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David J, Gómez S, Guerra D, Guerra D, Restrepo A. A Comprehensive Picture of the Structures, Energies, and Bonding in the Alanine Dimers. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2401-2412. [PMID: 34554628 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High level quantum mechanical computations and extensive stochastic searches of the potential energy surfaces of the Alanine dimers uncover rich and complex structural and interaction landscapes. A total of 416 strongly bound (up 13.4 kcal mol-1 binding energies at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) level corrected by the basis set superposition error and by the zero point vibrational energies over B3LYP-D3 geometries), close energy equilibrium structures were located, bonded via 32 specific types of intermolecular contacts including Y⋅⋅⋅H-X primary and Y⋅⋅⋅H-C secondary hydrogen bonds, H⋅⋅⋅H dihydrogen contacts, and non conventional anti-electrostatic Y δ - ⋯ X δ - interactions. The putative global minimum is triply degenerate, corresponding to the structure of the common dimer of a carboxylic acid. All quantum descriptors of chemical bonding point to a multitude of weak individual interactions within each dimer, whose cumulative effect results in large binding energies and in an attractive fluxional wall of non-covalent interactions in the interstitial region between the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge David
- Escuela de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Eafit, AA 3300, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doris Guerra
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dario Guerra
- Departamento de Educación y Ciencias Básicas, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Calle 73 No. 76 A-354, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Gómez S, Rojas-Valencia N, Gómez SA, Cappelli C, Merino G, Restrepo A. A molecular twist on hydrophobicity. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9233-9245. [PMID: 34276953 PMCID: PMC8261874 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough exploration of the molecular basis for hydrophobicity with a comprehensive set of theoretical tools and an extensive set of organic solvent S/water binary systems is discussed in this work. Without a single exception, regardless of the nature or structure of S, all quantum descriptors of bonding yield stabilizing S⋯water interactions, therefore, there is no evidence of repulsion and thus no reason for etymological hydrophobicity at the molecular level. Our results provide molecular insight behind the exclusion of S molecules by water, customarily invoked to explain phase separation and the formation of interfaces, in favor of a complex interplay between entropic, enthalpic, and dynamic factors. S⋯water interfaces are not just thin films separating the two phases; instead, they are non-isotropic regions with density gradients for each component whose macroscopic stability is provided by a large number of very weak dihydrogen contacts. We offer a definition of interface as the region in which the density of the components in the A/B binary system is not constant. At a fundamental level, our results contribute to better current understanding of hydrophobicity. Notwithstanding the very weak nature of individual contacts, it is the cumulative effect of a large number of interactions (green NCI surfaces) which provides macroscopic stability to the interfaces.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Natalia Rojas-Valencia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 Medellín Colombia .,Escuela de Ciencias y Humanidades, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Eafit AA 3300 Medellín Colombia
| | - Santiago A Gómez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 Medellín Colombia
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yucatan Mexico
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 Medellín Colombia
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Coa JC, Cardona-Galeano W, Restrepo A. Fe3+chelating quinoline–hydrazone hybrids with proven cytotoxicity, leishmanicidal, and trypanocidal activities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20382-20390. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases cause great concern in developing countries where there are millions of reported infected humans. Our calculations support a direct relationship between biological activity and the Fe3+chelating ability of the shown set of quinoline–hydrazone hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Coa
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia UdeA
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | | | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia UdeA
- Medellín
- Colombia
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Dreux KM, McNamara LE, Kelly JT, Wright AM, Hammer NI, Tschumper GS. Probing Dative and Dihydrogen Bonding in Ammonia Borane with Electronic Structure Computations and Raman under Nitrogen Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5884-5893. [PMID: 28696687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane and they have similar structures, BH3NH3 exhibits rather atypical bonding compared to that in CH3CH3. The central bond in ammonia borane is actually a coordinate covalent or dative bond rather than the conventional covalent C-C bond in ethane where each atom donates one electron. In addition, strong intermolecular dihydrogen bonds can form between two or more ammonia borane molecules compared to the relatively weak dispersion forces between ethane molecules. As a result, ammonia borane's physical properties are very sensitive to the environment. For example, gas-phase and solid-state ammonia borane have very different BN bond lengths and BN stretching frequencies, which led to much debate in the literature. It has been demonstrated that the use of cluster models based on experimental crystal structures led to better agreement between theory and experiment. Here, we employ a variety of cluster models to track how the interaction energies, bond lengths, and vibrational normal modes evolve with the size and structural characteristics of the clusters. The M06-2X/6-311++G(2df,2pd) level of theory was selected for this analysis on the basis of favorable comparison with CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ data for the ammonia borane monomer and dimer. Fourteen unique fully optimized molecular cluster geometries, (BH3NH3)n≤12, and nine crystal models, (BH3NH3)n≤19, were used to elucidate how the local environment impacts ammonia borane's physical properties. Computational results for the BN stretching frequencies are also compared directly to the Raman spectrum of solid ammonia borane at 77 K using Raman under liquid nitrogen spectroscopy (RUNS). A strong linear correlation was found to exist between the BN bond length and stretching frequency, from an isolated monomer to the most distorted BH3NH3 unit in a cluster or crystal structure model. Excellent agreement was seen between the frequencies computed for the largest crystal model and the RUNS experimental spectra (typically within a few wavenumbers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Dreux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University , Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Louis E McNamara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University , Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - John T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University , Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Ashley M Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University , Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University , Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Gregory S Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University , Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
