1
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Laborda E, López-Asanza J, Molina A. Theoretical Framework and Guidelines for the Cyclic Voltammetry of Closed Bipolar Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17311-17317. [PMID: 37956247 PMCID: PMC10688229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Closed bipolar cells (cBPCs) can offer valuable platforms for the development of electrochemical sensors. On the other hand, such systems are more intricate to model and interpret than conventional systems with a single polarizable interface, with the applied potential "splitting" into two polarized interfaces where two coupled charge transfers take place concomitantly. As a result, the voltammetry of cBPCs shows peculiarities that can be misleading if analyzed under the framework of classic electrochemical cells. In this work, rigorous mathematical solutions are deduced for the cyclic voltammetry (CV) of cBPCs, including the current-potential response, the interfacial potentials, and the interfacial redox concentrations. With such theoretical tools, a comprehensive view of the behavior of cBPCs can be gained, and adequate diagnosis criteria are established on the basis of the shape, magnitude, and position of the CV signal as a function of the scan rate and of the experimental conditions in the anodic and cathodic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Laborda
- Departamento de Química
Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier López-Asanza
- Departamento de Química
Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Angela Molina
- Departamento de Química
Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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2
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Moshrefi R, Ryan K, Connors EP, Walsh JC, Merschrod E, Bodwell GJ, Stockmann TJ. Electrosynthesis of Au nanocluster embedded conductive polymer films at soft interfaces using dithiafulvenyl-functionalized pyrene. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5834-5842. [PMID: 36861258 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) embedded conductive polymer films are desirable platforms for electrocatalysis as well as biomedical and analytical applications. Increased catalytic and analytical performance is accompanied by concomitant decreases in NP size. Herein, highly reproducible electrogeneration of low dispersity Au nanocluster embedded ultra-thin (∼2 nm) conductive polymer films at a micro liquid|liquid interface is demonstrated. Confinement at a micropipette tip facilitates a heterogeneous electron transfer process across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), between KAuCl4(aq) and a dithiafulvenyl-substituted pyrene monomer, 4,5-didecoxy-1,8-bis(dithiafulven-6-yl)pyrene (bis(DTF)pyrene), in oil, i.e., a w|o interface. At a large ITIES the reaction is spontaneous, rapid, and proceeds via transfer of AuCl4- to the oil phase, followed by homogeneous electron transfer generating uncontrolled polymer growth with larger (∼50 nm) Au nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, miniaturization facilitates external, potential control and limits the reaction pathway. Atomic (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopies (KPFM) imaged the topography and work function distribution of the as-prepared films. The latter was linked to nanocluster distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moshrefi
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Katelyn Ryan
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Evan P Connors
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Joshua C Walsh
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Erika Merschrod
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Graham J Bodwell
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
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3
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Moshrefi R, Stockmann TJ. Electrodeless Synthesis of Low Dispersity Au Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters at an Immiscible Micro Water/Ionic Liquid Interface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2748. [PMID: 36014613 PMCID: PMC9416156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their biocompatibility, optical, and catalytic properties, Au nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subject of much research. Since smaller NPs have enhanced catalytic properties and NP morphology greatly impacts their effectiveness, controlled and reproducible methods of generating Au NPs are still being sought. Herein, Au NPs were electrochemically generated at a water|ionic liquid (w|IL) immiscible micro-interface, 25 µm in diameter, using a redox active IL and compared to results at a water|oil (w|o) one. The liquid|liquid interface is advantageous as it is pristine and highly reproducible, as well as an excellent means of species and charge separation. In this system, KAuCl4 dissolved in the aqueous phase reacts under external potential control at the water|P8888TB (tetraoctylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) with trioctyl(ferrocenylhexanoyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (FcIL), an electron donor and redox active IL. FcIL was prepared with a common anion to P8888TB, which greatly enhances its solubility in the bulk IL. Simple ion transfer of AuCl4− and AuCl(4−γ)(OH)γ− at the w|P8888TB micro-interface were characterized voltammetrically as well as their heterogeneous electron transfer reaction with FcIL. This interfacial reaction generates Au NPs whose size can be thermodynamically controlled by modifying the pH of the aqueous phase. Critically, at low pH, nanoclusters, <1.7 nm in diameter, were generated owing to inhibited thermodynamics in combination with the supramolecular fluidic nature of the IL microenvironment that was observed surrounding the as-prepared NPs.
