1
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Shi H, Liu T, Fu Y, Wu H, Fu B, Zhang DH. Fundamental invariant-neural network potential energy surface and dissociative chemisorption dynamics of N2 on rigid Ni(111). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Effects of vibrational and rotational excitations on the dissociative chemisorption dynamics of N 2 on Fe(111). CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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3
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Kroes GJ. Computational approaches to dissociative chemisorption on metals: towards chemical accuracy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8962-9048. [PMID: 33885053 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the state-of-the-art in the theory of dissociative chemisorption (DC) of small gas phase molecules on metal surfaces, which is important to modeling heterogeneous catalysis for practical reasons, and for achieving an understanding of the wealth of experimental information that exists for this topic, for fundamental reasons. We first give a quick overview of the experimental state of the field. Turning to the theory, we address the challenge that barrier heights (Eb, which are not observables) for DC on metals cannot yet be calculated with chemical accuracy, although embedded correlated wave function theory and diffusion Monte-Carlo are moving in this direction. For benchmarking, at present chemically accurate Eb can only be derived from dynamics calculations based on a semi-empirically derived density functional (DF), by computing a sticking curve and demonstrating that it is shifted from the curve measured in a supersonic beam experiment by no more than 1 kcal mol-1. The approach capable of delivering this accuracy is called the specific reaction parameter (SRP) approach to density functional theory (DFT). SRP-DFT relies on DFT and on dynamics calculations, which are most efficiently performed if a potential energy surface (PES) is available. We therefore present a brief review of the DFs that now exist, also considering their performance on databases for Eb for gas phase reactions and DC on metals, and for adsorption to metals. We also consider expressions for SRP-DFs and briefly discuss other electronic structure methods that have addressed the interaction of molecules with metal surfaces. An overview is presented of dynamical models, which make a distinction as to whether or not, and which dissipative channels are modeled, the dissipative channels being surface phonons and electronically non-adiabatic channels such as electron-hole pair excitation. We also discuss the dynamical methods that have been used, such as the quasi-classical trajectory method and quantum dynamical methods like the time-dependent wave packet method and the reaction path Hamiltonian method. Limits on the accuracy of these methods are discussed for DC of diatomic and polyatomic molecules on metal surfaces, paying particular attention to reduced dimensionality approximations that still have to be invoked in wave packet calculations on polyatomic molecules like CH4. We also address the accuracy of fitting methods, such as recent machine learning methods (like neural network methods) and the corrugation reducing procedure. In discussing the calculation of observables we emphasize the importance of modeling the properties of the supersonic beams in simulating the sticking probability curves measured in the associated experiments. We show that chemically accurate barrier heights have now been extracted for DC in 11 molecule-metal surface systems, some of which form the most accurate core of the only existing database of Eb for DC reactions on metal surfaces (SBH10). The SRP-DFs (or candidate SRP-DFs) that have been derived show transferability in many cases, i.e., they have been shown also to yield chemically accurate Eb for chemically related systems. This can in principle be exploited in simulating rates of catalyzed reactions on nano-particles containing facets and edges, as SRP-DFs may be transferable among systems in which a molecule dissociates on low index and stepped surfaces of the same metal. In many instances SRP-DFs have allowed important conclusions regarding the mechanisms underlying observed experimental trends. An important recent observation is that SRP-DFT based on semi-local exchange DFs has so far only been successful for systems for which the difference of the metal work function and the molecule's electron affinity exceeds 7 eV. A main challenge to SRP-DFT is to extend its applicability to the other systems, which involve a range of important DC reactions of e.g. O2, H2O, NH3, CO2, and CH3OH. Recent calculations employing a PES based on a screened hybrid exchange functional suggest that the road to success may be based on using exchange functionals of this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Zhai F, Li Y, Yang Y, Jiang S, Shen X. Abnormal subsurface hydrogen diffusion behaviors in heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5048533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feina Zhai
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanjie Li
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongpeng Yang
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sisi Jiang
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiangjian Shen
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Galparsoro O, Busnengo HF, Juaristi JI, Crespos C, Alducin M, Larregaray P. Communication: Hot-atom abstraction dynamics of hydrogen from tungsten surfaces: The role of surface structure. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:121103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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6
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Augustine KF, Ribelli TG, Fantin M, Krys P, Cong Y, Matyjaszewski K. Activation of alkyl halides at the Cu0
surface in SARA ATRP: An assessment of reaction order and surface mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle F. Augustine
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Thomas G. Ribelli
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Pawel Krys
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Yidan Cong
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
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7
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Nosir MA, Martin-Gondre L, Bocan GA, Díez Muiño R. Dissociative adsorption dynamics of nitrogen on a Fe(111) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24626-24635. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03701e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dissociative adsorption dynamics of N2 on clean Fe(111) surfaces is theoretically investigated by means of quasi-classical trajectory calculations based on a multidimensional potential energy surface built from density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Nosir
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
| | | | - G. A. Bocan
- CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA)
- Argentina
| | - R. Díez Muiño
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
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8
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Shen X, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang D, Gao J, Liang T. Hydrogen diffusion into the subsurfaces of model metal catalysts from first principles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3557-3564. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present in detail the diffusion pathways of hydrogen on seven different open and closed model catalyst surfaces from first principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Shen
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Yuanjie Li
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Xianglin Liu
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Jian Gao
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Tianshui Liang
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
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9
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Nosir MA, Martin-Gondre L, Bocan GA, Díez Muiño R. Adsorption dynamics of molecular nitrogen at an Fe(111) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:7370-7379. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an extensive theoretical study of N2 adsorption mechanisms on an Fe(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Nosir
