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Hassan MTA, Chen X, Fnu PIJ, Osonga FJ, Sadik OA, Li M, Chen H. Rapid detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using paper spray-based mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133366. [PMID: 38185081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Traditional PFAS analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) is time-consuming, as laborious sample preparation (e.g., extraction and desalting) is necessary. Herein, we report fast detection of PFAS by paper spray (PS)-based MS techniques, which employs a triangular-shaped filter paper for sample loading and ionization (≤ 3 min per sample). In this study, PS-MS was first used for direct PFAS analysis of drinking water, tap water, and wastewater. Interestingly, food package paper materials can be directly cut and examined with PS-MS for possible PFAS contamination. For samples containing salt matrices which would suppress PFAS ion signal, desalting paper spray mass spectrometry (DPS-MS), was shown to be capable of rapidly desalting, ionizing and detecting PFAS species such as per-fluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and per-fluorosulphonic acid (PFOS). The retention of PFAS on paper substrate while salts being washed away by water is likely due to hydrophilic interaction between the PFAS polar head (e.g., carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid) with the polar filter paper cellulose surface. The DPS-MS method is highly sensitive (limits of detection:1.2-4.5 ppt) and can be applicable for directly analyzing soil extract and soil samples. These results suggest the high potential of PS-MS and the related DPS-MS technique in real-world environmental analysis of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tanim-Al Hassan
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Xingzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Praneeth Ivan Joel Fnu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Francis J Osonga
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Omowunmi A Sadik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institutes of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Talarico IR, Bartella L, Rocio-Bautista P, Di Donna L, Molina-Diaz A, Garcia-Reyes JF. Paper spray mass spectrometry profiling of olive oil unsaponifiable fraction for commercial categories classification. Talanta 2024; 267:125152. [PMID: 37688893 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
A new method for a fast molecular profiling of olive oil unsaponifiable fraction has been developed. This approach, based on paper spray mass spectrometry, allows obtaining MS data with only a few minutes of analysis and without significant solvent and disposable consumption. Tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments have been performed to identify the main ions detected. The MS data coming from the analyses of sixty-three samples of three different olive oil categories: extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), virgin olive oil (VOO), and pomace olive oil (POO), have been used to test the discriminative potential. Both unsupervised (PCA and HCA) and supervised (kNN and LDA) chemometric procedures have been applied with good results in prediction. The same approach was tested using direct infusion mass spectrometry data to confirm the ability of paper spray fingerprinting to classify different olive oils correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rosita Talarico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, Rende, CS, I-87036, Italy; QUASIORA Laboratory, Agrinfra Research Net, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, Rende, CS, I-87036, Italy
| | - Lucia Bartella
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, Rende, CS, I-87036, Italy; QUASIORA Laboratory, Agrinfra Research Net, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, Rende, CS, I-87036, Italy.
| | - Priscilla Rocio-Bautista
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas S/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Leonardo Di Donna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, Rende, CS, I-87036, Italy; QUASIORA Laboratory, Agrinfra Research Net, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12/D, Rende, CS, I-87036, Italy
| | - Antonio Molina-Diaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas S/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F Garcia-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas S/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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3
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Xiang Z, Zheng Y, Huang Y, Shi J, Zhang Z. Focusing Plasma Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17090-17101. [PMID: 36444961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A plasma-based source named focusing plasma desorption/ionization (FPDI) is described, which applies a high direct current voltage between a metal wire inside a polymeric hollow truncated cone and a piece of a one-sided coated conducting paper substrate. The conducting paper acts as both the counter electrode and the sample carrier. Upon the generation of a visible plasma beam, it would directly ionize the samples spotted on the conducting paper substrate or located around the plasma beam. The signal intensity of target analytes in mass spectrometric analysis is dependent highly on whether the conducting paper substrate is grounded or not, the type of conducting paper substrate, the inside diameter of the polymeric hollow truncated cone tip, the metal wire tip-to-polymer tip distance, the polymer tip-to-paper substrate distance, the applied voltage, and the helium flow rate. Based on the experimental observation, a plausible mechanism is proposed for the generation of the plasma beam from FPDI. Compared to the available low-temperature plasma, flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow, and helium plasma ionization sources, FPDI has demonstrated higher sensitivity and better compatibility with commercial mass spectrometers without any extra power supplies. As a proof of concept, FPDI coupled with a mass spectrometer has also been applied for the discrimination of different brands of gasoline and determination of solid tablets and pesticides with limits of detection in the range of 2.2 to 30.7 ng mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yajie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Jun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
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4
