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Sheikh TA, Ismail M, Rabbee MF, Khan H, Rafique A, Rasheed Z, Siddique A, Rafiq MZ, Khattak ZAK, Jillani SMS, Shahzad U, Akhtar MN, Saeed M, Alzahrani KA, Uddin J, Rahman MM, Verpoort F. 2D MXene-Based Nanoscale Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Toward the Detection of Hazardous Pollutants: A Perspective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-46. [PMID: 39046991 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2379851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
MXenes (Mn+1XnTx), a subgroup of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, specifically comprise transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. They exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic and photocatalytic properties, making them well-suited for the detection and removal of pollutants from aqueous environments. Because of their high surface area and remarkable properties, they are being utilized in various applications, including catalysis, sensing, and adsorption, to combat pollution and mitigate its adverse effects. Different characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the structural elucidation of 2D MXene. Current responses against applied potential were measured during the electrochemical sensing of the hazardous pollutants in an aqueous system using a variety of electroanalytical techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, etc. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on structural patterns, synthesis, properties of MXene and their application for electrochemical detection of lethal pollutants like hydroquionone, phenol, catechol, mercury and lead, etc. are presented. This review will be helpful to critically understand the methods of synthesis and application of MXenes for the removal of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali Sheikh
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Hira Khan
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Rafique
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Zeerak Rasheed
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Amna Siddique
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Rafiq
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Shehzada Muhammad Sajid Jillani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umer Shahzad
- Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Saeed
- Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alzahrani
- Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian
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Krishnamoorthy R, Muthumalai K, Nagaraja T, Rajendrakumar RT, Das SR. Chemically Exfoliated Titanium Carbide MXene for Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of 4-Nitrophenols in Drinking Water. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42644-42654. [PMID: 36440156 PMCID: PMC9685750 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil and water contamination by numerous pollutants has been increasingly posing threats to food, water, agriculture, and human health. Using novel nanoscale materials to develop rapid electrochemical sensors is very promising due to the discovery of a number of new two-dimensional (2D) electronic materials. Of particular importance is 2D transition-metal carbide MXene that has been shown to possess transformative properties pertaining to its physical, chemical, and environmental characteristics, leading to their potential sensor applications. Designing electrochemical sensors using MXene has the potential to pave the way for monitoring environmental pollutants. Here, a stacked layer of chemically exfoliated MXene (Ti3C2T x ) was demonstrated as an electrochemical sensor for detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with high sensitivity and a low limit of detection. Successful selective exfoliation of the MAX (Ti3AlC2) phase of the material by chemical etching without oxidation is shown to be the key to achieving higher sensitivity and a lower detection limit. In the optimal conditions, the proposed MXene sensor electrodes were capable of detecting 4-NP in a broad concentration range from 500 nM to 100 μM with a good linear sensing range (regression fit, R = 0.995). The higher sensitivity and notable limit of detection reached about 16.35 μA μM-1 cm-2 and 42 nM/L, respectively, with good reproducibility and repeatability. The real-time application of the proposed MXene sensor electrodes was confirmed by testing in tap water samples with excellent recoveries of 95-99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajavel Krishnamoorthy
- Department
of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66506, United States
| | - Karuppasamy Muthumalai
- Advanced
Materials and Devices Laboratory (AMDL), Department of Nanoscience
and technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiba Nagaraja
- Department
of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66506, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendrakumar
- Advanced
Materials and Devices Laboratory (AMDL), Department of Nanoscience
and technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suprem R Das
- Department
of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66506, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66506, United States
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3
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Mbiagaing CD, Tagne AJ, Ngnie G, Dedzo GK, Ngameni E. Application of palladium nanoparticles supported organo-kaolinite for 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline catalytic reduction and electrochemical detection. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01453j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) supported organo-kaolinite was used as a solid catalyst for the reduction and electrochemical detection of 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline (CNA). During the catalytic reduction in presence of NaBH4, the effects...