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
| | - L. Martin-Gondre
- Institut UTINAM – Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- Besançon
- France
| | - G. A. Bocan
- CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA)
- Argentina
| | - R. Díez Muiño
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Donostia-San Sebastián
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10
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Cheng Z, Qin L, Guo M, Fan JA, Xu D, Fan LS. Methane adsorption and dissociation on iron oxide oxygen carriers: the role of oxygen vacancies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16423-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01287f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between methane and iron oxide oxygen carrier for chemical looping reaction systems and found the oxygen vacancies can facilitate methane conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Mengqing Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Jonathan A. Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- Ginzton Laboratory
- Spilker Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Stanford University
- Stanford
| | - Dikai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Liang-Shih Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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11
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Lončarić I, Alducin M, Juaristi JI. Molecular dynamics simulation of O2 adsorption on Ag(110) from first principles electronic structure calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27366-27376. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
State of the art simulations show that the physisorption state could be important for O2/Ag(110) adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Lončarić
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - M. Alducin
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
| | - J. I. Juaristi
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
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12
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Cheng Z, Qin L, Guo M, Xu M, Fan JA, Fan LS. Oxygen vacancy promoted methane partial oxidation over iron oxide oxygen carriers in the chemical looping process. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32418-32428. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We found that oxygen vacancies can promote CH4 partial oxidation on iron oxide oxygen carriers during the chemical looping process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Mengqing Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Jonathan A. Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- Ginzton Laboratory
- Spilker Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Stanford University
- Stanford
| | - Liang-Shih Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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13
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Nattino F, Costanzo F, Kroes GJ. N2 dissociation on W(110): An ab initio molecular dynamics study on the effect of phonons. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:104702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4913979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nattino
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Costanzo
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Lončarić I, Alducin M, Juaristi JI. Dissociative dynamics of O2 on Ag(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9436-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05900j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dissociative dynamics of O2 on Ag(110) is studied using classical (CT) and quasiclassical (QCT) trajectory calculations performed on an accurate multidimensional DFT potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Lončarić
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - M. Alducin
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
| | - J. I. Juaristi
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
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15
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Goikoetxea I, Alducin M, Díez Muiño R, Juaristi JI. The dynamics of adsorption and dissociation of N2 in a monolayer of iron on W(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:19432-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02051d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Does N2 adsorption increase on strained Fe monolayers?
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Goikoetxea
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - M. Alducin
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
| | - R. Díez Muiño
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
| | - J. I. Juaristi
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián
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16
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Goikoetxea I, Juaristi JI, Díez Muiño R, Alducin M. Surface strain improves molecular adsorption but hampers dissociation for N2 on the Fe/W(110) surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:066103. [PMID: 25148338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.066103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We compare the adsorption dynamics of N(2) on the unstrained Fe(110) and on a 10% expanded Fe monolayer grown on W(110) by performing classical molecular dynamics simulations that use potential energy surfaces calculated with density functional theory. Our results allow us to understand why, experimentally, the molecular adsorption of N(2) is observed on the strained layer but not on Fe(110). Surprisingly, we also find that while surface strain favors the molecular adsorption of N(2) it seems, on the contrary, to impede the dissociative adsorption. This result contrasts with previous examples for which strain is found to modify equally the energetics of chemisorption and dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Goikoetxea
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Unter den Linden 6, D-10009 Berlin, Germany and Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J I Juaristi
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain and Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Químicas (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - R Díez Muiño
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - M Alducin
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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17
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Goikoetxea I, Meyer J, Juaristi JI, Alducin M, Reuter K. Role of physisorption states in molecular scattering: a semilocal density-functional theory study on O2/Ag(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:156101. [PMID: 24785056 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.156101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We simulate the scattering of O2 from Ag(111) with classical dynamics simulations performed on a six-dimensional potential energy surface calculated within semilocal density-functional theory. The enigmatic experimental trends that originally required the conjecture of two types of repulsive walls, arising from a physisorption and chemisorption part of the interaction potential, are fully reproduced. Given the inadequate description of the physisorption properties in semilocal density-functional theory, our work casts severe doubts on the prevalent notion to use molecular scattering data as indirect evidence for the existence of such states.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Goikoetxea
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Meyer
- Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - J I Juaristi
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Químicas, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, E-20080 San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - M Alducin
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - K Reuter
- Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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