1
|
Kaur C, Sharma S, Thakur A, Sharma R. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS: A GLANCE AT VARIOUS METHODOLOGIES FOR DIFFERENT FRAMEWORKS. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220610162605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Asymmetric reactions have made a significant advancement over the past few decades and involved the production of enantiomerically pure molecules using enantioselective organocatalysis, chiral auxiliaries/substrates, and reagents via controlling the absolute stereochemistry. The laboratory synthesis from an enantiomerically impure starting material gives a combination of enantiomers which are difficult to separate for chemists in the fields of medicine, chromatography, pharmacology, asymmetric synthesis, studies of structure-function relationships of proteins, life sciences and mechanistic studies. This challenging step of separation can be avoided by the use of asymmetric synthesis. Using pharmacologically relevant scaffolds/pharmacophores, the drug designing can also be achieved using asymmetric synthesis to synthesize receptor specific pharmacologically active chiral molecules. This approach can be used to synthesize asymmetric molecules from wide variety of reactants using specific asymmetric conditions which is also beneficial for environment due to less usage and discharge of chemicals into the environment. So, in this review, we have focused on the inclusive collation of diverse mechanisms in this area, to encourage auxiliary studies of asymmetric reactions to develop selective, efficient, environment-friendly and high yielding advanced processes in asymmetric reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, 143002
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | | | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoon S, Lee S, Nam SH, Lee H, Lee Y. Synthesis of N-substituted quaternary carbon centers through KO t-Bu-catalyzed aza-Michael addition of pyrazoles to cyclic enones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8313-8322. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01634f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study reports an effective and mild protocol for the construction of N-substituted quaternary carbon centers via the KOt-Bu-catalyzed aza-Michael addition of pyrazoles with β-substituted cyclic enones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhai Z, Du X, Wu Q, Zhu L, Farooqi ZH, Li J, Lan R, Wang Y, Wu W. Tuning catalysis of boronic acids in microgels by in situ reversible structural variations. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3734-3744. [PMID: 35492625 PMCID: PMC9048991 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10541g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalysis of boronic acids immobilized in polymer microgels can be modulated by bubbling with N2/CO2 gas, and in some cases by adding glucose, making their catalytic activity comparable or even superior to that of the corresponding free boronic acid monomers homogeneously dispersed in solutions and, more importantly, making these boronic-acid-containing polymer microgels able to catalyze alternate reactions that may extend the usefulness. This enhanced catalytic function of these boronic-acid-containing microgels as organoboron acid catalysts is plausibly achieved via in situ reversibly structural variations. Kinetic studies have been carried out on the model boronic-acid-catalyzed aza-Michael addition, aldol, amidation, and [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions in order to better understand the catalytic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005China
| | - Xue Du
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005China
| | - Qingshi Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhouFujian 362000China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005China
| | - Zahoor H. Farooqi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New CampusLahore 54590Pakistan
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005China
| | - Ruyue Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005China
| | - Yusong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230026China
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cozzi PG, Gualandi A, Potenti S, Calogero F, Rodeghiero G. Asymmetric Reactions Enabled by Cooperative Enantioselective Amino- and Lewis Acid Catalysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:1. [PMID: 31761979 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organocatalysis-the branch of catalysis featuring small organic molecules as the catalysts-has, in the last decade, become of central importance in the field of asymmetric catalysis, so much that it is now comparable to metal catalysis and biocatalysis. Organocatalysis is rationalized and classified by a number of so-called activation modes, based on the formation of a covalent or not-covalent intermediate between the organocatalyst and the organic substrate. Among all the organocatalytic activation modes, enamine and iminium catalysis are widely used for the practical preparation of valuable products and intermediates, both in academic and industrial contexts. In both cases, chiral amines are employed as catalysts. Enamine activation mode is generally employed in the reaction with electrophiles, while nucleophiles require the iminium activation mode. Commonly, in both modes, the reaction occurs through well-organized transitions states. A large variety of partners can react with enamines and iminium ions, due to their sufficient nucleophilicity and electrophilicity, respectively. However, despite the success, organocatalysis still suffers from narrow scopes and applications. Multicatalysis is a possible solution for these drawbacks because the two different catalysts can synergistically activate the substrates, with a simultaneous activation of the two different reaction partners. In particular, in this review we will summarize the reported processes featuring Lewis acid catalysis and organocatalytic activation modes synergically acting and not interfering with each other. We will focus our attention on the description of processes in which good results cannot be achieved independently by organocatalysis or Lewis acid catalysis. In these examples of cooperative dual catalysis, a number of new organic transformations have been developed. The review will focus on the possible strategies, the choice of the Lewis acid and the catalytic cycles involved in the effective reported combination. Additionally, some important key points regarding the rationale for the effective combinations will be also included. π-Activation of organic substrates by Lewis acids, via formation of electrophilic intermediates, and their reaction with enamines will be also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Potenti
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Calogero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rodeghiero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
