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Jin GQ, Chau CV, Arambula JF, Gao S, Sessler JL, Zhang JL. Lanthanide porphyrinoids as molecular theranostics. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6177-6209. [PMID: 35792133 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, lanthanide (Ln) porphyrinoids have received increasing attention as theranostics. Broadly speaking, the term 'theranostics' refers to agents designed to allow both disease diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. This Review summarises the history and the 'state-of-the-art' development of Ln porphyrinoids as theranostic agents. The emphasis is on the progress made within the past decade. Applications of Ln porphyrinoids in near-infrared (NIR, 650-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging (FL), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy will be discussed. The use of Ln porphyrinoids as photo-activated agents ('phototheranostics') will also be highlighted in the context of three promising strategies for regulation of porphyrinic triplet energy dissipation pathways, namely: regioisomeric effects, metal regulation, and the use of expanded porphyrinoids. The goal of this Review is to showcase some of the ongoing efforts being made to optimise Ln porphyrinoids as theranostics and as phototheranostics, in order to provide a platform for understanding likely future developments in the area, including those associated with structure-based innovations, functional improvements, and emerging biological activation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Calvin V Chau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA. .,InnovoTEX, Inc. 3800 N. Lamar Blvd, Austin, Texas 78756, USA.
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. .,Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, P. R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. .,Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
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Chan WL, Xie C, Lo WS, Bünzli JCG, Wong WK, Wong KL. Lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes: synthesis, redox chemistry, photophysical properties, and photonic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12189-12257. [PMID: 34553719 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole derivatives such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and porpholactones, are highly stable macrocyclic compounds that play important roles in many phenomena linked to the development of life. Their complexes with lanthanides are known for more than 60 years and present breath-taking properties such as a range of easily accessible redox states leading to photo- and electro-chromism, paramagnetism, large non-linear optical parameters, and remarkable light emission in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges. They are at the centre of many applications with an increasing focus on their ability to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy coupled with bioimaging and biosensing properties. This review first describes the synthetic paths leading to lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes together with their structures. The initial synthetic protocols were plagued by low yields and long reaction times; they have now been replaced with much more efficient and faster routes, thanks to the stunning advances in synthetic organic chemistry, so that quite complex multinuclear edifices are presently routinely obtained. Aspects such as redox properties, sensitization of NIR-emitting lanthanide ions, and non-linear optical properties are then presented. The spectacular improvements in the quantum yield and brightness of YbIII-containing tetrapyrrole complexes achieved in the past five years are representative of the vitality of the field and open welcome opportunities for the bio-applications described in the last section. Perspectives for the field are vast and exciting as new derivatizations of the macrocycles may lead to sensitization of other LnIII NIR-emitting ions with luminescence in the NIR-II and NIR-III biological windows, while conjugation with peptides and aptamers opens the way for lanthanide-tetrapyrrole theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Lun Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Wai-Sum Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
| | - Wai-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kim H, Hong KI, Lee JH, Kang P, Choi MG, Jang WD. Triazole-bearing calixpyrroles: strong halide binding affinities through multiple N–H and C–H hydrogen bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10863-10865. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06385k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Triazole-bearing calixpyrroles (TCPs) were synthesized as artificial anion binding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyeong-Im Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Jeong Heon Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Philjae Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Moon-Gun Choi
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
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