1
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Ziegler K, Post Y, Gröschel AH, Ravoo BJ. Unravelling Competitive Interactions between Polymer Side Chains and End Groups with β-Cyclodextrin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400081. [PMID: 38704746 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates unexpected competitive host-guest interactions of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which can occur with polymers in aqueous solution, using the examples of the two polymers poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) and poly(glycerol mono methacrylate). Systematic structural modifications of the polymer provide insight into the host-guest interaction with β-CD and the competition between side chains and end groups such as hydrophobic end groups remaining from reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization or intentionally implemented molecular recognition units such as arylazopyrazole photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ziegler
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yorick Post
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - André H Gröschel
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Ji W, Zhang Y, Shao W, Kankala RK, Chen A. β-Cyclodextrin-based nanoassemblies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae071. [PMID: 38966400 PMCID: PMC11223813 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and lipids within artery walls, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases globally. Despite considerable advancements in drug therapeutic strategies aimed at managing atherosclerosis, more effective treatment options for atherosclerosis are still warranted. In this pursuit, the emergence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a promising therapeutic agent offers a novel therapeutic approach to drug delivery targeting atherosclerosis. The hydrophobic cavity of β-CD facilitates its role as a carrier, enabling the encapsulation and delivery of various therapeutic compounds to affected sites within the vasculature. Notably, β-CD-based nanoassemblies possess the ability to reduce cholesterol levels, mitigate inflammation, solubilize hydrophobic drugs and deliver drugs to affected tissues, making these nanocomponents promising candidates for atherosclerosis management. This review focuses on three major classes of β-CD-based nanoassemblies, including β-CD derivatives-based, β-CD/polymer conjugates-based and polymer β-CD-based nanoassemblies, highlighting a variety of formulations and assembly methods to improve drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. These β-CD-based nanoassemblies exhibit a variety of therapeutic mechanisms for atherosclerosis and offer systematic strategies for overcoming barriers to drug delivery. Finally, we discuss the present obstacles and potential opportunities in the development and application of β-CD-based nanoassemblies as novel therapeutics for managing atherosclerosis and addressing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Ji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- The Institute of Forensic Science, Xiamen Public Security Bureau, Xiamen, Fujian 361104, PR China
| | - Weichen Shao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
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3
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Fan L, Wang Y, Wen S, Wang T, Xu X, Wang B, Zhang Q. Interfacial Polymerization of Highly Active Thiolated Cyclodextrin for the Fabrication of a Loose Nanofiltration Membrane with a Chlorine-Resistant Poly(thioester) Linkage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43193-43204. [PMID: 37668232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have been frequently used to fabricate membranes via interfacial polymerization (IP). However, the relatively low reactivity of pristine cyclodextrins often induces a lower cross-linking density and unsatisfactory separation performance. In this work, to introduce a highly active thiolated β-cyclodextrin (CD-SH) monomer into IP progress, we constructed a dense and porous poly(thioester) linkage on a commercial membrane surface with loose nanofiltration by IP of CD-SH and trimesoyl trichloride (TMC) as the monomer in an aqueous phase and organic phase separately for the first time. Furthermore, the reactivity of CD-SH has been fully demonstrated by the two-phase IP aiming at unmodified β-CD, a CD-SH/TMC freestanding membrane with a thicker interfacial layer and a smoother surface, and a PAN/CD-SH membrane with a narrow porous distribution. The composite membrane possessed superior separation performance for a high rejection (83.1-99.6%) of different anionic dyes and a low rejection (<20%) of salts, as well as a high-efficiency sieving ability of dye/dye and dye/salt mixtures. The membrane with a poly(thioester) selective layer could steadily operate in a long-term filtration test and exhibit great stability, chloride-resistance performance, and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shaobin Wen
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Tianheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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4