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Wang X, Hebert DD, Runsewe DO, Pohlman GE, Hoffmann WD, Irvin JA. Electroactive Polymer-Based Spray Ionization for Direct Mass Spectrometric Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1840-1849. [PMID: 36149251 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically deposited electroactive polymer (EAP) films were investigated for their potential to enhance the performance of ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS). Several EAPs of varying hydrophobicity were evaluated, including the superhydrophobic polymer poly[3,4-(2-dodecylethylenedioxy)thiophene] (PEDOT-C12). The EAPs were electropolymerized onto indium tin oxide-coated glass, placed in front of the inlet of a mass spectrometer, and charged to 3.5-4.5 kV. Analyte solutions were then applied to the surface, initiating ionization events. Analytes including peptides and small molecule pharmaceuticals were studied in 0.1% formic acid in methanol/water ("spray solvent") as well as in synthetic biological fluid matrices, using both EAP spray ionization (EAPSI) and paper spray ionization (PSI). Each EAPSI analysis required as little as 0.1 μL of solution, and the resulting sprays were stable and reproducible. The sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were evaluated using bradykinin, cannabinol, and cannabidiol, which were prepared in pure solvents, artificial urine, and artificial saliva. The limits of detection and quantitation for EAPSI were improved relative to PSI by 1-2 orders of magnitude for analytes prepared in methanol/water and on the same order of magnitude as PSI for analytes prepared in artificial saliva and urine. This EAP-based spray ionization technique offers possibilities for rapid MS analysis with small sample sizes, high accuracy, and miniaturization of MS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - David D Hebert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Damilola O Runsewe
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Gabriel E Pohlman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - William D Hoffmann
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Jennifer A Irvin
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
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5
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Lin Q, Sun J, Wang Y, Ye M, Cheng H. Rapid determination of aldehydes in food by high-throughput reactive paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Almeida Soares DD, Pereira I, Carlos Pereira Sousa J, Alves Bernardo R, Costa Simas R, Gontijo Vaz B, Rodrigues Chaves A. Bisphenol determination in UHT milk and packaging by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 400:134014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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te Brinke E, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland MH. Insights of ion mobility spectrometry and its application on food safety and authenticity: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Kim H, Lee H, Kum D, Tae H, Cha S, Kim D, Kim S. Mechanism behind the paper spray chemical ionization phenomenon and the choice of solvent. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4602. [PMID: 32710504 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray chemical ionization (PSCI) combined with mass spectrometry has been proposed as a sensitive method for the analysis of nonpolar aromatic compounds; however, the mechanism behind PSCI is not well understood. In the present study, the evidence for the occurrence of corona discharge is provided and its mechanism is proposed. Photographs taken with a highly sensitive camera evidently demonstrate the occurrence of corona discharge at the end of the triangular shape tip when a nonpolar solvent such as hexane was used at an applied potential of 6-7 kV. Nevertheless, corona discharge was not observed in the presence of a polar solvent. The occurrence of the corona discharge was attributed to charge accumulation in the dielectric layer generated by the nonpolar solvent on the fibers of the paper tip. Specifically, corona discharge was generated at the tip end when the charge approached a critical threshold. In the presence of a polar solvent, however, the dielectric layer was not generated and, hence, corona discharge was not observed. Based on this information, three nonpolar solvents were selected and their sensitivity for analyzing the phenanthrene and maltene fractions of crude oil was evaluated. Chlorobenzene provided the highest signal abundance; therefore, it was suggested as the optimum solvent for PSCI. Notably, the fundamental understanding of corona discharge in PSCI acquired in this study provides a basis for further improvement of this technique by way of surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Kum
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsik Tae
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Mass Spectrometry Convergence Research Center and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li X, Attanayake K, Valentine, Li P. Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI) for voltage-free direct analysis of samples using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8232. [PMID: 29993155 PMCID: PMC6529299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of miniaturized and field portable mass spectrometers could not succeed without a simple, compact, and robust ionization source. Here we present a voltage-free ionization method, Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI), which can generate a spray of liquid samples using only one standard microscope glass slide to which a piezoelectric transducer is attached. Compared with existing ambient ionization methods, VSSI eliminates the need for a high electric field (~5000 V·cm-1 ) for spray generation, while sharing a similar level of simplicity and flexibility with the simplest direct ionization techniques currently available such as paper spray ionization (PSI) and other solid substrate-based electrospray ionization methods. METHODS The VSSI device was fabricated by attaching a piezoelectric transducer onto a standard glass microscope slide using epoxy glue. Liquid sample was aerosolized by either placing a droplet onto the vibrating edge of the glass slide or touching a wet surface with the glass edge. Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by placing the VSSI device 0.5-1 cm from the inlet of the mass spectrometer (Q-Exactive, ThermoScientific). RESULTS VSSI is demonstrated to ionize a diverse array of chemical species, including small organic molecules, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Preliminary sensitivity experiments show that high-quality mass spectra of acetaminophen can be obtained by consuming 100 femtomoles of the target. The dual spray of VSSI was also demonstrated by performing in-droplet denaturation of ubiquitin. Finally, due to the voltage-free nature and the direct-contact working mode of VSSI, it has been successfully applied for the detection of chemicals directly from human fingertips. