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Shoda J, Yokoyama M, Yoshida W, Matsui H, Sugimori R, Kishi R, Kitagawa Y. Theoretical Study on the Correlation between Open-Shell Electronic Structures and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties in One-Dimensional Chains of π-Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:8473-8482. [PMID: 39298652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper theoretically investigated the correlation between the open-shell electronic structure and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of one-dimensional (1D) stacked chains of π-radicals. By employing the finite N-mer models consisting of methyl or phenalenyl radicals with different stacking distances, we evaluated the average and standard deviation of diradical characters yi for N-mer models of π-radicals (yav and ySD). Then, we estimated these diradical characters at the limit of N → ∞. These y-based indices were helpful in discussing the correlation between the open-shell electronic structures and the second hyperpolarizability per dimer at the limit N → ∞, γ∞ for the 1D chains with stacking distance alternation (SDA). The calculated γ∞ values and the polymer/dimer ratio γ∞/γ(N = 2) were enhanced significantly when both the stacking distance and SDA are small. We also found that the spin-unrestricted long-range-corrected (LC-)UBLYP method with the range-separating parameter μ = 0.47 bohr-1 well reproduced the trend of γ∞ of this type of 1D chain estimated at the spin-unrestricted coupled-cluster levels. The present study is expected to contribute to establishing the design guidelines for future high-performance open-shell molecular NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinki Shoda
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masako Yokoyama
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Wataru Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugimori
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI-Spin), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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2
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Stephaniuk NT, Nascimento MA, Nikoo S, Heyer E, Watanabe LK, Rawson JM. Robust S
4
⋅⋅⋅O Supramolecular Synthons: Structures of Radical‐Radical Cocrystals [
p
‐XC
6
F
4
CNSSN]
2
[TEMPO] (X=F, Cl, Br, I, CN). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103846. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia T. Stephaniuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Sahar Nikoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Elodie Heyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Lara K. Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
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Wen C, Shi Y, Lu Y, Xu Z, Liu H. 2Ch-2N Square Chalcogen Bonds between Pairs of Radicals: A Case Study of 1,2,3,5-Dichalcogenadiazolyl Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8572-8580. [PMID: 34555901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Specific 2Ch-2N square interactions between pairs of heterocyclic rings have been the target of many recent crystallographic and computational studies. According to our search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), a number of crystal structures of the derivatives of 1,2,3,5-dichalcogenadiazolyl (DChDA) radicals, which consist of 2Ch-2N square motifs in the dimer units, were extracted. On the basis of the CSD survey results, a set of dimeric complexes of DChDA-based radicals with diverse aryl substituents at the 4-position were selected to model such squares. Similar to that in conventional chalcogen bonds, 2Ch-2N square interactions become stronger as the atomic size of chalcogens increases. Both the orbital term and electrostatics contribute significantly to the attraction of these interactions, while the dispersion contribution is small but unneglectable. Some five-membered aryl substituents, such as imidazole, thiazole, and oxazole, produce markedly enhanced square interactions, leading to a pronounced influence on the distribution of spin populations on DChDA rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congtao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunxiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Juneau A, Frenette M. Exploring Curious Covalent Bonding: Raman Identification and Thermodynamics of Perpendicular and Parallel Pancake Bonding (Pimers) of Ethyl Viologen Radical Cation Dimers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10805-10812. [PMID: 34543028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viologen radical cations can dimerize in solutions, and the resulting "pimers" were predicted to assemble into parallel and perpendicular conformers by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Using resonance Raman, we could identify both perpendicular and parallel forms of ethyl viologen dimers. The distinction between the two forms was accomplished by studying the formation of a host-guest complex with γ-cyclodextrin. The dimer's perpendicular form was excluded due to the host cavity size, and γ-cyclodextrin addition caused a decrease in peak intensities at 1171, 1511, and 1602 cm-1 that could be assigned to the perpendicular form. DFT modeling of the vibrational spectra under preresonance conditions allowed us to assign the remaining vibrational modes for the parallel and perpendicular forms. Using variable-temperature UV-vis, the bond dissociation energy (ΔH) for this pancake-bonded dimer was measured as 13.1 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. This type of covalent pancake bonding is a challenge to properly describe using DFT methods. Previously, B97D was found to best describe the ΔG of this dimerization (Angew. Chem. 2017, 129, 9563-9567), but this method underestimates the ΔH by 6 kcal/mol. Of the 11 functionals tested, we found that B3LYP with Grimme's D3 dispersion effect can best reproduce the ΔH. Energy decomposition analysis of the bonding energy showed that solvation effects were the most important contributor-polar solvents are needed to overcome the Coulomb repulsion between the two positively charged monomers. Dispersion effects are second in importance and appear larger than the favorable orbital interaction obtained by singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO)-SOMO orbital overlap. This study brings forth important insights into the curious cases of covalent bonding between two π-delocalized radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Juneau
- Department of Chemistry and NanoQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mathieu Frenette
- Department of Chemistry and NanoQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
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Cai K, Zhang L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Radical-pairing-induced molecular assembly and motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:447-465. [PMID: 37118435 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radical-pairing interactions between conjugated organic π-radicals are relative newcomers to the inventory of molecular recognition motifs explored in supramolecular chemistry. The unique electronic, magnetic, optical and redox-responsive properties of the conjugated π-radicals render molecules designed with radical-pairing interactions useful for applications in various areas of chemistry and materials science. In particular, the ability to control formation of radical cationic or anionic species, by redox stimulation, provides a flexible trigger for directed assembly and controlled molecular motions, as well as a convenient means of inputting energy to fuel non-equilibrium processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of different examples of radical-pairing-based recognition processes and of their emerging use in (1) supramolecular assembly, (2) templation of mechanically interlocked molecules, (3) stimuli-controlled molecular switches and, by incorporation of kinetic asymmetry in the design, (4) the creation of unidirectional molecular transporters based on pumping cassettes powered by fuelled switching of radical-pairing interactions. We conclude the discussion with an outlook on future directions for the field.