- Cyanagen Srl, Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vinogradov MG, Turova OV, Zlotin SG. Recent advances in the asymmetric synthesis of pharmacology-relevant nitrogen heterocycles via stereoselective aza-Michael reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3670-3708. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, recent applications of a stereoselective aza-Michael reaction for asymmetric synthesis of naturally occurring N-containing heterocyclic scaffolds and their usefulness to pharmacology are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim G. Vinogradov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Turova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dalessandro EV, Collin HP, Guimarães LGL, Valle MS, Pliego JR. Mechanism of the Piperidine-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction in Methanol: The Role of Iminium and Enolate Ions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5300-5307. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V. Dalessandro
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Hugo P. Collin
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo L. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S. Valle
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Josefredo R. Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
El-Hussieny M, Abd-El-Maksoud MA, Maigali SS, Soliman FM. Chemistry of Phosphorus Ylides: Part 44 Reaction of 1-Trimethylsilyl-1H-Imidazole with Phosphorus Reagents. A Convenient Synthesis of Phosphorus Silyl Imidazoles. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14597795711995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 1-trimethylsilyl-1 H-imidazole with nucleophilic active phosphacumulenes afforded imidazole silyl phosphoranylidenes or imidazole phosphoranylidenes according to the reaction conditions. The reaction of hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane with 1-trimethylsilyl-1 H-imidazole resulted in the formation of silyl phosphoranylidene phosphoranyl imidazole, silyl phosphoranylidene imidazole and triphenylphosphane. Moreover, Lawesson and Japanese reagents afforded imidazole phosphinothioic thioanhydrides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El-Hussieny
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mansoura Ali Abd-El-Maksoud
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Soher Said Maigali
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Fouad Mohamed Soliman
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akagawa K, Sakai N, Kudo K. Histidine-Containing Peptide Catalysts Developed by a Facile Library Screening Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
9
|
Akagawa K, Sakai N, Kudo K. Histidine-containing peptide catalysts developed by a facile library screening method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1822-6. [PMID: 25521645 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although peptide catalysts have a high potential for the use as organocatalysts, the optimization of peptide sequences is laborious and time-consuming. To address this issue, a facile screening method for finding efficient aminocatalysts from a peptide library has been developed. In the screening for the Michael addition of a malonate to an enal, a dye-labeled product is immobilized on resin-bound peptides through reductive amination to visualize active catalysts. This procedure allows for the monitoring of the reactivity of entire peptides without modifying the resin beads beforehand. Peptides containing histidine at an appropriate position were identified by this method. A novel function of the histidyl residue, which enhances the binding of a substrate to the catalyst by capturing an iminium intermediate, was indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Akagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505 (Japan)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez-Roselló M, Aceña JL, Simón-Fuentes A, del Pozo C. A general overview of the organocatalytic intramolecular aza-Michael reaction. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:7430-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The organocatalytic intramolecular aza-Michael reaction: a useful strategy to generate enantiomerically enriched nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Roselló
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100-Burjassot, Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas
- Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU
- San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Carlos del Pozo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100-Burjassot, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oxazolidinone/enamine ratios in the reactions of α-silyloxy and α-alkoxy aldehydes with proline. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
12
|
Mayr H, Lakhdar S, Maji B, Ofial AR. A quantitative approach to nucleophilic organocatalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1458-78. [PMID: 23019481 PMCID: PMC3458771 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The key steps in most organocatalytic cyclizations are the reactions of electrophiles with nucleophiles. Their rates can be calculated by the linear free-energy relationship log k(20 °C) = s(N)(E + N), where electrophiles are characterized by one parameter (E) and nucleophiles are characterized by the solvent-dependent nucleophilicity (N) and sensitivity (s(N)) parameters.Electrophilicity parameters in the range -10 < E < -5 were determined for iminium ions derived from cinnamaldehyde and common organocatalysts, such as pyrrolidines and imidazolidinones, by studying the rates of their reactions with reference nucleophiles. Iminium activated reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes can, therefore, be expected to proceed with nucleophiles of 2 < N < 14, because such nucleophiles are strong enough to react with iminium ions but weak enough not to react with their precursor aldehydes. With the N parameters of enamines derived from phenylacetaldehyde and MacMillan's imidazolidinones one can rationalize why only strong electrophiles, such as stabilized carbenium ions (-8 < E < -2) or hexachlorocyclohexadienone (E = -6.75), are suitable electrophiles for enamine activated reactions with imidazolidinones. Several mechanistic controversies concerning iminium and enamine activated reactions could thus be settled by studying the reactivities of independently synthesized intermediates.Kinetic investigations of the reactions of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with benzhydrylium ions showed that they have similar nucleophilicities to common organocatalysts (e.g., PPh(3), DMAP, DABCO) but are much stronger (100-200 kJ mol(-1)) Lewis bases. While structurally analogous imidazolylidenes and imidazolidinylidenes have comparable nucleophilicities and Lewis basicities, the corresponding deoxy Breslow intermediates differ dramatically in reactivity. The thousand-fold higher nucleophilicity of 2-benzylidene-imidazoline relative to 2-benzylidene-imidazolidine is explained by the gain of aromaticity during electrophilic additions to the imidazoline derivatives. O-Methylated Breslow intermediates are a hundred-fold less nucleophilic than deoxy Breslow intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|