1
|
Mahlmeister B, Mahl M, Reichelt H, Shoyama K, Stolte M, Würthner F. Helically Twisted Nanoribbons Based on Emissive Near-Infrared Responsive Quaterrylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10507-10514. [PMID: 35649272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have the potential for next-generation functional devices. So far, GNRs with defined stereochemistry are rarely reported in literature and their optical response is usually bound to the ultraviolet or visible spectral region, while covering the near-infrared (NIR) regime is still challenging. Herein, we report two novel quaterrylene bisimides with either one- or twofold-twisted π-backbones enabled by the steric congestion of a fourfold bay arylation leading to an end-to-end twist of up to 76°. The strong interlocking effect of the π-stacked aryl substituents introduces a rigidification of the chromophore unambiguously proven by single-crystal X-ray analysis. This leads to unexpectedly strong NIR emissions at 862 and 903 nm with quantum yields of 1.5 and 0.9%, respectively, further ensuring high solubility as well as resolvable and highly stable atropo-enantiomers. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of these enantiopure chiral compounds reveals a strong Cotton effect Δε of up to 67 M-1 cm-1 centered far in the NIR region at 849 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mahlmeister
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cong H, Wang K, Zhou Z, Yang J, Piao Y, Yu B, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Tuning the Brightness and Photostability of Organic Dots for Multivalent Targeted Cancer Imaging and Surgery. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5887-5900. [PMID: 32356972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Specific labeling of biomarkers with bright and high photostable fluorophores is vital in fluorescent imaging applications. Here, we report a general strategy to develop single-molecule dendritic nanodots with finely tunable optical properties for in vivo fluorescent imaging. The well-defined nanodots are based on the divergent growth of biodegradable polylysine dendrimers with a fluorophore as the core. By tuning the size and surface chemistry, we obtained fluorescent nanodots with excellent brightness and photostability, favorable pharmacokinetics, and multivalent tumor-targeting capability. The nanodots provided robust, stable, long-lasting, and specific fluorescence enhancement in tumor tissue with an in situ tumor-to-normal ratio (TNR) of ∼3 and lasting over 5 days and an ex vivo TNR up to ∼17, holding considerable promise for cancer imaging and image-guided surgery. This strategy significantly improves the in vivo performance of fluorophores and can be applied to other modality imaging probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuha Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu J, Pin S, Lin X, Su M, Bai M, Kim K. Photostable, hydrophilic, and near infrared quaterrylene-based dyes for photoacoustic imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:1012-1019. [PMID: 30274031 PMCID: PMC6172961 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel near-infrared contrast agents based on the quaterrylene structure were strategically developed and tested for high photo-stability. Both a dendrimeric quaterrylene molecule, QR-G2-COOH, and a small molecule cationic quaterrylene dye, QR-4PyC4, remain optically stable and continue to generate a competitive photoacoustic response when irradiated by short near-infrared laser pulses for a relatively long time in an in-vitro cell study, unlike indocyanine green that rapidly decreases photoacoustic signal amplitude. The small molecule dye, QR-4PyC4 exhibits not only significantly higher cellular uptake rate than QR-G2-COOH and indocyanine green, but also low toxicity at a concentration of up to 10 μM. The dendrimeric dye, QR-G2-COOH that has surface functional groups available for conjugation with targeting and therapeutic agents shows the highest photoacoustic amplitude with high optical stability. Therefore, QR-4PyC4 can be a promising universal, sensitive and reliable photoacoustic contrast agent and QR-G2-COOH has great potential as a nano-platform with stable photoacoustic imaging capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesok Yu
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine & Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shao Pin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Xiangwei Lin
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine & Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Kang Kim
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine & Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takahashi M, Asaba K, Lua TT, Inuzuka T, Uemura N, Sakamoto M, Sengoku T, Yoda H. Controllable Monobromination of Perylene Ring System: Synthesis of Bay-Functionalized Perylene Dyes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:624-631. [PMID: 29286661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Practical synthesis of bay-monofunctionalized perylene dyes has been developed based on controllable NBS bromination of tetrabenzyl perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate. The ability to perform the convenient and high-yielding synthesis highlights the potential utility of our multifunctional approach to access a diverse range of new perylene systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kyohei Asaba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Trinh Thi Lua
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Inuzuka
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University , 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masami Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sengoku
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shao P, Zhang S, Hu S, Han L, Jia N, Bai M. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Tetra[6,7]quinoxalinoporphyrazine-based Near Infrared Photosensitizer. RSC Adv 2017; 7:50555-50561. [PMID: 29456839 PMCID: PMC5810975 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06348b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a near infrared, water-soluble, functional and dendrimeric photosensitizer (PS) based on quinoxalinoporphyrazine structure. The photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic therapy results suggest that this quinoxalinoporphyrazine-based dendrimer may serve as an efficient near infrared (NIR) PS platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shudong Hu
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Renmin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002. China
| | - Le Han
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ningyang Jia