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Brown JT, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Effects of structural variations on π-dimer formation: long-distance multicenter bonding of cation-radicals of tetrathiafulvalene analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25054-25065. [PMID: 33118569 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04891g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multicenter (pancake) bonding between cation-radicals of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, TMTSF+˙, tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, TMTTF+˙, and bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene, ET+,˙ was compared to that of tetrathiafulvalene, TTF+˙. To minimize counter-ion effects, the cation-radical salts with weakly coordinating anions (WCA), tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate, dodecamethylcarborane and hexabromocarborane were prepared. Solid-state (X-ray and EPR) measurements revealed diamagnetic π-dimers in the TMTSF and ET salts and the separate monomers in the TTF salts with all WCAs, while TMTTF existed as a dimer in one and a monomer in two salts. The variable-temperature UV-Vis studies of these salts in solution showed that the thermodynamics of formation of the π-bonded dimers of TMTTF+˙ was close to that of TTF+˙, while TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ showed a higher propensity for π-dimerization. These data indicated that the replacement of sulfur with heavier selenium or insertion of ethylenedithia-substituents into the TTF core increases the π-dimers' stability. Yet, computational analysis indicated that the weakly covalent component of π-bonding decreases in the order TTF > TMTTF > TMTSF > ET. The higher stability of the π-dimers of TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ cation-radicals was related to a decrease of the electrostatic repulsion between cationic counter-parts and an increase of dispersion components in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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Galmés B, Adrover J, Terraneo G, Frontera A, Resnati G. Radicalradical chalcogen bonds: CSD analysis and DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12757-12765. [PMID: 32463046 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01643h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports a combination of crystallographic analysis (Cambridge Structural Database) and theoretical DFT calculations in chalcogen bonding interactions involving radicals in both the Ch bond (ChB) donor and acceptor. As a radical ChB acceptor (nucleophile) we have used benzodithiazolyl radical (BDTA) and as Ch bond donors (electrophile) we have used dithiadiazolyl and diselenadiazolyl radicals of the general formula p-X-C6F4-CNChChN (Ch = S, and Se). We have evaluated how the para substituent (X) affects the interaction energy, spin density and charge/spin transfer from the electron rich BDTA radical to the electron poor dichalcogenadiazolyl ring. The ability of the latter rings to form ChBs in the solid state has been examined by a comprehensive search in the CSD; several cases are used to exemplify the preferred geometric features of the complexes and they are compared with the theory. The molecular surface electrostatic potentials calculated for these ChB donors allow for a very precise rationalization of the self-assembly motifs most frequently adopted in the crystalline state and of their relative robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartomeu Galmés
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma (Baleares), Spain
| | - Jaume Adrover
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma (Baleares), Spain
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma (Baleares), Spain
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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Lemes MA, Mavragani N, Richardson P, Zhang Y, Gabidullin B, Brusso JL, Moilanen JO, Murugesu M. Unprecedented intramolecular pancake bonding in a {Dy2} single-molecule magnet. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00365d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first example of unique coordination induced intramolecular pancake bonding was achieved through the reduction of two bis(pyrazolyl)-tetrazine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon A. Lemes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
| | - Niki Mavragani
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
| | - Paul Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
| | - Jaclyn L. Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
| | - Jani O. Moilanen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014
- Finland
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences. University of Ottawa
- ON
- Canada
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Beldjoudi Y, Arauzo A, Campo J, Gavey EL, Pilkington M, Nascimento MA, Rawson JM. Structural, Magnetic, and Optical Studies of the Polymorphic 9'-Anthracenyl Dithiadiazolyl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6875-6889. [PMID: 30875208 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent 9'-anthracenyl-functionalized dithiadiazolyl radical (3) exhibits four structurally determined crystalline phases, all of which are monomeric in the solid state. Polymorph 3α (monoclinic P21/ c, Z' = 2) is isolated when the radical is condensed onto a cold substrate (enthalpically favored polymorph), whereas 3β (orthorhombic P21 21 21, Z' = 3) is collected on a warm substrate (entropically favored polymorph). The α and β polymorphs exhibit chemically distinct structures with 3α exhibiting face-to-face π-π interactions between anthracenyl groups, while 3β exhibits edge-to-face π-π interactions. 