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we report a compact ionization method based on vibrating sharp-edges. The simplicity and voltage-free nature of VSSI make it an attractive option for field portable applications or analyzing biological samples that are sensitive to high voltage or difficult to access by conventional ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Rapid determination and continuous monitoring of propofol in microliter whole blood sample during anesthesia by paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:279-287. [PMID: 33106945 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent in sedation and general anesthesia. To improve the safety and maintain the depth of anesthesia, it is important to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method to monitor the concentration of propofol in blood during anesthesia continuously. Here, we present a novel strategy based on paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) to detect propofol. Samples (in 10 μL) were mixed with methanol as protein precipitation solvent and 2,6-dimethylphenol as internal standard. Protein micro-precipitation was achieved with methanol by vortexing and centrifuging for 5 s each, and propofol was extracted to the supernatant. PSI-MS was performed in negative ionization mode, and MS signal lasted for 1 min. The analysis of a single sample was completed within 2 min. The area ratios of propofol to internal standard were calculated for quantification. Limit of detection of 5.5 ng mL-1 and limit of quantification of 18.2 ng mL-1 were achieved for propofol in whole blood. Calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.02-10 μg mL-1. The developed method was used successfully in monitoring the propofol concentration in 3 patients' whole blood during anesthesia, showing its further application in controlling and feeding-back target concentration infusion. Graphical abstract.
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12
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Frey BS, Damon DE, Badu-Tawiah AK. Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:336-370. [PMID: 31491055 PMCID: PMC7875099 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Narayanan R, Song X, Chen H, Zare RN. Teflon Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:234-239. [PMID: 31939677 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polytetrafluoroethene, commonly known as Teflon, is a plastic famous for its inertness, strength, and nonstick properties, allowing its repeated use in many applications. We report the use of a triangularly cut Teflon substrate to take the place of paper in a form of spray mass spectrometry. A conducting wire (gold) at high potential (positive or negative) makes contact with a drop of the liquid sample at the apex of the triangle, causing a spray of droplets to be directed toward the heated inlet of a mass spectrometer. Saccharides, drugs, illegal additives, peptides, proteins, bilirubin, and vancomycin give mass spectra with high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios, allowing detection at the nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) level. Examination of each of these analytes demonstrates that Teflon spray is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than paper spray under the same conditions. Teflon spray ionization mass spectrometry is applied to the metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of biological fluid samples. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is achieved with Teflon spray at 10 μg/mL concentrations. These experiments show the advantage of using Teflon over a normal paper substrate in detecting many environmentally and biologically relevant systems with high sensitivity and S/N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science , New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
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Meng X, Zhai Y, Yuan W, Lv Y, Lv Q, Bai H, Niu Z, Xu W, Ma Q. Ambient ionization coupled with a miniature mass spectrometer for rapid identification of unauthorized adulterants in food. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Vandergrift GW, Gill CG. Paper spray mass spectrometry: A new drug checking tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:729-737. [PMID: 31432563 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and related psychoactive substances are at the forefront of the opioid overdose crisis, for which a complete solution is not immediately obvious. Drug testing for harm reduction may be an effective approach to both reduce overdoses and importantly, engage people who use drugs (PWUD) with the medical system. Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is an ambient ionization strategy that is uniquely suited to address this complicated analytical task. This perspectives article presents the merits of PS-MS, with a focus upon the current state of its use as a candidate drug checking strategy for harm reduction. PS-MS is inherently sensitive and selective, with detection limits in the picogram range. It requires small drug samples (~1 mg) for quantitative drug testing, critical to encourage pre-consumption measurements by PWUD in the context of a harm reduction strategy. Calibrations obtained in surrogate drug matrices containing highly concentrated primary drugs demonstrate comparable sensitivities, a wide calibration range, and minimal matrix effects. PS-MS can be interfaced with high-resolution MS for non-targeted analysis, allowing the identification of novel psychoactive substances as they appear in street drugs. Individual quantitative PS-MS measurements for drug testing can be done in 1 minute or less, resulting in high sample throughput. Significant advancement in mass spectrometer miniaturization and mobilization has concomitant benefits for direct, on-site drug checking, such as reduced cost, simplified maintenance and ease of use by less skilled operators. While PS-MS technology continues to rapidly advance, it is our opinion that PS-MS can be utilized as an effective tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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16
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McBride EM, Mach PM, Dhummakupt ES, Dowling S, Carmany DO, Demond PS, Rizzo G, Manicke NE, Glaros T. Paper spray ionization: Applications and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Longo CM, Musah RA. An Efficient Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometric Approach to Detection and Quantification of the Mescaline Content of Commonly Abused Cacti from the
Echinopsis
Genus. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:61-66. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. Longo
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222
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18
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Bambauer TP, Maurer HH, Weber AA, Hannig M, Pütz N, Koch M, Manier SK, Schneider M, Meyer MR. Evaluation of novel organosilane modifications of paper spray mass spectrometry substrates for analyzing polar compounds. Talanta 2019; 204:677-684. [PMID: 31357352 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS) is currently used in different analytical fields, but less effort has been made so far to use PSMS for highly polar compounds. Such analytes usually show poor performance in PSMS due to their high affinity for common paper substrates in addition to high matrix effects. In this study, strategies for hydrophobic modifications of commercially available paper substrates using ten different organosilanes were developed. The modified substrates were generated, characterized, and applied for PSMS analysis of polar toxins. By using the modified paper, PSMS performance of some of the toxins could be considerably increased, especially for orellanine, showing a more than 80-fold signal enhancement when substrates modified with chlorotrimethylsilane were used. For other toxins like ricinine, only small beneficial effects could be shown on PSMS performance when using modified substrates. Statistical equivalence tests showed sufficient ruggedness of the developed procedures also compared to conventional substrates. Thus, further systematic development of paper substrates modified with organosilane derivatives based on the presented study for application in PSMS should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Bambauer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Armin A Weber
