly elaborated and complex porphyrin architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Maeda C, Todaka T, Ueda T, Ema T. Color‐Tunable Solid‐State Fluorescence Emission from Carbazole‐Based BODIPYs. Chemistry 2016; 22:7508-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University, Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Takumi Todaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University, Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tomomi Ueda
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University, Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University, Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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15
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Shigeno A, Matsuno T, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. Indolylindolinone: Easily Accessible, Tunable, and Wide-range Absorbing Dyes. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ami Shigeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Takashi Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
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16
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Arcadi A, Chiarini M, D’Anniballe G, Marinelli F, Pietropaolo E. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of 2-[(2-Aminophenyl)ethynyl]phenylamine Derivatives with Aldehydes: A New Approach to the Synthesis of 2,2′-Disubstituted 1H,1′H-3,3′-Biindoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:1736-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500401p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Facoltà
di Bioscienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari e Ambientali, Università di Teramo,Via Lerici 1, 64023, Mosciano Sant’Angelo (Te), Italy
| | | | - Fabio Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Emanuela Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
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Perea-Buceta JE, Wirtanen T, Laukkanen OV, Mäkelä MK, Nieger M, Melchionna M, Huittinen N, Lopez-Sanchez JA, Helaja J. Cycloisomerization of 2-Alkynylanilines to Indoles Catalyzed by Carbon-Supported Gold Nanoparticles and Subsequent Homocoupling to 3,3′-Biindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Perea-Buceta JE, Wirtanen T, Laukkanen OV, Mäkelä MK, Nieger M, Melchionna M, Huittinen N, Lopez-Sanchez JA, Helaja J. Cycloisomerization of 2-Alkynylanilines to Indoles Catalyzed by Carbon-Supported Gold Nanoparticles and Subsequent Homocoupling to 3,3′-Biindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11835-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Maeda C, Masuda M, Yoshioka N. Effective π-Extension of Carbazole-Based Thiaporphyrins by Peripheral Phenylethynyl Substituents. Org Lett 2013; 15:3566-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401403n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mikako Masuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Nakamura S, Kondo T, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. Porphyrin Analogues That Consist of Indole, Benzofuran, and Benzothiophene Subunits. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Ishizuka T, Saegusa Y, Shiota Y, Ohtake K, Yoshizawa K, Kojima T. Multiply-fused porphyrins—effects of extended π-conjugation on the optical and electrochemical properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5939-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Roznyatovskiy VV, Lee CH, Sessler JL. π-Extended isomeric and expanded porphyrins. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:1921-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Qi D, Zhang L, Jiang J. Toward panchromatic organic functional molecules: Density functional theory study on the nature of the broad UV–Vis–NIR spectra of substituted tetra(azulene)porphyrins. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:304-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Maeda C, Yoshioka N. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Fused Porphyrinoids Based on Cyclic Carbazole[2]indolones. Org Lett 2012; 14:2122-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300585v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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