3α undergoes an irreversible conversion to 3β on warming to 120 °C (393 K). The β-phase undergoes a series of reversible solid-state transformations on cooling; below 300 K a phase transition occurs to form 3γ (monoclinic P21/ c, Z' = 1), and on further cooling below 165 K, a further transition is observed to 3δ (monoclinic P21/ n, Z' = 2). Both 3β → 3γ and 3γ → 3δ transitions are reversible (single-crystal X-ray diffraction), and the 3γ → 3δ process exhibits thermal hysteresis with a clear feature observed by heat capacity measurements. Heating 3β above 160 °C generates a fifth polymorph (3ε) which is distinct from 3α-3δ based on powder X-ray diffraction data. The magnetic behavior of both 3α and the 3β/3γ/3δ system reflect an S = 1/2 paramagnet with weak antiferromagnetic coupling. The reversible 3δ ↔ 3γ phase transition exhibits thermal hysteresis of 20 K. Below 50 K, the value of χm T for 3δ approaches 0 emu·K·mol-1 consistent with formation of a gapped state with an S = 0 ground-state configuration. In solution, both paramagnetic 3 and diamagnetic [3][GaCl4] exhibit similar absorption and emission profiles reflecting similar absorption and emission mechanisms for paramagnetic and diamagnetic forms. Both emit in the deep-blue region of the visible spectrum (λem ∼ 440 nm) upon excitation at 255 nm with quantum yields of 4% (3) and 30% ([3][GaCl4]) affording a switching ratio [ΦF(3+)/ΦF(3)] of 7.5 in quantum efficiency with oxidation state. Solid-state films of both 3 and [3][GaCl4] exhibit emission bands at a longer wavelength (490 nm) attributed to excimer emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Ana Arauzo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon , CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , E-50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Javier Campo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon , CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , E-50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Emma L Gavey
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 500 Glenridge Avenue , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 500 Glenridge Avenue , St. Catharines , Ontario L2S 3A1 , Canada
| | - Mitchell A Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Jeremy M Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
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10
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Yong W, Lekin K, Bauer RPC, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Hirao N, Oakley RT. Pancakes under Pressure: A Case Study on Isostructural Dithia- and Diselenadiazolyl Radical Dimers. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3550-3557. [PMID: 30785745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The isostructural dimers of the 1,4-phenylene-bridged bis-1,2,3,5-dithia- and bis-1,2,3,5-diselenadiazolyl diradicals 1,4-S/Se are small band gap semiconductors. The response of their molecular and solid state electronic structures to pressure has been explored over the range 0-10 GPa. The crystal structures, which consist of cofacially aligned (pancake) π-dimers packed into herringbone arrays, experience a continuous, near-isotropic compression. While the intramolecular covalent E-E (E = S/Se) bonds remain relatively unchanged with pressurization, the intradimer E···E separations are significantly shortened. Molecular and band electronic structure calculations using density functional theory methods indicate that compression of the π-dimers leads to a widening of the gap Δ E between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the dimer, an effect that offsets the expected decrease in the valence-to-conduction band gap Eg occasioned by pressure-induced spreading of the valence and conduction bands. Consistent with the predicted consequences of this competition between intra- and interdimer interactions, variable temperature high pressure conductivity measurements reveal at best an order-of-magnitude increase in conductivity with pressure for the two compounds over the pressure range 0-10 GPa. While a small reduction in the thermal activation energy Eact with increasing pressure is observed, extrapolation of the rate of decrease suggests a projected onset of metallization ( Eact ≈ 0) in excess of 20 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yong
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Kristina Lekin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Robert P C Bauer
- Department of Physics , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - John S Tse
- Department of Physics , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department of Physics , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Richard A Secco
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Naohisa Hirao
- Materials Science Division , Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , SPring-8, Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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11
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Yutronkie NJ, Bates D, Dube PA, Winter SM, Robertson CM, Brusso JL, Oakley RT. Three-Dimensional Magnetic Exchange Networks in Trigonal Bisdithiazolyl Radicals. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:419-427. [PMID: 30570252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-bridged bisdithiazolyl radical PhBPMe is polymorphic, crystallizing from cold acetonitrile in a trigonal α-phase, space group P3121, and from hot dichloroethane in an orthorhombic β-phase, space group Pca21. The crystal structures of both phases consist of slipped π-stacks of undimerized radicals aligned laterally into herringbone arrays. In the β-phase, there are two independent radicals in the asymmetric unit, and the resulting π-stacks form corrugated layers interspersed by methyl and phenyl groups which block the approach of neighboring radicals. In the α-phase, the methyl/phenyl groups and the radical π-stacks separately form spirals about 31 axes, the latter giving rise to a 3D network of close radical/radical contacts. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements on the β-phase indicate strong antiferromagnetic coupling. Weaker but predominantly antiferromagnetic interactions (θ = -20.7 K) are observed in the α-phase. A high temperature series expansion analysis of the magnetic data for the α-phase affords antiferromagnetic exchange energies for the one- and two-step radical/radical interactions about the 31 spirals ( J1 = -1.2 K, J2 = -10.9 K, respectively), with weak ferromagnetic interactions along the π-stacks ( Jπ = +1.8 K). Despite the presence of a 3D network based on the dominant J2 interactions, which affords two independent bipartite sublattices, no evidence of bulk antiferromagnetic order has been observed above T = 2 K. The magnetic results are discussed in light of exchange energies calculated using density functional theory broken symmetry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Yutronkie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Demetris Bates
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dube
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik , Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main 60438 , Germany
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn L Brusso