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4
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Yang R, Liu S, Sun Q, Liao Q, Xi K, Su B. Potential Difference-Modulated Synthesis of Self-Standing Covalent Organic Framework Membranes at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11778-11787. [PMID: 35730986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF) membranes with tailored functionalities hold great promise in diverse applications, but the key to realize their full advantages of highly ordered pore structures is the development of membrane fabrication approaches. In this work, we report a potential difference-modulated biphasic strategy to fabricate large-area, self-standing COF membranes under ambient conditions. The fabrication was conducted at the polarized water/1,2-dichloroethane (water/DCE) interface, where HCl was dissolved in water as a catalyst and monomers (both amine and aldehyde) were added to DCE. The external polarization of the water/DCE interface by cyclic voltammetry can continuously pump H+ from water to DCE to boost the Schiff base reaction of monomers and the growth of COF membranes. Moreover, the growth process can be real-time-monitored by interfacial double-layer capacitance measurement, and the permeability of COF membranes can be in situ-examined by heterogeneous ion transfer voltammetry. Given that the potential difference across the water/DCE interface can be also facilely modulated by dissolving proper electrolyte ions in two phases, the fabrication of large-area COF membranes is made possible in beakers. Using this strategy and different monomers, three types of centimeter-scale, free-standing COF membranes with tunable pore size and surface functionality were prepared, and their defect-free structure was proved by the molecular permeance and ultrafiltration test. We believe that this biphasic strategy offers a controllable and scalable way to fabricate COF membranes and sheds light on development of novel self-supporting membranes with unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaobo Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Xi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Moshrefi R, Connors E, Merschrod E, Stockmann TJ. Simultaneous electropolymerization/Au nanoparticle generation at an electrified liquid/liquid micro-interface. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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González J, Laborda E, Molina A. Analytical Modelling of Electron‐coupled Ion Transfers with Immobilized
vs
Soluble Redox Transducer at Thick Film‐modified Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. González
- Departamento de Química Física Facultad de Química Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - E. Laborda
- Departamento de Química Física Facultad de Química Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - A. Molina
- Departamento de Química Física Facultad de Química Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
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7
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Zanotto F, Fernández R, Dassie S. An electroanalytical method for monitoring acid hydrolysis reactions using thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Burgoyne ED, Molina-Osorio AF, Moshrefi R, Shanahan R, McGlacken GP, Stockmann TJ, Scanlon MD. Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing molecules at an electrified liquid|liquid micro-interface through facilitated proton transfer. Analyst 2021; 145:7000-7008. [PMID: 32869782 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of electrochemical detection methods for point-of-care-devices is ideal for their integration and use within healthcare environments. Simultaneously, the prolific pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a serious health risk to patients with compromised immune systems. Recognizing these two factors, a proof-of-concept electrochemical method employing a micro-interface between water and oil (w/o) held at the tip of a pulled borosilicate glass capillary is presented. This method targets small molecules produced by P. aeruginosa colonies as signalling factors that control colony growth in a pseudo-multicellular process known as quorum sensing (QS). The QS molecules of interest are 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline (PQS, Pseudomonas quinolone signal). Hydrophobic HHQ and PQS molecules, dissolved in the oil phase, were observed electrochemically to facilitate proton transfer across the w/o interface. This interfacial complexation can be exploited as a facile electrochemical detection method for P. aeruginosa and is advantageous as it does not depend on the redox activity of HHQ/PQS. Interestingly, the limit-of-linearity is reached as [H+] ≈ [ligand]. Density functional theory calculations were performed to determine the proton affinities and gas-phase basicities of HHQ/PQS, as well as elucidate the likely site of stepwise protonation within each molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burgoyne
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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9
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Jiang Q, Reader HE, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemical Characterization of Fe(II) Complexation Reactions at an Electrified Micro Liquid‐Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Heather E. Reader