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Norbert Pütz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha K Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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19
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Combining mid infrared spectroscopy and paper spray mass spectrometry in a data fusion model to predict the composition of coffee blends. Food Chem 2019; 281:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Suraritdechachai S, Charoenpakdee C, Young I, Maher S, Vilaivan T, Praneenararat T. Rapid Detection of the Antibiotic Sulfamethazine in Pig Body Fluids by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3055-3061. [PMID: 30799617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a practical method for nonlethal detection of the antibiotic sulfamethazine in pig body fluids via the combination of simple extraction and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). This method requires minimal sample preparation while still providing high sensitivities and accuracies in complex matrices including pig whole blood (LOD = 7.9 μg/L; recovery = 95.4-103.7%), pig serum (LOD = 11.5 μg/L; recovery = 103.2-106.2%), and synthetic urine (LOD = 11.2 μg/L; recovery = 99.1-103.2%). Given a known correlation between the level of sulfamethazine in body fluids and edible tissues, this method shows great promise as a practical and nonlethal solution for rapid testing of the drug, which can substantially aid managerial decision in the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surased Suraritdechachai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
- The Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
| | - Chayan Charoenpakdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
| | - Iain Young
- Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool , L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics , University of Liverpool , Brownlow Hill , Liverpool , L69 3GJ , United Kingdom
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
| | - Thanit Praneenararat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
- The Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road , Pathumwan, Bangkok , 10330 , Thailand
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21
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Wang H, Li L, Xing R, Zhang Y, Wu T, Chen B, Li Z, Fei Z, Liu Z, Ding H. Screening of antimicrobials in animal-derived foods with desorption corona beam ionization (DCBI) mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 272:411-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Mach PM, Dhummakupt ES, Carmany DO, McBride EM, Busch MW, Demond PS, Rizzo GM, Hollinshead DE, Glaros T. On-substrate derivatization for detection of highly volatile G-series chemical warfare agents via paper spray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1979-1983. [PMID: 30153356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) from ambient atmosphere presents an analytical challenge due to their ease of degradation and volatility. Herein is described a method for derivatizing CWAs directly onto a paper spray substrate prior to analysis. This derivatization allows for much longer times of analysis without sample degradation and with little to no sample preparation. METHODS Derivatization was performed using 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl] phenol both in-vial and directly on paper spray cartridges. Solution studies were carried out over time and samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) operated in positive ion mode. Paper spray substrates impregnated with the derivatizing agent prior to CWA vapor capture were also analyzed over time using a mass spectrometer operated in positive ion mode. RESULTS Use of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl] phenol as a paper spray substrate dopant enables derivatization of G-series compounds into lower volatility complexes. The reaction occurs in solution and in the vapor phase. This new technique effectively traps and captures G-series agents for analysis while extending the time for which the compound remains absorbed. The complex is highly suitable for direct analysis via paper spray mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Derivatization of paper spray substrates was shown to greatly increase the time for analysis of CWAs. This technique, combined with the vapor phase capture stage outlined previously, allows for rapid, quantitative CWA detection by paper spray ionization with little or no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Mach
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
| | - Daniel O Carmany
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
| | - Michael W Busch
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Rizzo
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Donna E Hollinshead
- Prosolia, Inc., 6500 Technology Center Dr., Suite 200, Zionsville, IN, 46077, USA
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
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23
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McKenna J, Dhummakupt ES, Connell T, Demond PS, Miller DB, Michael Nilles J, Manicke NE, Glaros T. Detection of chemical warfare agent simulants and hydrolysis products in biological samples by paper spray mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 142:1442-1451. [PMID: 28338135 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray ionization coupled to a high resolution tandem mass spectrometer (a quadrupole orbitrap) was used to identify and quantitate chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants and their hydrolysis products in blood and urine. Three CWA simulants, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), and their isotopically labeled standards were analyzed in human whole blood and urine. Calibration curves were generated and tested with continuing calibration verification standards. Limits of detection for these three compounds were in the low ng mL-1 range for the direct analysis of both blood and urine samples. Five CWA hydrolysis products, ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), isobutyl methylphosphonic acid (iBuMPA), cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid (CHMPA), and pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PinMPA), were also analyzed. Calibration curves were generated in both positive and negative ion modes. Limits of detection in the negative ion mode ranged from 0.36 ng mL-1 to 1.25 ng mL-1 in both blood and urine for the hydrolysis products. These levels were well below those found in victims of the Tokyo subway attack of 2 to 135 ng mL-1. Improved stability and robustness of the paper spray technique in the negative ion mode was achieved by the addition of chlorinated solvents. These applications demonstrate that paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) can be used for rapid, sample preparation-free detection of chemical warfare agents and their hydrolysis products at physiologically relevant concentrations in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah McKenna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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24