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Liang S, Ma X, Li M, Yi Y, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou D, Xiao S. Novel β-Cyclodextrin-Based Heptavalent Glycyrrhetinic Acid Conjugates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti-Influenza Activity. Front Chem 2022; 10:836955. [PMID: 35494649 PMCID: PMC9039011 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.836955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our continuing efforts toward the design of novel pentacyclic triterpene derivatives as potential anti-influenza virus entry inhibitors, a series of homogeneous heptavalent glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives based on β-cyclodextrin scaffold were designed and synthesized by click chemistry. The structure was unambiguously characterized by NMR, IR, and MALDI-TOF-MS measurements. Seven conjugates showed sufficient inhibitory activity against influenza virus infection based on the cytopathic effect reduction assay with IC50 values in the micromolar range. The interactions of conjugate 37, the most potent compound (IC50 = 2.86 μM, CC50 > 100 μM), with the influenza virus were investigated using the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Moreover, the surface plasmon resonance assay further confirmed that compound 37 bound to the influenza HA protein specifically with a dissociation constant of 5.15 × 10−7 M. Our results suggest the promising role of β-cyclodextrin as a scaffold for preparing a variety of multivalent compounds as influenza entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuobin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanliang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Paris, France
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Sulong Xiao,
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5
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Rabus JM, Pellegrinelli RP, Khodr AHA, Bythell BJ, Rizzo TR, Carrascosa E. Unravelling the structures of sodiated β-cyclodextrin and its fragments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13714-13723. [PMID: 34128027 PMCID: PMC8220536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present cryogenic infrared spectra of sodiated β-cyclodextrin [β-CD + Na]+, a common cyclic oligosaccharide, and its main dissociation products upon collision-induced dissociation (CID). We characterize the parent ions using high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry and cryogenic infrared action spectroscopy, while the fragments are characterized by their mass and cryogenic infrared spectra. We observe sodium-cationized fragments that differ in mass by 162 u, corresponding to Bn/Zm ions. For the m/z 347 product ion, electronic structure calculations are consistent with formation of the lowest energy 2-ketone B2 ion structure. For the m/z 509 product ion, both the calculated 2-ketone B3 and the Z3 structures show similarities with the experimental spectrum. The theoretical structure most consistent with the spectrum of the m/z 671 ions is a slightly higher energy 2-ketone B4 structure. Overall, the data suggest a consistent formation mechanism for all the observed fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Rabus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 391 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Robert P Pellegrinelli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Hassan Abi Khodr
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 391 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Thomas R Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Seto H, Tono T, Nagaoka A, Yamamoto M, Hirohashi Y, Shinto H. Preparation and characterization of glycopolymers with biphenyl spacers via Suzuki coupling reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4474-4477. [PMID: 33949595 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinylbiphenyl)s bearing glycoside ligands at the side chains were prepared using the Suzuku coupling reaction. Effects of glycoside reactant concentration, halide species, glycoside species, and catalyst species on the incorporation of glycoside ligand into the polymer were investigated. The obtained glycopolymers exhibited specific binding to proteins corresponding to the glycoside ligands. In addition, the biphenyl spacers formed by the Suzuki coupling reaction in the glycopolymer were fluorescent, whereas the polymer precursor was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Takumi Tono
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Akiko Nagaoka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Mai Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Hirohashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shinto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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7
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Farion IA, Burdukovskii VF, Kholkhoev BC, Timashev PS. Unsaturated and thiolated derivatives of polysaccharides as functional matrixes for tissue engineering and pharmacology: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117735. [PMID: 33673996 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines investigations into the functionalization of polysaccharides by substituents containing multiple (CC) bonds and thiol (SH) groups that are prone to (co)polymerization in the presence of thermal, redox and photoinitiators or Michael addition reactions. A comparative analysis of the approaches to grafting the mentioned substituents onto the polysaccharide macromolecules was conducted. The use of the modified polysaccharides for the design of the 3D structures, including for the development of the pore bearing matrixes of cells or scaffolds utilized in regenerative medicine was examined. These modified polymers were also examined toward the design of excipient matrixes in pharmacological compositions, including with controllable release of active pharmaceuticals, as wel as of antibacterial and antifungal agents and others. In addition, a few examples of the use of modified derivatives in other areas are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Farion
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Baikal Institute of Nature Management Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str. 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russian Federation.
| | - Vitalii F Burdukovskii
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Baikal Institute of Nature Management Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str. 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russian Federation.
| | - Bato Ch Kholkhoev
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Baikal Institute of Nature Management Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoy str. 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russian Federation.