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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12
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Boeré RT. Experimental and Computational Evidence for "Double Pancake Bonds": The Role of Dispersion-Corrected DFT Methods in Strongly Dimerized 5-Aryl-1λ 2,3λ 2-dithia-2,4,6-triazines. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18170-18180. [PMID: 31458400 PMCID: PMC6644306 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures are reported for bicyclic 3-CF3C6H4CN5S3 and monocyclic 3-CF3C6H4CN3S2, the latter of which is strongly dimerized in a cis-cofacial geometry [3-CF3C6H4CN3S2]2. The title compounds have previously been characterized in solution by NMR, displaying spectra that are consistent with the structure of [3-CF3C6H4CN3S2]2 in the crystal with anti-oriented CF3 substituents. The interannular binding was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) methods. However, the DFT-optimized geometry spreads the aryl rings too far apart (centroid-centroid distances of ≥4.353 Å versus experimental distance of 3.850 Å). Significant improvements are obtained with dispersion-corrected DFT functionals B3LYP-D3, B3LYP-D3BJ, M062X, and APFD using the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set. However, all of these overbind the aryl rings with centroid-centroid distances of 3.612, 3.570, 3.526, and 3.511 Å, respectively. After selecting B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311+G(2d,p) as the best method, five alternative dimer geometries were tested, and all were found to be binding; however, anti cofacial-4 (matching the structure in the solid state) is the most stable. Computed energies of the remainder are as follows: +7.0 kJ mol-1 (syn-cofacial-5), +26.7 kJ mol-1 (anti-cofacial-64), +27.0 kJ mol-1 (syn-cofacial-150), +102.0 kJ mol-1 (S,S-antarafacial), and +103.7 kJ mol-1 (S,N-antarafacial), where the suffixes are torsional angles around the CN3S2 thiazyl ring centroids. The binding in the four most stable cofacial dimers may be described by "double pancake bonding".
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13
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Fujiyoshi JY, Tonami T, Yamane M, Okada K, Kishi R, Muhammad S, Al-Sehemi AG, Nozawa R, Shinokubo H, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on Open-Shell Singlet Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities in Cofacial π-Stacked Dimers Composed of Weak Open-Shell Antiaromatic Porphyrins. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2863-2871. [PMID: 30080316 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
From the analysis based on the broken-symmetry density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we in this study propose a strategy to enhance the open-shell characters and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of π-stacked dimers composed of antiaromatic molecules with weak open-shell characters. For this purpose, we here constructed cofacial π-stacked dimer models composed of aromatic and antiaromatic NiII porphyrins in order to examine the π-π stacking distance (R) dependence of the diradical characters (y) and static second hyperpolarizabilities (γ). The antiaromatic porphyrin dimers are found to have intermediate y around R∼3.3 Å, the result of which originates in the unique intermolecular interactions between the antiaromatic monomers. Static γ along the stacking direction of such antiaromatic porphyrin dimers with intermediate diradical characters are shown to be enhanced significantly as compared to those of the isolated monomers and the aromatic porphyrin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Fujiyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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14
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Kertesz M. Pancake Bonding: An Unusual Pi‐Stacking Interaction. Chemistry 2018; 25:400-416. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University 37th and O Streets NW Washington, DC 20057-1227 USA
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15
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Taponen AI, Wong JWL, Lekin K, Assoud A, Robertson CM, Lahtinen M, Clérac R, Tuononen HM, Mailman A, Oakley RT. Non-Innocent Base Properties of 3- and 4-Pyridyl-dithia- and Diselenadiazolyl Radicals: The Effect of N-Methylation. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13901-13911. [PMID: 30351085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni I. Taponen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kristina Lekin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CRPP, UPR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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16
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Bonanno NM, Poddutoori PK, Sato K, Sugisaki K, Takui T, Lough AJ, Lemaire MT. Reversible Solution π-Dimerization and Long Multicenter Bonding in a Stable Phenoxyl Radical. Chemistry 2018; 24:14906-14910. [PMID: 30040151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reversible solution π-dimerization is observed in the stable neutral phenoxyl radical 2,6-bis-(8-quinolylamino)-4-(tert-butyl)phenoxyl baqp and is spectroscopically characterized. This behavior, not previously observed for π-extended phenoxyl radicals, is relevant to the formation of long multicenter bonding in the π-dimer at low temperature akin to previously reported phenalenyl radicals. Our experimental data are supported in a quantitative manner by results from density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations. Our theoretical results indicate that the solution dimer features strong bonding interactions between the two phenoxyl rings but that the stability of the dimer is also related to dispersion interactions between the flanking nearly parallel quinolyl rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico M Bonanno
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St.Catharines, Ontario, L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Research Support Department/University Research Administrator Centre, University Administration Division, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Martin T Lemaire
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St.Catharines, Ontario, L2S3A1, Canada
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17