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Kim D, Lee J, Kim B, Kim S. Optimization and Application of Paper-Based Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Natural Organic Matter. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12027-12034. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Lee
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Division of Chemical & Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Division of Chemical & Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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25
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Chao YY, Chen YL, Lin HY, Huang YL. Rapid screening of basic colorants in processed vegetables through mass spectrometry using an interchangeable thermal desorption electrospray ionization source. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1010:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Chao YY, Chen YL, Chen WC, Chen BH, Huang YL. Rapid detection of illegal colorants on traditional Chinese pastries through mass spectrometry with an interchangeable thermal desorption electrospray ionization source. Food Chem 2018; 252:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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de Paula C, Jurisch M, Piccin E, Augusti R. Recognizing drug-facilitated crimes: Detection and quantification of benzodiazepines in beverages using fast liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and paper spray mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1348-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Paula
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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28
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Wei SC, Fan S, Lien CW, Unnikrishnan B, Wang YS, Chu HW, Huang CC, Hsu PH, Chang HT. Graphene oxide membrane as an efficient extraction and ionization substrate for spray-mass spectrometric analysis of malachite green and its metabolite in fish samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1003:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Zargar T, Khayamian T, Jafari MT. Aptamer-modified carbon nanomaterial based sorption coupled to paper spray ion mobility spectrometry for highly sensitive and selective determination of methamphetamine. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:103. [PMID: 29594391 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A cellulose paper was modified with an aptamer against methamphetamine on either carbon dots (CDs) or on multichannel carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The resulting sorbent was applied to the extraction of METH from blood or saliva. The METH-loaded paper than also was directly applied as a paper spray ionization source in ion mobility spectrometry. The carbon nanomaterial enhances sensitivity, and the aptamer enhances selectivity. The materials were covalently bound to the paper on one side, while the aptamer was immobilized on the other. After optimization of the extraction process and instrumental parameters, the limits of detection when using the aptamer-CNT modified paper are 0.6 ng·mL-1 for saliva, and 0.45 ng·mL-1 for plasma. The respective values when using aptamer-CD modified paper are 1.5 ng·mL-1 for saliva and 0.9 ng·mL-1 for plasma. Calibration plots are linear in the 2 to 150 ng·mL-1 METH concentration range for saliva, and in the 1.5 to 200 ng·mL-1 concentration ranges for blood when using the aptamer-CNT based method. When using the aptamer-CDs, the dynamic ranges extend from 5 to 200 ng·mL-1 and from 3 to 250 ng·mL-1, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of METH in real samples of saliva and blood, and the accuracy of the method was confirmed by comparison of the results with data analyzed by GC-MS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Zargar
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Taghi Khayamian
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Mohammad T Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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30
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Teunissen SF, Fedick PW, Berendsen BJA, Nielen MWF, Eberlin MN, Graham Cooks R, van Asten AC. Novel Selectivity-Based Forensic Toxicological Validation of a Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Eight Amphetamines in Whole Blood. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2665-2676. [PMID: 28879579 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify eight individual amphetamines in whole blood in 1.3 min. The method has been optimized and fully validated according to forensic toxicology guidelines, for the quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Additionally, a new concept of intrinsic and application-based selectivity is discussed, featuring increased confidence in the power to discriminate the amphetamines from other chemically similar compounds when applying an ambient mass spectrometric method without chromatographic separation. Accuracy was within ±15% and average precision was better than 15%, and better than 20% at the LLOQ. Detection limits between 15 and 50 ng/mL were obtained using only 12 μL of whole blood. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan F Teunissen
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Sarkar D, Som A, Pradeep T. Catalytic Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Metal Nanotubes and the Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11378-11382. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Depanjan Sarkar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India
| | - Anirban Som
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India
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32
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Salentijn GI, Oleschuk RD, Verpoorte E. 3D-Printed Paper Spray Ionization Cartridge with Integrated Desolvation Feature and Ion Optics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11419-11426. [PMID: 29039912 PMCID: PMC5677766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work we present the application of 3D-printing for the
miniaturization and functionalization of an ion source for (portable)
mass spectrometry (MS). Two versions of a 3D-printed cartridge for
paper spray ionization (PSI) are demonstrated, assessed, and compared.