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8-2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Kosygin str. 4, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
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8
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Pang B, Liu R, Han G, Wang W, Zhang W. The synthesis of thermoresponsive POSS-based eight-arm star poly( N-isopropylacrylamide): A comparison between Z-RAFT and R-RAFT strategies. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Z-Type POSS-based eight-arm star poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), POSS-(PNIPAM)8-Z, is synthesized and demonstrated to be a thermoresponsive switchable emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Guang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials
- Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100123
- China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry & Material Science
- Langfang Normal University
- Langfang
- China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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9
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10
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Liarou E, Han Y, Sanchez AM, Walker M, Haddleton DM. Rapidly self-deoxygenating controlled radical polymerization in water via in situ disproportionation of Cu(i). Chem Sci 2020; 11:5257-5266. [PMID: 34122982 PMCID: PMC8159280 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly self-deoxygenating Cu-RDRP in aqueous media is investigated. The disproportionation of Cu(i)/Me6Tren in water towards Cu(ii) and highly reactive Cu(0) leads to O2-free reaction environments within the first seconds of the reaction, even when the reaction takes place in the open-air. By leveraging this significantly fast O2-reducing activity of the disproportionation reaction, a range of well-defined water-soluble polymers with narrow dispersity are attained in a few minutes or less. This methodology provides the ability to prepare block copolymers via sequential monomer addition with little evidence for chain termination over the lifetime of the polymerization and allows for the synthesis of star-shaped polymers with the use of multi-functional initiators. The mechanism of self-deoxygenation is elucidated with the use of various characterization tools, and the species that participate in the rapid oxygen consumption is identified and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Liarou
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry Library Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Yisong Han
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ana M Sanchez
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Marc Walker
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - David M Haddleton
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry Library Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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11
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Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble β-cyclodextrin polymers via thiol-maleimide ‘click’ chemistry. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Tian B, Hua S, Liu J. Cyclodextrin-based delivery systems for chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Przybyla MA, Yilmaz G, Becer CR. Natural cyclodextrins and their derivatives for polymer synthesis. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A toolbox of cyclodextrin derivatives, synthetic strategies for the preparation of cyclodextrin-polymer conjugates using various polymerisation techniques and representative applications of such conjugates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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14
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Abstract
After introducing the concept of cyclodextrin polymers, their classification and applications have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingren Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumchi 830001
- China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Ningxia Medical University
- Yinchuan 750004
- China
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15
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Bao C, Xu X, Chen J, Zhang Q. Synthesis of biodegradable protein–poly(ε-caprolactone) conjugates via enzymatic ring opening polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipase–poly(HEAA) conjugates act as initiators and catalysts simultaneously for the eROP of ε-CL, forming biodegradable conjugates with amphiphilic graft copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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16
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Abstract
Highly efficient synthesis of multifunctional initiators based on cyclodextrin (CD) cores was achieved by a thiol–ene photoclick strategy. They were successfully employed in a “core-first” approach to prepare multiarm star polymers via ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
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17
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Li R, Li X, Zhang Y, Delawder AO, Colley ND, Whiting EA, Barnes JC. Diblock brush-arm star copolymers via a core-first/graft-from approach using γ-cyclodextrin and ROMP: a modular platform for drug delivery. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble diblock brush-arm star copolymers using γ-CD-based core-first ring-opening metathesis polymerization, allowing for anticancer drug delivery via host–guest interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Yipei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Colley
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Emma A. Whiting
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
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18
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Yao X, Huang P, Nie Z. Cyclodextrin-based polymer materials: From controlled synthesis to applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Liu H, Chen J, Li X, Deng Z, Gao P, Li J, Ren T, Huang L, Yang Y, Zhong S. Amphipathic β-cyclodextrin nanocarriers serve as intelligent delivery platform for anticancer drug. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:429-440. [PMID: 31085461 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel glutathione-responsive (GSH-responsive) star-like amphiphilic polymer (C12H25)14-β-CD-(S-S-mPEG)7 (denoted as CCSP) was designed for efficient antitumor drug delivery. The amphiphilic β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) self-polymerize in water to form a sphere with a diameter of 40-50 nm. The secondary hydroxyl groups of β-CD were modified by dodecyl to form a hydrophobic core and the primary hydroxyl groups of β-CD were decorated with PEG through disulfide bond to form a hydrophilic shell. Since the hydrophobic cavity of β-CD was maintained, the hydrophobic core formed by dodecyl as well as cavity of β-CD provided CCSP with a loading content as high as 39.6 wt%. Importantly, DOX@CCSP exhibited low drug leakage and negligible cytotoxicity in non-reductive physiological environment, while it showed rapid release and high cytotoxicity in reductive tumorous environment via the breakage of disulfide bond. In view of the above-mentioned advantages of DOX@CCSP nanocarriers such as high loading content, proper size, favorable stimulus-response release performance and low leakage, it is believed that CCSP may offer great potential to be used as an intelligent nanocarrier for anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Xiufang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Peiru Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Ling Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China.