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4
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Hoang TTTL, Insin N, Sukpirom N. Catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles anchored on layered double hydroxides and hydroxyapatite. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Zhou Y, Zhao J, Li S, Guo M, Fan Z. An electrochemical sensor for the detection of p-nitrophenol based on a cyclodextrin-decorated gold nanoparticle–mesoporous carbon hybrid. Analyst 2019; 144:4400-4406. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor based on a cyclodextrin-decorated gold nanoparticle–mesoporous carbon hybrid was constructed for the detection of p-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P.R. China
| | - Shenghua Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P.R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P.R. China
| | - Zhi Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P.R. China
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Rahman MM, Fabregat F, Guerrero A, Asiri AM, Bisquert J. Semiconductor α‐Fe 2O 3Hematite Fabricated Electrode for Sensitive Detection of Phenolic Pollutants. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research & Chemistry departmentKing Abdulaziz UniversityFaculty of Science Jeddah 21589 P.O. Box 80203 Saudi Arabia
| | - Francisco Fabregat
- Institute of Advanced MaterialsUniversitat Jaume I 12006 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced MaterialsUniversitat Jaume I 12006 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research & Chemistry departmentKing Abdulaziz UniversityFaculty of Science Jeddah 21589 P.O. Box 80203 Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research & Chemistry departmentKing Abdulaziz UniversityFaculty of Science Jeddah 21589 P.O. Box 80203 Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Advanced MaterialsUniversitat Jaume I 12006 Castelló de la Plana Spain
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Poly (dopamine quinone-chromium (III) complex) microspheres as new modifier for simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:439-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Kenne Dedzo G, Pameté Yambou E, Topet Saheu MR, Ngnie G, Nanseu-Njiki CP, Detellier C, Ngameni E. Hydrogen evolution reaction at PdNPs decorated 1:1 clay minerals and application to the electrocatalytic determination of p -nitrophenol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Kumar DR, Kesavan S, Baynosa ML, Shim JJ. 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole@electrochemically reduced graphene oxide film modified electrode for the electrochemical determination of 4-nitrophenol. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Padmanaban A, Dhanasekaran T, Manigandan R, Kumar SP, Gnanamoorthy G, Stephen A, Narayanan V. Facile solvothermal decomposition synthesis of single phase ZnBi38O60 nanobundles for sensitive detection of 4-nitrophenol. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00436b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the facile solvothermal decomposition route to fabricate a single phase zinc bismuthate (ZnBi38O60) binary composite nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Padmanaban
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - T. Dhanasekaran
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - R. Manigandan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - S. Praveen Kumar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - G. Gnanamoorthy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - A. Stephen
- Department of Nuclear Physics
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - V. Narayanan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
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Reskety AA, Chamjangali MA, Boujnane M, Brajter-Toth A. High Sensitivity and Fast Oxidation of Caffeine in Coffee and Theophylline at Nanostructured Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atiye Ahmadi Reskety
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL, 32611 USA
- College of Chemistry; Shahrood University of Technology; Shahrood 36155-316 Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Boujnane
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL, 32611 USA
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Université de Haute-Alsace; Mulhouse 68093 France
| | - Anna Brajter-Toth
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL, 32611 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florida, Gainesville; FL, 32611-7200 USA
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12
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Sasmal AK, Dutta S, Pal T. A ternary Cu2O-Cu-CuO nanocomposite: a catalyst with intriguing activity. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3139-50. [PMID: 26776952 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the syntheses of Cu2O as well as Cu(0) nanoparticle catalysts are presented. Copper acetate monohydrate produced two distinctly different catalyst particles with varying concentrations of hydrazine hydrate at room temperature without using any surfactant or support. Then both of them were employed separately for 4-nitrophenol reduction in aqueous solution in the presence of sodium borohydride at room temperature. To our surprise, it was noticed that the catalytic activity of Cu2O was much higher than that of the metal Cu(0) nanoparticles. We have confirmed the reason for the exceptionally high catalytic activity of cuprous oxide nanoparticles over other noble metal nanoparticles for 4-nitrophenol reduction. A plausible mechanism has been reported. The unusual activity of Cu2O nanoparticles in the reduction reaction has been observed because of the in situ generated ternary nanocomposite, Cu2O-Cu-CuO, which rapidly relays electrons and acts as a better catalyst. In this ternary composite, highly active in situ generated Cu(0) is proved to be responsible for the hydride transfer reaction. The mechanism of 4-nitrophenol reduction has been established from supporting TEM studies. To further support our proposition, we have prepared a compositionally similar Cu2O-Cu-CuO nanocomposite using Cu2O and sodium borohydride which however displayed lower rate of reduction than that of the in situ produced ternary nanocomposite. The evolution of isolated Cu(0) nanoparticles for 4-nitrophenol reduction from Cu2O under surfactant-free condition has also been taken into consideration. The synthetic procedures of cuprous oxide as well as its catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol are very convenient, fast, cost-effective, and easily operable in aqueous medium and were followed spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the Cu2O-catalyzed 4-nitrophenol reduction methodology was extended further to the reduction of electronically diverse nitroarenes. This concise catalytic process in aqueous medium at room temperature revealed an unprecedented catalytic performance which would draw attention across the whole research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Sasmal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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Ahmed Zelekew O, Kuo DH. A two-oxide nanodiode system made of double-layered p-type Ag2O@n-type TiO2 for rapid reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4405-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07320k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of a SiO2/Ag2O@TiO2 composite catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ahmed Zelekew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hau Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