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Yamane M, Kishi R, Tonami T, Okada K, Nagami T, Kitagawa Y, Nakano M. Open-Shell Characters, Aromaticities and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Carbon Nanobelts Composed of Five- and Six-Membered Rings. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); 38 Nishigo-Naka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
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18
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Haynes DA, Rawson JM. Molecular Electrostatic Potential as a Predictor of Supramolecular Synthons in Non‐Hydrogen‐Bonded Systems: Application to Heavier p‐Block Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delia A. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Stellenbosch University P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch Republic of South Africa
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON Canada
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19
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Beldjoudi Y, Nascimento MA, Cho YJ, Yu H, Aziz H, Tonouchi D, Eguchi K, Matsushita MM, Awaga K, Osorio-Roman I, Constantinides CP, Rawson JM. Multifunctional Dithiadiazolyl Radicals: Fluorescence, Electroluminescence, and Photoconducting Behavior in Pyren-1'-yl-dithiadiazolyl. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6260-6270. [PMID: 29688006 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyren-1'-yl-functionalized dithiadiazolyl (DTDA) radical, C16H9CNSSN (1), is monomeric in solution and exhibits fluorescence in the deep-blue region of the visible spectrum (440 nm) upon excitation at 241 nm. The salt [1][GaCl4] exhibits similar emission, reflecting the largely spectator nature of the radical in the fluorescence process, although the presence of the radical leads to a modest quenching of emission (ΦF = 98% for 1+ and 50% for 1) through enhancement of non-radiative decay processes. Time-dependent density functional theory studies on 1 coupled with the similar emission profiles of both 1+ and 1 are consistent with the initial excitation being of predominantly pyrene π-π* character. Spectroscopic studies indicate stabilization of the excited state in polar media, with the fluorescence lifetime for 1 (τ = 5 ns) indicative of a short-lived excited state. Comparative studies between the energies of the frontier orbitals of pyren-1'-yl nitronyl nitroxide (2, which is not fluorescent) and 1 reveal that the energy mismatch and poor spatial overlap between the DTDA radical SOMO and the pyrene π manifold in 1 efficiently inhibit the non-radiative electron-electron exchange relaxation pathway previously described for 2. Solid-state films of both 1 and [1][GaCl4] exhibit broad emission bands at 509 and 545 nm, respectively. Incorporation of 1 within a host matrix for OLED fabrication revealed electroluminescence, with CIE coordinates of (0.205, 0.280) corresponding to a sky-blue emission. The brightness of the device reached 1934 cd/m2 at an applied voltage of 16 V. The crystal structure of 1 reveals a distorted π-stacked motif with almost regular distances between the pyrene rings but alternating long-short contacts between DTDA radicals. Solid state measurements on a thin film of 1 reveal emission occurs at shorter wavelengths (375 nm) whereas conductivity measurements on a single crystal of 1 show a photoconducting response at longer wavelength excitation (455 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Mitchell A Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Yong Joo Cho
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Hyeonghwa Yu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Hany Aziz
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Daiki Tonouchi
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Keitaro Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Michio M Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Kunio Awaga
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Igor Osorio-Roman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Christos P Constantinides
- Department of Chemistry , North Caroline State University , 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Box 8204 , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jeremy M Rawson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
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20
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Bates D, Robertson CM, Leitch AA, Dube PA, Oakley RT. Magnetic Bistability in Naphtho-1,3,2-dithiazolyl: Solid State Interconversion of a Thiazyl π-Radical and Its N–N σ-Bonded Dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Demetris Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Alicea A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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21
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Minamida Y, Kishi R, Fukuda K, Matsui H, Takamuku S, Yamane M, Tonami T, Nakano M. Tunability of Open-Shell Character, Charge Asymmetry, and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Covalently Linked (Hetero)Phenalenyl Dimers. Chemistry 2018; 24:1913-1921. [PMID: 29193349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tunability of the open-shell character, charge asymmetry, and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of covalently linked (hetero)phenalenyl dimers are investigated by using the density functional theory method. By changing the molecular species X and substitution position (i, j) for the linker part, a variety of intermonomer distances R and relative alignments between the phenalenyl dimers can be realized from the geometry optimizations, resulting in a wide-range tuning of diradical character y and charge asymmetry. It is found that the static second hyperpolarizabilities along the stacking direction, γyyyy , are one-order enhanced for phenalenyl dimer systems exhibiting intermediate y, a feature that is in good agreement with the "y-γ correlation". By replacing the central carbon atoms of the phenalenyl rings with a boron or a nitrogen, we have also designed covalently linked heterophenalenyl dimers. The introduction of such a charge asymmetry to the open-shell systems, which leads to closed-shell ionic ground states, is found to further enhance the γyyyy values of the systems having longer intermonomer distance R with intermediate ionic character, that is, charge asymmetry. The present results demonstrate a promising potential of covalently linked NLO dimers with intermediate open-shell/ionic characters as a new building block of highly efficient NLO systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Minamida
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kotaro Fukuda