| | - Shian Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China.
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20
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Seidi F, Shamsabadi AA, Amini M, Shabanian M, Crespy D. Functional materials generated by allying cyclodextrin-based supramolecular chemistry with living polymerization. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin molecules are cyclic oligosaccharides that display a unique structure including an inner side and two faces on their outer sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | | | - Mojtaba Amini
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Maragheh
- Maragheh
- Iran
| | - Meisam Shabanian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering
- Standard Research Institute (SRI)
- Karaj
- Iran
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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21
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Bilal M, Rasheed T, Zhao Y, Iqbal HMN, Cui J. "Smart" chemistry and its application in peroxidase immobilization using different support materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:278-290. [PMID: 30041033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the enzyme immobilization technology has been exploited a lot and thus became a matter of rational design. Immobilization is an alternative approach to bio-catalysis with the added benefits, adaptability to automation and high-throughput applications. Immobilization-based approaches represent simple but effective routes for engineering enzyme catalysts with higher activities than wild-type or pristine counterparts. From the chemistry viewpoint, the concept of stabilization via manipulation of functional entities, the enzyme surfaces have been an important driving force for immobilizing purposes. In addition, the unique physiochemical and structural functionalities of pristine or engineered cues, or insoluble support matrices (carrier) such as mean particle diameter, swelling behavior, mechanical strength, and compression behavior are of supreme interest and importance for the performance of the immobilized systems. Immobilization of peroxidases into/onto insoluble support matrices is advantageous for practical applications due to convenience in handling, ease separation of enzymes from a reaction mixture and the reusability. A plethora of literature is available explaining individual immobilization system. However, current literature lacks the chemistry viewpoint of immobilization. This review work presents state-of-the-art "Smart" chemistry of immobilization and novel potentialities of several materials-based cues with different geometries including microspheres, hydrogels and polymeric membranes, nanoparticles, nanofibers, composite and hybrid or blended support materials. The involvement of various functional groups including amino, thiol, carboxylic, hydroxyl, and epoxy groups via "click" chemistry, amine chemistry, thiol chemistry, carboxyl chemistry, and epoxy chemistry over the protein surfaces is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
| | - Jiandong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China.
