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Intrieri D, Carminati DM, Zardi P, Damiano C, Manca G, Gallo E, Mealli C. Indoles from Alkynes and Aryl Azides: Scope and Theoretical Assessment of Ruthenium Porphyrin-Catalyzed Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:16591-16605. [PMID: 31626355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A symbiotic experimental/computational study analyzed the Ru(TPP)(NAr)2 -catalyzed one-pot formation of indoles from alkynes and aryl azides. Thirty different C3 -substituted indoles were synthesized and the best performance, in term of yields and regioselectivities, was observed when reacting ArC≡CH alkynes with 3,5-(EWG)2 C6 H3 N3 azides, whereas the reaction was less efficient when using electron-rich aryl azides. A DFT analysis describes the reaction mechanism in terms of the energy costs and orbital/electronic evolutions; the limited reactivity of electron-rich azides was also justified. In summary, PhC≡CH alkyne interacts with one NAr imido ligand of Ru(TPP)(NAr)2 to give a residually dangling C(Ph) group, which, by coupling with a C(H) unit of the N-aryl substituent, forms a 5+6 bicyclic molecule. In the process, two subsequent spin changes allow inverting the conformation of the sp2 C(Ph) atom and its consequent electrophilic-like attack to the aromatic ring. The bicycle isomerizes to indole via a two-step outer sphere H-migration. Eventually, a 'Ru(TPP)(NAr)' mono-imido active catalyst is reformed after each azide/alkyne reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Intrieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 416 Hutchison Hall, New York, NY, 14627-0216, USA
| | - Paolo Zardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Damiano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Mealli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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An ab initio CBS-QB3 quantum chemical study of singlet and triplet sulfonylnitrenes insertion into acetylenes and nitriles. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zardi P, Savoldelli A, Carminati DM, Caselli A, Ragaini F, Gallo E. Indoles Rather than Triazoles from the Ruthenium Porphyrin-Catalyzed Reaction of Alkynes with Aryl Azides. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5012712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zardi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Savoldelli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Caselli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Milan, Italy
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Huang CYD, Doyle AG. The chemistry of transition metals with three-membered ring heterocycles. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8153-98. [PMID: 24869559 DOI: 10.1021/cr500036t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Banert K, Bochmann S, Hagedorn M, Richter F. Stable but chimeric antiaromatic 1H-azirines? A threefold reinvestigation. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Banert K. Acremolin, a stable natural product with an antiaromatic 1H-azirine moiety? A structural reorientation. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zoller U. Three-Membered Rings Containing Sulfur. CHEMISTRY OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS: A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470187180.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wasylenko WA, Kebede N, Showalter BM, Matsunaga N, Miceli AP, Liu Y, Ryzhkov LR, Hadad CM, Toscano JP. Generation of Oxynitrenes and Confirmation of Their Triplet Ground States. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:13142-50. [PMID: 17017794 DOI: 10.1021/ja062712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New sulfoximine- and phenanthrene-based photochemical precursors to oxynitrenes have been developed. These precursors have been used to examine the chemistry and spectroscopy of oxynitrenes. The first EPR spectra of oxynitrenes are reported and are consistent with their triplet ground states. Additional support for the triplet ground state of oxynitrenes is provided by trapping and reactivity studies, nanosecond time-resolved IR investigations, and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Wasylenko
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Palacios F, de Retana AMO, Martínez de Marigorta E, Manuel de los Santos J. PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS OF 2H-AZIRINES A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940209356770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Substituent-dependent asymmetric induction in the ring transformation of 2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]phthalazin-4-ium-6-olates effected by acetic and propionic anhydrides. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maier G, Schmidt C, Reisenauer HP, Endlein E, Becker D, Eckwert J, Andes Jr. BH, Schaad LJ. Blausäure-N-methylid: Darstellung, spektroskopische Eigenschaften und seine Beziehung zu anderen C2H3N-Isomeren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931261024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Aromatic ring synthesis by -aminopyrrole Diels-Alder reaction. Characterization of the heteroatom fragment. Tetrahedron Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zalkow L, Hill R. The synthesis and decomposition of 3-p-nitrophenyl-3,4,5-triazatricyclo(5.2.1.02,6endo)dec-4-ene. Tetrahedron 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(75)80088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cook MJ, Katritzky AR, Linda P. Aromaticity of Heterocycles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mass-spectrometric recording of 1H-azirines as two-charged aromatic ions. Russ Chem Bull 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00857826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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M. Rubottom G, R. Stevenson G, Chabala JC, Pascucci VL. The chemistry of 2,2-dichloro-3-p-nitrophenyl-1-phenyl aziridine, 6. Preparation of a stable aziridinyl C- anion, 3. Tetrahedron Lett 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)94107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baumgarten HE, Wittman WF, Lehmann GJ. Cinnolines. X. The oxidative-rearrangement of 1-aminooxindoles to 3-cinnolinols. J Heterocycl Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570060311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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