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Nifant'ev I, Komarov P, Sadrtdinova G, Safronov V, Kolosov N, Ivchenko P. Mechanistic Insights of Ethylene Polymerization on Phillips Chromium Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:681. [PMID: 38475365 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Silica-supported chromium oxide catalysts, also named Phillips chromium catalysts (PCCs), provide more than half of the world's production of high- and medium-density polyethylenes. PCCs are usually prepared in the Cr(VI)/SiO2 form, which is subjected to reductive activation. It has been explicitly proven that CO reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(II) species that initiate ethylene polymerization; ethylene activates Cr(VI) sites as well, but the nature of the catalytic species is complicated by the presence of the ethylene oxidation products. It is widely accepted that the catalytic species are of a Cr(III)-alkyl nature, but this common assumption faces the challenge of "extra" hydrogen: the formation of similar species under the action of even-electron reducing agents requires an additional H atom. Relatively recently, it was found that saturated hydrocarbons can also activate CrOx/SiO2, and alkyl fragments turn out to be bonded with a polyethylene chain. In recent years, there have been numerous experimental and theoretical studies of the structure and chemistry of PCCs at the different stages of preparation and activation. The use of modern spectral methods (such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and others); operando IR, UV-vis, EPR, and XAS spectroscopies; and theoretical approaches (DFT modeling, machine learning) clarified many essential aspects of the mechanisms of CrOx/SiO2 activation and catalytic behavior. Overall, the Cosse-Arlman mechanism of polymerization on Cr(III)-alkyl centers is confirmed in many works, but its theoretical support required the development of nontrivial and contentious mechanistic concepts of Cr(VI)/SiO2 or Cr(II)/SiO2 activation. On the other hand, conflicting experimental data continue to be obtained, and certain mechanistic concepts are being developed with the use of outdated models. Strictly speaking, the main question of what type of catalytic species, Cr(II), Cr(III), or Cr(IV), comes into polymerization still has not received an unambiguous answer. The role of the chemical nature of the support-through the prism of the nature, geometry, and distribution of the active sites-is also not clear in depth. In the present review, we endeavored to summarize and discuss the recent studies in the field of the preparation, activation, and action of PCCs, with a focus on existing contradictions in the interpretation of the experimental and theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Nifant'ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzelia Sadrtdinova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya St. 20, 101100 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Pavel Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Monwar M, Cruz C, Barr J, McDaniel M. Ethylene polymerization by hydrocarbon-reduced Cr/silica catalyst. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cr[CH(SiMe3)2]3/SiO2 catalysts for ethene polymerization: The correlation at a molecular level between the chromium loading and the microstructure of the produced polymer. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martino GA, Piovano A, Barzan C, Rabeah J, Agostini G, Bruekner A, Leone G, Zanchin G, Monoi T, Groppo E. Rationalizing the Effect of Triethylaluminum on the Cr/SiO 2 Phillips Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia A. Martino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Bruekner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Leone
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via A. corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zanchin
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via A. corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Takashi Monoi
- R&D Division, Japan Polychem Corporation, 1-1 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, 100-8251 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Groppo E, Martino GA, Piovano A, Barzan C. The Active Sites in the Phillips Catalysts: Origins of a Lively Debate and a Vision for the Future. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Antonina Martino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
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The Effect of Al-Alkyls on the Phillips Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization: The Case of Diethylaluminum Ethoxide (DEALE). Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Martino GA, Barzan C, Piovano A, Budnyk A, Groppo E. Tracking the reasons for the peculiarity of Cr/Al2O3 catalyst in ethylene polymerization. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barzan C, Mino L, Morra E, Groppo E, Chiesa M, Spoto G. Photoinduced Ethylene Polymerization on Titania Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spoto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
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Barzan C, Piovano A, Braglia L, Martino GA, Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Ligands Make the Difference! Molecular Insights into CrVI/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst during Ethylene Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17064-17073. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Luca Braglia
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
- IRC
“Smart Materials”, Southern Federal University, Zorge
Street 5, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Giorgia A. Martino
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- IRC
“Smart Materials”, Southern Federal University, Zorge
Street 5, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
- Department
of Chemistry, CrisDi Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin I10125, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
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Piovano A, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Tuning the Ti3+ and Al3+ Synergy in an Al2O3/TiClx Catalyst To Modulate the Grade of the Produced Polyethylene. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Spectroscopic Methods in Catalysis and Their Application in Well-Defined Nanocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805090-3.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Barzan C, Bordiga S, Quadrelli EA, Groppo E. Reactivity of Hydrosilanes with the CrII/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst: Observation of Intermediates and Properties of the Modified CrII Sites. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Copéret C, Estes DP, Larmier K, Searles K. Isolated Surface Hydrides: Formation, Structure, and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8463-505. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deven P. Estes
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kim Larmier