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22
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Chen J, Li X, Li J, Li J, Huang L, Ren T, Yang X, Zhong S. Assembling of stimuli-responsive tumor targeting polypyrrole nanotubes drug carrier system for controlled release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 89:316-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Xu N, Huang X, Yin G, Bu M, Pu X, Chen X, Liao X, Huang Z. Thermosensitive star polymer pompons with a core–arm structure as thermo-responsive controlled release drug carriers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15604-15612. [PMID: 35539452 PMCID: PMC9080076 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a thermosensitive star polymer pompon with a core–arm structure was synthesized using a grafting-on method as a thermo-responsive controlled release drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiaobei Huang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Meijiao Bu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Ximing Pu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xianchun Chen
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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24
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Yang DP, Oo MNNL, Deen GR, Li Z, Loh XJ. Nano-Star-Shaped Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28895248 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the advancement of polymer engineering, complex star-shaped polymer architectures can be synthesized with ease, bringing about a host of unique properties and applications. The polymer arms can be functionalized with different chemical groups to fine-tune the response behavior or be endowed with targeting ligands or stimuli responsive moieties to control its physicochemical behavior and self-organization in solution. Rheological properties of these solutions can be modulated, which also facilitates the control of the diffusion of the drug from these star-based nanocarriers. However, these star-shaped polymers designed for drug delivery are still in a very early stage of development. Due to the sheer diversity of macromolecules that can take on the star architectures and the various combinations of functional groups that can be cross-linked together, there remain many structure-property relationships which have yet to be fully established. This review aims to provide an introductory perspective on the basic synthetic methods of star-shaped polymers, the properties which can be controlled by the unique architecture, and also recent advances in drug delivery applications related to these star candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Ma Nwe Nwe Linn Oo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Gulam Roshan Deen
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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25
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Hu X, Gao J, Luo Y, Wei T, Dong Y, Chen G, Chen H. One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Glycopolymers through a Combination of Host-Guest Interaction, Thiol-ene, and Copper-Catalyzed Click Reaction in Water. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28863243 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a common phenomenon that the heterogeneity of natural oligosaccharides contains various sugar units, which can be used to enhance affinity and selectivity toward a specific receptor, so the synthesis of heterogeneous glycopolymers is always an important issue in the glycopolymer field. Herein, this study conducts a one-pot method to prepare polyrotaxane-based heteroglycopolymers anchored with different sugar units and fluorescent moieties via the combination of host-guest interaction, thiol-ene, and copper-catalyzed click chemistry in water. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, X-ray diffraction, and Ellman's assay test are used in the paper to characterize the compounds. Quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCD-D) experiments and bacterial adhesion assay are utilized to study the interactions of polyrotaxane-based heteroglycopolymers with Con A and Escherichia coli. The results reveal that polyrotaxanes (PRs) with mannose and glucose present better specificity toward Con A and E. coli than PRs with glucose due to synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yishi Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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26
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Frayne SH, Murthy RR, Northrop BH. Investigation and Demonstration of Catalyst/Initiator-Driven Selectivity in Thiol-Michael Reactions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7946-7956. [PMID: 28695735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-Michael "click" reactions are essential synthetic tools in the preparation of various materials including polymers, dendrimers, and other macromolecules. Despite increasing efforts to apply thiol-Michael chemistry in a controlled fashion, the selectivity of base- or nucleophile-promoted thiol-Michael reactions in complex mixtures of multiple thiols and/or acceptors remains largely unknown. Herein, we report a thorough fundamental study of the selectivity of thiol-Michael reactions through a series of 270 ternary reactions using 1H NMR spectroscopy to quantify product selectivity. The varying influences of different catalysts/initiators are explored using ternary reactions between two Michael acceptors and a single thiol or between a single Michael acceptor and two thiols using three different catalysts/initiators (triethylamine, DBU, and dimethylphenylphosphine) in chloroform. The results from the ternary reactions provide a platform from which sequential quaternary, one-pot quaternary, and sequential senary thiol-Michael reactions were designed and their selectivities quantified. These results provide insights into the design of selective thiol-Michael reactions that can be used for the synthesis and functionalization of multicomponent polymers and further informs how catalyst/initiator choice influences the reactivity between a given thiol and Michael acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Frayne
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Raghavendra R Murthy
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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27
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Hou Y, Liu Y, Sun S, Liang J. Dual pH-Sensitive DOX-Conjugated Cyclodextrin-Core Star Nano-Copolymer Prodrugs. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province; Department of Applied Chemistry; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province; Department of Applied Chemistry; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province; Department of Applied Chemistry; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Jianghu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province; Department of Applied Chemistry; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
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28
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Khodaveisi J, Shabani AMH, Dadfarnia S, Saberi D. A novel sensor for determination of naproxen based on change in localized surface plasmon peak of functionalized gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 179:11-16. [PMID: 28213140 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective and sensitive colorimetric sensor for the determination of naproxen (NAP) based on the aggregation of the thiolated β-cyclodextrin (Tβ-CD) functionalized gold nanoparticles (Tβ-CD-Au NPs) in the presence of NAP and Zn2+is described. The hydrophobic end of NAP interacts with the immobilized Tβ-CD on the Au NPs and forms the complex of Tβ-CD:NAP while the Zn2+ ions form a 1:2 complex of (NAP)2Zn with the carboxyl groups of NAP resulting in the aggregation of functionalized gold nanoparticles. As a result of aggregation, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of functionalized gold nanoparticles around 520nm decreases and a new red shifted band at 650nm appears which increases gradually as the function of NAP concentration. The calibration graph derived from the intensity ratios of absorbance at 650nm to 520nm was linear in the concentration range of 4-180μgL-1of NAP. At the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.6 and 2.1μgL-1, respectively and the relative standard deviation at 20μgL-1of NAP (n=5) was 2.5%. The selectivity and applicability of the method was verified through analyzes of the synthetic samples containing the major interference compounds reported in literature as well as tablets, wastewater and urine samples. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery experiments and analysis of pharmaceutical tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Khodaveisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, 89195-741 Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Shayessteh Dadfarnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, 89195-741 Yazd, Iran.