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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22
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Schwamm RJ, Lein M, Coles MP, Fitchett CM. Bismuth(III) Complex of the [S4]•– Radical Anion: Dimer Formation via Pancake Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16490-16493. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Schwamm
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthias Lein
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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23
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Gleiter R, Haberhauer G. Electron-rich two-, three- and four-center bonds between chalcogens – New prospects for old molecules. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Nishinaga T, Sotome Y. Stable Radical Cations and Their π-Dimers Prepared from Ethylene- and Propylene-3,4-dioxythiophene Co-oligomers: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. J Org Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-oligomers composed of two 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units and two or three 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) units, i.e., 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt, were newly synthesized together with the ProDOT trimer 3PMe. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry, the gaps between the first and second oxidation potentials (ΔE1-2) of 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt were found to be larger than that of the previously synthesized ProDOT tetramer 4PHex. These co-oligomers gave the fairly stable radical cations 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ by chemical oxidation with AgSbF6. The disproportionation of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ into neutral and dicationic species, which was observed for 4PHex•+, was inhibited in accord with the larger ΔE1-2. Additionally, the formation of the π-dimers (3PMe)22+, (2E2PEt)22+, and (2E3PE)22+ was clearly observed in dichloromethane solution at low temperatures with UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the π-dimerization enthalpies of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ were greater than that of 3PMe•+, suggesting the formation of fully π-contacted structures. The structures of the π-dimers were optimized at the B97D3 method, and the calculated absorption spectra of the π-dimers obtained using TD-DFT methods were in reasonable agreement with the observed ones, supporting the reliability of the calculated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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25
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Takamuku S, Nakano M, Kertesz M. Intramolecular Pancake Bonding in Helical Structures. Chemistry 2017; 23:7474-7482. [PMID: 28376241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We show that diradicaloid helical conjugated molecules can display strong through-space bonding interactions. These interactions are analogous to π-stacking pancake bonding widely observed for dimers and other aggregates of stable π-conjugated radicals. We show that these multicenter interactions can have a significant stabilizing effect, but they depend in subtle ways on the specific overlap and relative orientations of the radical carrying subunits. The specific through-space interactions between the radicaloid units occur at specific size ranges of the helical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takamuku
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37thand O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA.,Depertment of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37thand O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA
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26
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Mailman A, Wong JWL, Winter SM, Claridge RCM, Robertson CM, Assoud A, Yong W, Steven E, Dube PA, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Oakley RT. Fine Tuning the Performance of Multiorbital Radical Conductors by Substituent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1625-1635. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mailman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eden Steven
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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27
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Boeré RT, Hill NDD. High Z′ structures of 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyls and of 1,2,3,5-diselenadiazolyls containing the first structurally characterized monomeric diselenadiazolyls. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00863e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Open-shell aggregates with pancake bonding are found to cause highly efficient singlet fission and large charge transport simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ito
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - T. Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - M. Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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29
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Benson CR, Fatila EM, Lee S, Marzo MG, Pink M, Mills MB, Preuss KE, Flood AH. Extreme Stabilization and Redox Switching of Organic Anions and Radical Anions by Large-Cavity, CH Hydrogen-Bonding Cyanostar Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15057-15065. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Benson
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Elisabeth M. Fatila
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Semin Lee
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew G. Marzo
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Michelle B. Mills
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kathryn E. Preuss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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30
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Melen RL, Less RJ, Pask CM, Rawson JM. Structural Studies of Perfluoroaryldiselenadiazolyl Radicals: Insights into Dithiadiazolyl Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11747-11759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Melen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Robert J. Less
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher M. Pask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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31