We first focus on the use of 3D-printing to enable the integration
of an embedded electrostatic lens and a manifold for internal sheath
gas distribution and delivery. Cartridges with and without a sheath
gas manifold and an electrostatic lens are compared with respect to
analytical performance and operational flexibility. The sensitivity
and limit of detection are improved in the cartridge with an electrostatic
lens and sheath gas manifold compared to the cartridge without (15%
and over 6.5× smaller, respectively). The use of these focusing
elements also improved the average spray stability. Furthermore, the
range of potentials required for PSI was lower, and the distance to
the MS orifice over which spray could be obtained was larger. Importantly,
both setups allowed quantification of a model drug in the ng/mL range
with single-stage MS, after correction for spray instability. Finally,
we believe that this work is an example of the impact that 3D-printing
will have on the future of analytical device fabrication, miniaturization,
and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ij Salentijn
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Amador VS, Pereira HV, Sena MM, Augusti R, Piccin E. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry for the Forensic Analysis of Black Ballpoint Pen Inks. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1965-1976. [PMID: 28477244 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the use of paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) for the direct analysis of black ink writings made with ballpoint pens. The novel approach was developed in a forensic context by first performing the classification of commercially available ballpoint pens according to their brands. Six of the most commonly worldwide utilized brands (Bic, Paper Mate, Faber Castell, Pentel, Compactor, and Pilot) were differentiated according to their characteristic chemical patterns obtained by PS-MS. MS on the negative ion mode at a mass range of m/z 100-1000 allowed prompt discrimination just by visual inspection. On the other hand, the concept of relative ion intensity (RII) and the analysis at other mass ranges were necessary for the differentiation using the positive ion mode. PS-MS combined with partial least squares (PLS) was utilized to monitor changes on the ink chemical composition after light exposure (artificial aging studies). The PLS model was optimized by variable selection, which allowed the identification of the most influencing ions on the degradation process. The feasibility of the method on forensic investigations was also demonstrated in three different applications: (1) analysis of overlapped fresh ink lines, (2) analysis of old inks from archived documents, and (3) detection of alterations (simulated forgeries) performed on archived documents. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Silva Amador
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hebert Vinicius Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Martins Sena
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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34
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Kim D, Yim UH, Kim B, Cha S, Kim S. Paper Spray Chemical Ionization: Highly Sensitive Ambient Ionization Method for Low- and Nonpolar Aromatic Compounds. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9056-9061. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil
and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Center
for Organic Analysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department
of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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35
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Pu F, Zhang W, Han C, Ouyang Z. Fast Quantitation of Pyrazole Fungicides in Wine by Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:5058-5064. [PMID: 29255494 PMCID: PMC5731662 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are widely used for growing the grapes that are used for making wines. Chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is usually time and labor consuming for quantitation of fungicides in wines. In this work, a simple ambient mass spectrometry method using paper capillary spray was developed for the fast quantitation of four pyrazole fungicides in wines. Direct analysis of the wine samples was achieved without any sample preparation, obtaining limits of quantitation as low as 2 ng/mL for all four pyrazole fungicides. Quality control experiments also showed adequate accuracy and precision for the analysis of pyrazole fungicides in wine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and
Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing
100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao Han
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Wenzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C,
Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and
Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing
100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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36
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Gionfriddo E, Poole J, Pawliszyn J. Ultrafast Screening and Quantitation of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Matrices by Solid-Phase Microextraction–Transmission Mode (SPME-TM) and Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART). Anal Chem 2017; 89:7240-7248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Rapid analysis of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Zhishi) using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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38