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Arulraj AD, Vijayan M, Vasantha VS. Highly selective and sensitive simple sensor based on electrochemically treated nano polypyrrole-sodium dodecyl sulphate film for the detection of para-nitrophenol. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 899:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Polyelectrolyte functionalized gold nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid for electrochemical determination of aminophenol isomers. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Electrochemical behavior of anthraquinone- and nitrophenyl-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates: a contribution to development of multipotential redox labeling of DNA. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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2-Amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazin-3-one as an unexpected product from reduction of 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Giribabu K, Suresh R, Manigandan R, Munusamy S, Kumar SP, Muthamizh S, Narayanan V. Nanomolar determination of 4-nitrophenol based on a poly(methylene blue)-modified glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2014; 138:5811-8. [PMID: 23897002 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00941f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A poly(methylene blue)-modified glassy carbon electrode (PMB/GCE) was fabricated by electropolymerisation of methylene blue on a GCE and further utilized to investigate the electrochemical determination of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry and chronocoulometry. The morphology of the PMB on GCE was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). An oxidation peak of 4-NP at the PMB modified electrode was observed at 0.28 V, and in the case of bare GCE, no oxidation peak was observed, which indicates that PMB/GCE exhibits a remarkable effect on the electrochemical determination of 4-NP. Due to this remarkable effect of PMB/GCE, a sensitive and simple electrochemical method was proposed for the determination of 4-NP. The effect of the scan rate and pH was investigated to determine the optimum conditions at which the PMB/GCE exhibits a higher sensitivity with a lower detection limit. Moreover, kinetic parameters such as the electron transfer number, proton transfer number and standard heterogeneous rate constant were calculated. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation current of 4-NP is proportional to its concentration in the range of 15-250 nM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9963. The detection limit was found to be 90 nM (S/N = 3). The proposed method based on PMB/GCE is simple, easy and cost effective. To further confirm its possible application, the proposed method was successfully used for the determination of 4-NP in real water samples with recoveries ranging from 97% to 101.6%. The interference due to sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, sulphate, carbonate, chloride, nitrate and phosphate was found to be almost negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Giribabu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Maraimalai Campus, Chennai-600025, India.
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Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and nanomolar detection of p-nitrophenol. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Tomčík P. Microelectrode arrays with overlapped diffusion layers as electroanalytical detectors: theory and basic applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:13659-84. [PMID: 24152927 PMCID: PMC3859085 DOI: 10.3390/s131013659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This contribution contains a survey of basic literature dealing with arrays of microelectrodes with overlapping diffusion layers as prospective tools in contemporary electrochemistry. Photolithographic thin layer technology allows the fabrication of sensors of micrometric dimensions separated with a very small gap. This fact allows the diffusion layers of single microelectrodes to overlap as members of the array. Various basic types of microelectrode arrays with interacting diffusion layers are described and their analytical abilities are accented. Theoretical approaches to diffusion layer overlapping and the consequences of close constitution effects such as collection efficiency and redox cycling are discussed. Examples of basis applications in electroanalytical chemistry such as amperometric detectors in HPLC and substitutional stripping voltammetry are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tomčík
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ružomberok, Hrabovská cesta 1, SK-034 01, Ružomberok, Slovak Republic.
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Devi LB, Mandal AB. Self-assembly of Ag nanoparticles using hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin: synthesis, characterisation and application for the catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Li S, Du D, Huang J, Tu H, Yang Y, Zhang A. One-step electrodeposition of a molecularly imprinting chitosan/phenyltrimethoxysilane/AuNPs hybrid film and its application in the selective determination of p-nitrophenol. Analyst 2013; 138:2761-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36497f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Guillemot LH, Vrignaud M, Marcoux PR, Rivron C, Tran-Thi TH. Facile and fast detection of bacteria via the detection of exogenous volatile metabolites released by enzymatic hydrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15840-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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