| | - Dariush Saberi
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75169, Iran
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29
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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30
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Li L, Li S, Cui D. Chemo- and stereoselective polymerization of 3-methylenehepta-1,6-Diene and Its thiol-ene modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Branch Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
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31
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Liu SM, Mazunin D, Pattabiraman VR, Bode JW. Synthesis of Bifunctional Potassium Acyltrifluoroborates. Org Lett 2016; 18:5336-5339. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sizhou M. Liu
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Mazunin
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vijaya R. Pattabiraman
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Ren JM, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Wong EHH, Xu J, An Z, Shanmugam S, Davis TP, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Star Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6743-836. [PMID: 27299693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in controlled/living polymerization techniques and highly efficient coupling chemistries have enabled the facile synthesis of complex polymer architectures with controlled dimensions and functionality. As an example, star polymers consist of many linear polymers fused at a central point with a large number of chain end functionalities. Owing to this exclusive structure, star polymers exhibit some remarkable characteristics and properties unattainable by simple linear polymers. Hence, they constitute a unique class of technologically important nanomaterials that have been utilized or are currently under audition for many applications in life sciences and nanotechnologies. This article first provides a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies towards star polymers, then reviews the latest developments in the synthesis and characterization methods of star macromolecules, and lastly outlines emerging applications and current commercial use of star-shaped polymers. The aim of this work is to promote star polymer research, generate new avenues of scientific investigation, and provide contemporary perspectives on chemical innovation that may expedite the commercialization of new star nanomaterials. We envision in the not-too-distant future star polymers will play an increasingly important role in materials science and nanotechnology in both academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing M Ren
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 2000444, People's Republic of China
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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33
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34
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Aksakal R, Resmini M, Becer CR. Pentablock star shaped polymers in less than 90 minutes via aqueous SET-LRP. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of core-first multi-block star-shaped copolymers via aqueous SET-LRP has been reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Aksakal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
| | - M. Resmini
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
| | - C. R. Becer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
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35
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Arslan M, Tasdelen MA, Uyar T, Yagci Y. Poly(epsilon caprolactone)/clay nanocomposites via host–guest chemistry. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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36
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Elschner T, Heinze T. Cellulose carbonates: a platform for promising biopolymer derivatives with multifunctional capabilities. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:735-46. [PMID: 25677921 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose carbonates as a platform compound open new possibilities for the design of advanced materials based on the most important renewable resource cellulose. In the present feature, the chemistry of cellulose carbonates is discussed considering own research results adequately. After a short overview about methods for activation of polysaccharides for a conversion with nucleophilic compounds in particular with amines, details about various methods for the synthesis of polysaccharide carbonates are discussed. The main issue of the feature is the synthesis and aminolysis of cellulose carbonates with low, intermediate, and high degree of substitution and the evaluation of this chemistry with respect to specific challenges. Functional cellulose carbamates, obtained from cellulose phenyl carbonate by aminolysis, show the potential use of this class of celluloses. Immunoassays and zwitterionic polymers are included as representative examples regarding properties and application of the new cellulose-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Elschner
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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37
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Li H, Zheng S, Hu Y. Synthesis of Novel Chain-End-Functionalized Polyethylenes via Thiol-ene Click Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Natural and Applied Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; No. 127 Youyi West Road 710072 Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Huayi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Shuirong Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Natural and Applied Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; No. 127 Youyi West Road 710072 Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Youliang Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
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38
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Xu J, Boyer C. Visible Light Photocatalytic Thiol–Ene Reaction: An Elegant Approach for Fast Polymer Postfunctionalization and Step-Growth Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502460t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical
Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical
Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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39
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Isikgor FH, Becer CR. Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1492] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing research activities in the field of lignocellulosic biomass for production of value-added chemicals and polymers that can be utilized to replace petroleum-based materials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- E1 4NS London
- UK
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40
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Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent progress in cyclodextrin-functionalized polymers as drug carriers for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Cui-yun Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of South China
- Hengyang 421001
- China
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41
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Synthesis and reactivity of α,ω-homotelechelic polymers by Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Cakir N, Hizal G, Becer CR. Supramolecular glycopolymers with thermo-responsive self-assembly and lectin binding. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating monomers into sequence-defined synthetic macromolecules endows them to mimic nature which results in key residues being anchored in the molecular recognition pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Cakir
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Gurkan Hizal
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- E1 4NS London
- United Kingdom
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43
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Iocozzia J, Xu H, Pang X, Xia H, Bunning T, White T, Lin Z. Star-like polymer click-functionalized with small capping molecules: an initial investigation into properties and improving solubility in liquid crystals. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09597a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Li Y, Su H, Feng X, Wang Z, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Fu Q, Cheng SZD, Zhang WB. Thiol-Michael “click” chemistry: another efficient tool for head functionalization of giant surfactants. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Zhang Q, Su L, Collins J, Chen G, Wallis R, Mitchell DA, Haddleton DM, Becer CR. Dendritic Cell Lectin-Targeting Sentinel-like Unimolecular Glycoconjugates To Release an Anti-HIV Drug. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4325-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4131565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Ministry of Education
and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220
Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jennifer Collins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Guosong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Ministry of Education
and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220
Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 9HN Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Mitchell
- Clinical
Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
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46
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Beyer A, Pollok S, Berg A, Weber K, Popp J. Easy daylight fabricated hydrogel array for colorimetric DNA analysis. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:889-98. [PMID: 24497199 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of 3D hydrogel microarrays for DNA analytics that allow simple visual signal readout for on-site applications is described. A convenient one-step polymerization of the hydrogel including in situ capture oligonucleotide immobilization is accomplished by using N,N'-dimethylacrylamide/polyethylene glycol (PEG1900 )-bisacrylamide monomers. The implementation of an acylphosphine-oxide photoinitiator even allows polymerization at daylight, whereas other approaches require exposure with light in the UV-range. This minimizes the risk of UV-caused DNA damages within the capture DNA-strand that could adversely affect the subsequent hybridization step. The porous network of these gel segments allows DNA as well as protein penetration. Thus, the successful in-gel DNA hybridization is monitored by the deposition of silver nanoparticles. These metal particles allow naked eye signal readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Beyer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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47
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Yu HZ, Yang YM, Zhang L, Dang ZM, Hu GH. Quantum-Chemical Predictions of pKa’s of Thiols in DMSO. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:606-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410274n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi-Meng Yang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (CNRS UMR 7274), CNRS-Université de Lorraine , ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy, France
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48
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Takara M, Toyoshima M, Seto H, Hoshino Y, Miura Y. Polymer-modified gold nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization: a detailed study for a biosensing application. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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49
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Schmidt BV, Hetzer M, Ritter H, Barner-Kowollik C. Complex macromolecular architecture design via cyclodextrin host/guest complexes. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Waldron C, Anastasaki A, McHale R, Wilson P, Li Z, Smith T, Haddleton DM. Copper-mediated living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of lipophilic monomers from multi-functional initiators: reducing star–star coupling at high molecular weights and high monomer conversions. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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