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Meher AK, Chen YC. Electrospray Modifications for Advancing Mass Spectrometric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0057. [PMID: 28573082 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Generation of analyte ions in gas phase is a primary requirement for mass spectrometric analysis. One of the ionization techniques that can be used to generate gas phase ions is electrospray ionization (ESI). ESI is a soft ionization method that can be used to analyze analytes ranging from small organics to large biomolecules. Numerous ionization techniques derived from ESI have been reported in the past two decades. These ion sources are aimed to achieve simplicity and ease of operation. Many of these ionization methods allow the flexibility for elimination or minimization of sample preparation steps prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Such ion sources have opened up new possibilities for taking scientific challenges, which might be limited by the conventional ESI technique. Thus, the number of ESI variants continues to increase. This review provides an overview of ionization techniques based on the use of electrospray reported in recent years. Also, a brief discussion on the instrumentation, underlying processes, and selected applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
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39
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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40
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Liu C, Tascon M, Reyes-Garcés N, Arnold DW, Covey TR, Pawliszyn J. Open Port Probe Sampling Interface for the Direct Coupling of Biocompatible Solid-Phase Microextraction to Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3805-3809. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Marcos Tascon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Don W. Arnold
- SCIEX, 1201 Radio Road, Redwood City, California 94065, United States
| | - Thomas R. Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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41
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Colletes TC, Garcia PT, Campanha RB, Abdelnur PV, Romão W, Coltro WKT, Vaz BG. A new insert sample approach to paper spray mass spectrometry: a paper substrate with paraffin barriers. Analyst 2017; 141:1707-13. [PMID: 26817814 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01954k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performance for paper spray (PS) using a new insert sample approach based on paper with paraffin barriers (PS-PB) is presented. The paraffin barrier is made using a simple, fast and cheap method based on the stamping of paraffin onto a paper surface. Typical operation conditions of paper spray such as the solvent volume applied on the paper surface, and the paper substrate type are evaluated. A paper substrate with paraffin barriers shows better performance on analysis of a range of typical analytes when compared to the conventional PS-MS using normal paper (PS-NP) and PS-MS using paper with two rounded corners (PS-RC). PS-PB was applied to detect sugars and their inhibitors in sugarcane bagasse liquors from a second generation ethanol process. Moreover, the PS-PB proved to be excellent, showing results for the quantification of glucose in hydrolysis liquors with excellent linearity (R(2) = 0.99), limits of detection (2.77 mmol L(-1)) and quantification (9.27 mmol L(-1)). The results are better than for PS-NP and PS-RC. The PS-PB was also excellent in performance when compared with the HPLC-UV method for glucose quantification on hydrolysis of liquor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Colletes
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - P T Garcia
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | | | | | - W Romão
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, 29106-010, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil and Petroleomic and Forensic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - W K T Coltro
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - B G Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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42
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43
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Direct Analysis and Quantification of Metaldehyde in Water using Reactive Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35643. [PMID: 27767044 PMCID: PMC5073298 DOI: 10.1038/srep35643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaldehyde is extensively used worldwide as a contact and systemic molluscicide for controlling slugs and snails in a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops. Contamination of surface waters due to run-off, coupled with its moderate solubility in water, has led to increased concentration of the pesticide in the environment. In this study, for the first time, rapid analysis (<~1 minute) of metaldehyde residues in water is demonstrated using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). The observed precursor molecular ions of metaldehyde were confirmed from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments by studying the fragmentation patterns produced via collision-induced dissociation. The signal intensity ratios of the most abundant MS/MS transitions for metaldehyde (177 → 149 for protonated ion) and atrazine (221 → 179) were found to be linear in the range 0.01 to 5 ng/mL. Metaldehyde residues were detectable in environmental water samples at low concentration (LOD < 0.1 ng/mL using reactive PS-MS), with a relative standard deviation <10% and an R2 value >0.99, without any pre-concentration/separation steps. This result is of particular importance for environmental monitoring and water quality analysis providing a potential means of rapid screening to ensure safe drinking water.