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Allão Cassaro RA, Friedman JR, Lahti PM. Copper(II) coordination compounds with sterically constraining pyrenyl nitronyl nitroxide and imino nitroxide. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Zhong RL, Xu HL, Li ZR. The polar 2e/12c bond in phenalenyl-azaphenalenyl hetero-dimers: Stronger stacking interaction and fascinating interlayer charge transfer. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:054304. [PMID: 27497558 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Hao J, Rheingold AL, Kavand M, van Schooten KJ, Boehme C, Capdevila‐Cortada M, Novoa JJ, Wöss E, Knör G, Miller JS. The Tetracyanopyridinide Dimer Dianion, σ‐[TCNPy]
2
2−. Chemistry 2016; 22:12312-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Hao
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0850 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Marzieh Kavand
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Kipp J. van Schooten
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Christoph Boehme
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Marçal Capdevila‐Cortada
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB Facultat de Química Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB Facultat de Química Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Eva Wöss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Günther Knör
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Joel S. Miller
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0850 USA
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34
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Domagała S, Haynes DA. Experimental and theoretical charge density assessments for the 4-perfluoropyridyl- and 4-perflurophenyl-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl radicals. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Boeré RT. Short contacts of the sulphur atoms of a 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl dimer with triphenylstibine: first co-crystal with an aromatic compound. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00351f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of aromatic compounds with neutral dithiadiazolyl dimers has not previously succeeded. There is great scope here for crystal engineering using mutually compatible components.
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Affiliation(s)
- René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies
- University of Lethbridge
- Lethbridge, Canada
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36
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37
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Tian D, Winter SM, Mailman A, Wong JWL, Yong W, Yamaguchi H, Jia Y, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Julian SR, Jin C, Mito M, Ohishi Y, Oakley RT. The metallic state in neutral radical conductors: dimensionality, pressure and multiple orbital effects. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14136-48. [PMID: 26513125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced changes in the solid-state structures and transport properties of three oxobenzene-bridged bisdithiazolyl radicals 2 (R = H, F, Ph) over the range 0-15 GPa are described. All three materials experience compression of their π-stacked architecture, be it (i) 1D ABABAB π-stack (R = Ph), (ii) quasi-1D slipped π-stack (R = H), or (iii) 2D brick-wall π-stack (R = F). While R = H undergoes two structural phase transitions, neither of R = F, Ph display any phase change. All three radicals order as spin-canted antiferromagnets, but spin-canted ordering is lost at pressures <1.5 GPa. At room temperature, their electrical conductivity increases rapidly with pressure, and the thermal activation energy for conduction Eact is eliminated at pressures ranging from ∼3 GPa for R = F to ∼12 GPa for R = Ph, heralding formation of a highly correlated (or bad) metallic state. For R = F, H the pressure-induced Mott insulator to metal conversion has been tracked by measurements of optical conductivity at ambient temperature and electrical resistivity at low temperature. For R = F compression to 6.2 GPa leads to a quasiquadratic temperature dependence of the resistivity over the range 5-300 K, consistent with formation of a 2D Fermi liquid state. DFT band structure calculations suggest that the ease of metallization of these radicals can be ascribed to their multiorbital character. Mixing and overlap of SOMO- and LUMO-based bands affords an increased kinetic energy stabilization of the metallic state relative to a single SOMO-based band system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - Stephen M Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology , Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Yating Jia
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100080, China
| | - John S Tse
- Department of Physics, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard A Secco
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stephen R Julian
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Changqing Jin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Masaki Mito
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology , Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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38
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39
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Winter SM, Hill S, Oakley RT. Magnetic Ordering and Anisotropy in Heavy Atom Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3720-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Stephen Hill
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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40