- Department of Radiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Torras J, Zanuy D, Aradilla D, Alemán C. Solvent effects on the properties of hyperbranched polythiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24610-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
QM/MM-MD simulations of dendrimers using explicit solvent molecules capture the conformational flexibility and microfluctuations induced by different types of solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Torras
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química
- EEI
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- 08700 Igualada
- Spain
| | - David Zanuy
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química
- E.T.S. d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - David Aradilla
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química
- E.T.S. d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química
- E.T.S. d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao P, Jia N, Zhang S, Bai M. Synthesis and optical properties of water-soluble biperylene-based dendrimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5648-51. [PMID: 24733100 PMCID: PMC4037920 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01742k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and photophysical properties of three biperylene-based dendrimers, which show red fluorescence in water. A fluorescence microscopy study demonstrated uptake of biperylene-based dendrimers in living cells. Our results indicate that these biperylene-based dendrimers are promising candidates in fluorescence imaging applications with the potential as therapeutic carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Shao
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Janjic JM, Shao P, Zhang S, Yang X, Patel SK, Bai M. Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions with fluorescent, colloidal and magnetic properties. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4958-68. [PMID: 24674463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bimodal imaging agents that combine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nearinfrared (NIR) imaging formulated as nanoemulsions became increasingly popular for imaging inflammation in vivo. Quality of in vivo imaging using nanoemulsions is directly dependent on their integrity and stability. Here we report the design of nanoemulsions for bimodal imaging, where both photostability and colloidal stability are equally addressed. A highly chemically and photo stable quaterrylenediimide dye was introduced into perfluoro-15-crown-5 ether (PCE) nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were prepared with PCE and Miglyol 812N mixed at 1:1 v/v ratio as internal phase stabilized by non-ionic surfactants. Data shows exceptional colloidal stability demonstrated as unchanged droplet size (~130 nm) and polydispersity (<0.15) after 182 days follow up at both 4 and 25 °C. Nanoemulsions also sustained the exposure to mechanical and temperature stress, and prolonged exposure to light without changes in droplet size, (19)F signal or fluorescence signal. No toxicity was observed in vitro in model inflammatory cells upon 24 h exposure while confocal microscopy showed that nanoemulsions droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm. Overall, our data demonstrates that design of bimodal imaging agents requires consideration of stability of each imaging component and that of the nanosystem as a whole to achieve excellent imaging performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Pin Shao
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Sravan K Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yi X, Wang F, Qin W, Yang X, Yuan J. Near-infrared fluorescent probes in cancer imaging and therapy: an emerging field. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1347-65. [PMID: 24648733 PMCID: PMC3956734 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is an attractive modality for early cancer detection with high sensitivity and multi-detection capability. Due to convenient modification by conjugating with moieties of interests, NIRF probes are ideal candidates for cancer targeted imaging. Additionally, the combinatory application of NIRF imaging and other imaging modalities that can delineate anatomical structures extends fluorometric determination of biomedical information. Moreover, nanoparticles loaded with NIRF dyes and anticancer agents contribute to the synergistic management of cancer, which integrates the advantage of imaging and therapeutic functions to achieve the ultimate goal of simultaneous diagnosis and treatment. Appropriate probe design with targeting moieties can retain the original properties of NIRF and pharmacokinetics. In recent years, great efforts have been made to develop new NIRF probes with better photostability and strong fluorescence emission, leading to the discovery of numerous novel NIRF probes with fine photophysical properties. Some of these probes exhibit tumoricidal activities upon light radiation, which holds great promise in photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and photoimmunotherapy. This review aims to provide a timely and concise update on emerging NIRF dyes and multifunctional agents. Their potential uses as agents for cancer specific imaging, lymph node mapping, and therapeutics are included. Recent advances of NIRF dyes in clinical use are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yi
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Wang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hahn L, Öz S, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Highly emissive water-soluble tetraazaperopyrenes as fluorescent markers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4941-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01254b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of highly fluorescent water-soluble tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) derivatives is reported; these act as fluorescent markers for cell nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hahn
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut
- Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simin Öz
- Division of Epigenetics
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance
- German Cancer Research Center
- Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut
- Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut
- Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heek T, Würthner F, Haag R. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Water-Soluble Polyglycerol-Dendronized Rylene Bisimide Dyes. Chemistry 2013; 19:10911-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Zhou J, Zhang J, Lai Y, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Wang H, Wang Z. Guanidinium-dendronized perylene bisimides as stable, water-soluble fluorophores for live-cell imaging. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|