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44
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Black C, Chevallier OP, Elliott CT. The current and potential applications of Ambient Mass Spectrometry in detecting food fraud. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Wang X, Zheng Y, Wang T, Yang H, Bai Z, Zhang Z. Catalyst Coated Paper Substrate Strategy: Development and Its Application for Copper-Catalysts Screening and Activity Studies. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Shiyou Unviersity; Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Shiyou Unviersity; Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Shiyou Unviersity; Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zongquan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Shiyou Unviersity; Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Shiyou Unviersity; Xi'an 710065 China
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46
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de Paula CCA, Valadares A, Jurisch M, Piccin E, Augusti R. Paper spray mass spectrometry applied in the monitoring of a chemical system in dynamic chemical equilibrium: the redox process of methylene blue. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1176-1180. [PMID: 27060845 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The monitoring of chemical systems in dynamic equilibrium is not an easy task. This is due to the high rate at which the system returns to equilibrium after being perturbed, which hampers the possibility of following the aftereffects of the disturbance. In this context, it is necessary to use a fast analytical technique that requires no (or minimal) sample preparation, and which is capable of monitoring the species constituting the system in equilibrium. Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS), a recently introduced ambient ionization technique, has such characteristics and hence was chosen for monitoring a model system: the redox process of methylene blue. METHODS The model system evaluated herein was composed of three cationic species of methylene blue (MB), which coexist in a dynamic redox system: (1) [MB](+) of m/z 284 (cationic MB); (2) [MB + H + e](+•) of m/z 285 (the protonated form of a transient species resulting from the reduction of [MB](+) ); (3) [MB + 2H + 2e](+) or [leuco-MB + H](+) of m/z 286 (the protonated leuco form of MB). Aliquots of a MB solution were collected before and after the addition of a reducing agent (metallic zinc) and directly analyzed by PS-MS for identification of the predominant cationic species at different conditions. RESULTS The mass spectra revealed that before the addition of the reducing agent the ion of m/z 284 (cationic MB) is the unique species. Upon the addition of the reducing agent and acid, however, the solution continuously undergo discoloration while reduced species derived directly from cationic MB (m/z 285 and 286) are detected in the mass spectra with increasing intensities. Fragmentation patterns obtained for each ionic species, i.e. [MB](+) , [MB + H + e](+•) and [leuco-MB + H](+) , shown to be consistent with the proposed structures. CONCLUSIONS The PS-MS technique proved to be suitable for an in situ and 'near' real-time analysis of the dynamic equilibrium involving the redox of MB in aqueous medium. The data clearly demonstrated how the redox equilibrium shifts depending on the disturbance caused to the system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Valadares
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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47
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Interlayer spray ionization mass spectrometry for the simple direct analysis of low amounts of sample. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5005-12. [PMID: 27173393 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interlayer spray is proposed as a convenient ionization source for direct analysis by mass spectrometry. Two slices of non-absorbent substrate hold the liquid sample to form a sandwich structure. By applying a high voltage to the sample, spray is generated at the tip of the substrate. The sampling procedure can be operated easily in an open condition and the spray is processed in a semi-enclosed condition, which leads to a relatively stable process. An ultralow amount (<2 μL) of the liquid sample can be analyzed without dilution, which ensures that the natural concentration and properties of the target are maintained. Less influence from the substrate is achieved compared with the spray methods based on porous absorbent materials, which results in a sensitivity enhancement of large molecule samples. It is demonstrated that the interlayer spray is applicable for the analysis of various compounds, including therapeutic drugs, peptides, and proteins. Good linearity can be obtained at a concentration as low as 50 ng/mL in the quantitative analysis for imatinib. We also show the ability to identify the chemical residuals on surfaces with high sensitivity by the "wipe-spray" method, which is useful for the fast screening of illicit substances. Interlayer spray working with mass spectrometry provides a promising method for direct analysis in an ambient environment. Graphical Abstract The schematic of the interlayer spray ionization source.
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48
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De Carvalho TC, Tosato F, Souza LM, Santos H, Merlo BB, Ortiz RS, Rodrigues RR, Filgueiras PR, França HS, Augusti R, Romão W, Vaz BG. Thin layer chromatography coupled to paper spray ionization mass spectrometry for cocaine and its adulterants analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 262:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Vega C, Spence C, Zhang C, Bills BJ, Manicke NE. Ionization Suppression and Recovery in Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:726-34. [PMID: 26729455 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray mass spectrometry is a method for the direct analysis of biofluid samples in which extraction of analytes from dried biofluid spots and electrospray ionization occur from the paper on which the dried sample is stored. We examined matrix effects in the analysis of small molecule drugs from urine, plasma, and whole blood. The general method was to spike stable isotope labeled analogs of each analyte into the spray solvent, while the analyte itself was in the dried biofluid. Intensity of the labeled analog is proportional to ionization efficiency, whereas the ratio of the analyte intensity to the labeled analog in the spray solvent is proportional to recovery. Ion suppression and recovery were found to be compound- and matrix-dependent. Highest levels of ion suppression were obtained for poor ionizers (e.g., analytes lacking basic aliphatic amine groups) in urine and approached -90%. Ion suppression was much lower or even absent for good ionizers (analytes with aliphatic amines) in dried blood spots. Recovery was generally highest in urine and lowest in blood. We also examined the effect of two experimental parameters on ion suppression and recovery: the spray solvent and the sample position (how far away from the paper tip the dried sample was spotted). Finally, the change in ion suppression and analyte elution as a function of time was examined by carrying out a paper spray analysis of dried plasma spots for 5 min by continually replenishing the spray solvent. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vega
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Corina Spence
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chengsen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Brandon J Bills
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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50
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Damon DE, Davis KM, Moreira CR, Capone P, Cruttenden R, Badu-Tawiah AK. Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Hydrophobic Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1878-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deidre E. Damon
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43110, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43110, United States
| | - Camila R. Moreira
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43110, United States
| | - Patricia Capone
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43110, United States
| | - Riley Cruttenden
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43110, United States
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43110, United States
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