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Capdevila-Cortada M, Miller JS, Novoa JJ. Orientational Preference of Long, Multicenter Bonds in Radical Anion Dimers: A Case Study of π-[TCNB]22−and π-[TCNP]22−. Chemistry 2015; 21:6420-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Ang CY, Kuan SL, Tan GK, Goh LY, Roemmele TL, Yu X, Boeré RT. Coordination complexes of thiazyl rings — Synthesis, structure, and density functional theory (DFT) computational analysis of CpCr(CO)x (x = 2, 3) complexes of fluorinated and nonfluorinated 1λ3-1,2,4,6-thiatriazinyls with differing Cr–S bond orders. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [3,5-Ph2-C2N3S]2 with [CpCr(CO)3]2 in toluene at room temperature forms an adduct via a Cr–S bond, formulated as CpCr(CO)3SN3C2Ph2, which has fitting NMR, IR, and combustion analysis data. The structure was determined by a single-crystal X-ray structure diffraction study (P21/n, a = 8.4611(17) Å, b = 20.509(4) Å, c = 11.757(2) Å, β = 104.453(7)°). The Cr–S bond length of 2.4908(11) Å corresponds to a bond order of 1.0 from >90 values for CpCr(CO)x or Cp*Cr(CO)x moieties (x = 2, 3) bonded to S, which are used to establish a Pauling-type bond order scale specific to this class of compounds. Similar reactions of fluorinated thiatriazinyls derived from [3-Ph-5-CF3-C2N3S]2 or [4-MeOC6H4-5-CF3-C2N3S]2 are accompanied by the loss of CO to produce CpCr(CO)2SN3C2PhCF3 (P1, a = 8.0929(8) Å, b = 10.3160(10) Å, c = 11.2405(11) Å, α = 70.032(2)°, β = 72.076(2)°, γ = 82.375(2)°) and CpCr(CO)2SN3(CCF3)(C6H4OCH3) (P21/c, a = 8.1311(7) Å, b = 24.284(2) Å, c = 9.1025(8) Å, β = 97.218(2)°), also fully characterized by spectroscopy and crystallography. Their measured Cr–S bond lengths, 2.2987(14) and 2.2965(11) Å, correspond to bond orders of 1.5. (U/R)B3PW91/6-311+G(2df,2p)//B3PW91/6-31G(2d,p) hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the tricarbonyl complex has an unusual σ bond. However, the dicarbonyl complexes of the fluorinated thiatriazinyls are π bonded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwee Ying Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543
| | - Geok Kheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543
| | - Lai Yoong Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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42
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Mou Z, Uchida K, Kubo T, Kertesz M. Evidence of σ- and π-Dimerization in a Series of Phenalenyls. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18009-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509243p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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43
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Cui ZH, Lischka H, Beneberu HZ, Kertesz M. Double pancake bonds: pushing the limits of strong π-π stacking interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12958-65. [PMID: 25203200 PMCID: PMC4183611 DOI: 10.1021/ja505624y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a double-bonded pancake bonding mechanism is introduced to explain the extremely short π-π stacking contacts in dimers of dithiatriazines. While ordinary single pancake bonds occur between radicals and already display significantly shorter interatomic distances in comparison to van der Waals (vdW) contacts, the double-bonded pancake dimer is based on diradicaloid or antiaromatic molecules and exhibits even shorter and stronger intermolecular bonds that breach into the range of extremely stretched single bonds in terms of bond distances and binding energies. These properties give rise to promising possibilities in the design of new materials with high electrical conductivity and for the field of spintronics. The analysis of the double pancake bond is based on cutting edge electron correlation theory combining multireference (nondynamical) effects and dispersion (dynamical) contributions in a balanced way providing accurate interaction energies and distributions of unpaired spins. It is also shown that the present examples do not stand isolated but that similar mechanisms operate in several analogous nonradical molecular systems to form double-bonded π-stacking pancake dimers. We report on the amazing properties of a new type of stacking interaction mechanism between π conjugated molecules in the form of a "double pancake bond" which breaks the record for short intermolecular distances and provides formidable strength for some π-π stacking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
- Institute
for Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Habtamu Z. Beneberu
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the District
of Columbia, Washington, D.C. 20008, United
States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
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44
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45
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The key role of vibrational entropy in the phase transitions of dithiazolyl-based bistable magnetic materials. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4411. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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46
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Lekin K, Phan H, Winter SM, Wong JWL, Leitch AA, Laniel D, Yong W, Secco RA, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Dube PA, Shatruk M, Oakley RT. Heat, Pressure and Light-Induced Interconversion of Bisdithiazolyl Radicals and Dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8050-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502753t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lekin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alicea A. Leitch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dominique Laniel
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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47
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Uchida K, Hirao Y, Kurata H, Kubo T, Hatano S, Inoue K. Dual Association Modes of the 2,5,8-Tris(pentafluorophenyl)phenalenyl Radical. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1823-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Constantinides CP, Eisler DJ, Alberola A, Carter E, Murphy DM, Rawson JM. Weakening of the π*–π* dimerisation in 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl radicals: structural, EPR, magnetic and computational studies of dichlorophenyl dithiadiazolyls, Cl2C6H3CNSSN. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Capdevila-Cortada M, Ribas-Arino J, Novoa JJ. Assessing the Performance of CASPT2 and DFT Methods for the Description of Long, Multicenter Bonding in Dimers between Radical Ions. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:650-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ct4010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Capdevila-Cortada
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Cui ZH, Lischka H, Mueller T, Plasser F, Kertesz M. Study of the Diradicaloid Character in a Prototypical Pancake-Bonded Dimer: The Stacked Tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) Anion Dimer and the Neutral K2TCNE2Complex. Chemphyschem 2013; 15:165-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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