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
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10
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Moshrefi R, Suryawanshi A, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemically controlled Au nanoparticle nucleation at a micro liquid/liquid interface using ferrocene as reducing agent. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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11
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Ametryn detection by proton assisted transfer at a single micro-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Liu Y, Wiorek A, Crespo GA, Cuartero M. Spectroelectrochemical Evidence of Interconnected Charge and Ion Transfer in Ultrathin Membranes Modulated by a Redox Conducting Polymer. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14085-14093. [PMID: 32972129 PMCID: PMC7584340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous publications have demonstrated the tuning of ion-transfer (IT) processes across ion-selective membranes (ISMs) with thicknesses in the nanometer order by modulating the oxidation state of a film of a conducting polymer, such as poly(3-octylthiophene) [POT], that is in back-side contact. Attempts on the theoretical description of this charge transfer (CT)-IT system have considered the Nernst equation for the CT, while there is no empirical evidence confirming this behavior. We present herein the first experimental characterization of the CT in POT films involved in different CT-IT systems. We take advantage of the absorbance change in the POT film while being oxidized, to monitor the CT linked to nonassisted and assisted ITs at the sample-ISM interface, from one to three ionophores, therefore promoting a change in the nature and number of the ITs. The CT is visualized as an independent sigmoid in different potential ranges according to the assigned IT. Herein, we have proposed a simple calculation of the empirical CT utilizing the mathematical Sigmoidal-Boltzmann model. The identification of the physical meaning of the mathematical definition of CT opens up new possibilities for the design of sensors with superior analytical features (mainly in terms of selectivity) and the calculation of apparent binding constants in the ISM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Wiorek
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaston A Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Tayade S, Patil K, Sharma G, Patil P, Mane RM, Mahulikar P, Sharma KKK. Electrochemical investigations of thymine and thymidine in 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids at room temperature. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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ZHONG LJ, GAO LF, LI FH, GAN SY, NIU L. Neurotransmitter Biomolecule Transfers Across Liquid/Liquid Interface Through A Thick Organic Membrane-Modified Electrode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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An integrated theoretical-experimental approach to understand facilitated proton transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Facilitated proton transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Zanotto FM, Fernández RA, Dassie SA. Theoretical model of ion transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at the thick-film modified electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Uehara A, Chang SY, Booth SG, Schroeder SL, Mosselmans JW, Dryfe RA. Redox and Ligand Exchange during the Reaction of Tetrachloroaurate with Hexacyanoferrate(II) at a Liquid-Liquid Interface: Voltammetry and X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Studies. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Uehara A, Booth SG, Chang SY, Schroeder SLM, Imai T, Hashimoto T, Mosselmans JFW, Dryfe RAW. Electrochemical Insight into the Brust–Schiffrin Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15135-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Uehara
- Division
of Nuclear Engineering Science, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Asashironishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | | | | | - Sven L. M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Takahito Imai
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
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20
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Gu J, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xie X, Liu S, Wu X, Zhu Z, Li M, Shao Y. Study of Ion Transfer Coupling with Electron Transfer by Hydrophilic Droplet Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11819-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meixian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Kaluza D, Adamiak W, Opallo M, Jonsson-Niedziolka M. Comparison of Ion Transfer Thermodynamics at Microfluidic and Droplet-Based Three Phase Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Matsui R, Sakaki T, Osakai T. Label-Free Amperometric Detection of Albumin with an Oil/Water-type Flow Cell for Urine Protein Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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