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Cicmil D, Meeuwissen J, Vantomme A, Weckhuysen BM. Real-time Analysis of a Working Triethylaluminium-Modified Cr/Ti/SiO 2 Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:1937-1944. [PMID: 27840661 PMCID: PMC5084731 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) study has been conducted at 373 K and 1 bar on an industrial Cr/Ti/SiO2 Phillips-type catalyst modified with, and without, triethylaluminium (TEAl) as co-catalyst. The reaction rate of the polymerization of ethylene, as monitored by the increase in the methylene stretching band of the growing polyethylene (PE), has been investigated as a function of the titanium content. After an initial period of mixed kinetics, with the reaction rate significantly higher for the TEAl-modified catalysts compared with the non-modified catalysts, the polymerization proceeded as a pseudo-zero-order reaction with a reaction rate that increased as a function of titanium loading. Furthermore, it was found that the higher Ti loading caused the appearance of more acidic hydroxyl groups and modified the Cr sites by making them more Lewis acidic, ultimately shortening the induction time and increasing the initial polymerization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Cicmil
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Meeuwissen
- Refining & ChemicalsTotal Research and Technology FeluyZone Industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Aurélien Vantomme
- Refining & ChemicalsTotal Research and Technology FeluyZone Industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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15
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Barzan C, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Toward the Understanding of the Comonomer Effect on CrII/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- University of Turin, Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, Via G. Quarello 15A I10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- University of Turin, Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, Via G. Quarello 15A I10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- University of Turin, Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, Via G. Quarello 15A I10135 Turin, Italy
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16
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Chakrabarti A, Gierada M, Handzlik J, Wachs IE. Operando Molecular Spectroscopy During Ethylene Polymerization by Supported CrO x /SiO2 Catalysts: Active Sites, Reaction Intermediates, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Karbach FF, Macko T, Duchateau R. Preparation of Ethylene/1-Hexene Copolymers from Ethylene Using a Fully Silica-Supported Tandem Catalyst System. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian F. Karbach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Material
Analytics Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robbert Duchateau
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Groppo E, Seenivasan K, Gallo E, Sommazzi A, Lamberti C, Bordiga S. Activation and In Situ Ethylene Polymerization on Silica-Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Kalaivani Seenivasan
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Erik Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Sommazzi
- Versalis − Novara Research Center, Istituto Eni Donegani, Via Fauser, 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and CrisDi Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Southern Federal University, Zorge Street 5, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Barzan C, Groppo E, Bordiga S, Zecchina A. Defect Sites in H2-Reduced TiO2 Convert Ethylene to High Density Polyethylene without Activator. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500057s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15 A, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15 A, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15 A, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Adriano Zecchina
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15 A, Torino 10135, Italy
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Liu Z, He X, Cheng R, Eisen MS, Terano M, Scott SL, Liu B. Chromium Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization and Oligomerization. CATALYSIS AND KINETICS - MOLECULAR LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-419974-3.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Barzan C, Gianolio D, Groppo E, Lamberti C, Monteil V, Quadrelli EA, Bordiga S. The Effect of Hydrosilanes on the Active Sites of the Phillips Catalyst: The Secret for In Situ α‐Olefin Generation. Chemistry 2013; 19:17277-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin (Italy)
| | - Diego Gianolio
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin (Italy)
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin (Italy)
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés C2P2 (UMR 5265 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ‐ CPE Lyon ‐ CNRS), 43 B. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne (France)
| | - Elsje Alessandra Quadrelli
- Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés C2P2 (UMR 5265 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ‐ CPE Lyon ‐ CNRS), 43 B. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne (France)
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin (Italy)
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Groppo E, Seenivasan K, Barzan C. The potential of spectroscopic methods applied to heterogeneous catalysts for olefinpolymerization. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cheng R, Liu Z, Zhong L, He X, Qiu P, Terano M, Eisen MS, Scott SL, Liu B. Phillips Cr/Silica Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization. POLYOLEFINS: 50 YEARS AFTER ZIEGLER AND NATTA I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Zecchina A, Groppo E. Surface chromium single sites: open problems and recent advances. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of decades of studies on the Phillips chromium (Cr)/silica polymerization catalyst are briefly summarized. The application of several characterization methods has allowed a detailed knowledge of the structure and reactivity of Cr centres to be obtained. In particular, many aspects of this apparently simple single-site catalyst, including the heterogeneity, the modification of the ligand sphere upon interaction with many molecules and the initiation mechanism of the ethylene polymerization reaction, have been clarified. It is shown that based on the acquired knowledge, it is now possible to proceed further towards the intelligent modification of the ligand sphere with the scope to increase the reaction rate and selectivity. It is also illustrated that, besides polymerization/oligomerization reactions, it is possible to extend the study of Cr
II
reactivity towards new reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Zecchina
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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