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Farfán P, Echeverri A, Diaz E, Tapia JD, Gómez S, Restrepo A. Dimers of formic acid: Structures, stability, and double proton transfer. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:044312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Farfán
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea Echeverri
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Estefanía Diaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Tapia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Departamento de Educación y Ciencias Básicas, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Calle 73 No. 76A–354, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
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Vijayalakshmi KP, Suresh CH. Ammonia Borane Clusters: Energetics of Dihydrogen Bonding, Cooperativity, and the Role of Electrostatics. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2704-2714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunduchi P. Vijayalakshmi
- Analytical and Spectroscopy
Division, Analytical, Spectroscopy and Ceramics Group, Propellants,
Polymers, Chemicals and Materials Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram- 695022, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India
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Non-Covalent Interactions in Hydrogen Storage Materials LiN(CH3)2BH3 and KN(CH3)2BH3. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zapata-Escobar AD, Cárcamo-Camacho T, Hadad CZ, Restrepo A. On the nature of the trimer, tetramer, and pentamer of ammonia borane. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Flórez E, Acelas N, Ibargüen C, Mondal S, Cabellos JL, Merino G, Restrepo A. Microsolvation of NO3−: structural exploration and bonding analysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rich and complex structural diversity is uncovered in the microsolvation of the nitrate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Acelas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas
- Universidad de Medellín
- Colombia
| | - César Ibargüen
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas
- Universidad de Medellín
- Colombia
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia UdeA
| | - Sukanta Mondal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Unidad Mérida
- Mérida
- Mexico
| | - José Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Unidad Mérida
- Mérida
- Mexico
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Unidad Mérida
- Mérida
- Mexico
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia UdeA
- Medellín
- Colombia
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Ganguly M, Mondal C, Pal A, Pratik SM, Pal J, Pal T. Aggregation of nitroaniline in tetrahydrofuran through intriguing H-bond formation by sodium borohydride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:12865-74. [PMID: 24845227 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The participation of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in hydrogen bonding interactions and transient anion radical formation has been proved. Thus, the properties of NaBH4 are extended beyond the purview of its normal reducing capability and nucleophilic property. It is reported that ortho- and para-nitroanilines (NAs) form stable aggregates only in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of NaBH4 and unprecedented orange/red colorations are observed. The same recipe with nitrobenzene instead of nitroanilines (NAs) in the presence of NaBH4 evolves a transient rose red solution due to the formation of a highly fluorescent anion radical. Spectroscopic studies (UV-vis, fluorescence, RLS, Raman, NMR etc.) as well as theoretical calculations supplement the J-aggregate formation of NAs due to extensive hydrogen bonding. This is the first report where BH4(-) in THF has been shown to support such an aggregation process through H-bonding. It is further confirmed that stable intermolecular hydrogen bond-induced aggregation requires a geometrical match in both the nitro- and amino-functionalities attached to the phenyl ring with proper geometry. On the contrary, meta-nitroaniline remains as the odd man out and does not take part in such aggregation. Surprisingly, Au nanoparticles dismantle the J-aggregates of NA in THF. Explicit hydrogen bond formation in NA has been confirmed experimentally considering its promising applications in different fields including non-linear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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Golub IE, Gulyaeva ES, Filippov OA, Dyadchenko VP, Belkova NV, Epstein LM, Arkhipov DE, Shubina ES. Dihydrogen bond intermediated alcoholysis of dimethylamine-borane in nonaqueous media. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3853-68. [PMID: 25822484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylamine-borane (DMAB) acid/base properties, its dihydrogen-bonded (DHB) complexes and proton transfer reaction in nonaqueous media were investigated both experimentally (IR, UV/vis, NMR, and X-ray) and theoretically (DFT, NBO, QTAIM, and NCI). The effects of DMAB concentration, solvents polarity and temperature on the degree of DMAB self-association are shown and the enthalpy of association is determined experimentally for the first time (-ΔH°assoc = 1.5-2.3 kcal/mol). The first case of "improper" (blue-shifting) NH···F hydrogen bonds was observed in fluorobenzene and perfluorobenzene solutions. It was shown that hydrogen-bonded complexes are the intermediates of proton transfer from alcohols and phenols to DMAB. The reaction mechanism was examined computationally taking into account the coordinating properties of the reaction media. The values of the rate constants of proton transfer from HFIP to DMAB in acetone were determined experimentally [(7.9 ± 0.1) × 10(-4) to (1.6 ± 0.1) × 10(-3) mol(-1)·s(-1)] at 270-310 K. Computed activation barrier of this reaction ΔG(‡theor)298 K(acetone) = 23.8 kcal/mol is in good agreement with the experimental value of the activation free energy ΔG(‡exp)270 K = 21.1 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor E Golub
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,‡Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Gulyaeva
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,‡Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A Filippov
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor P Dyadchenko
- ‡Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Belkova
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lina M Epstein
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry E Arkhipov
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Shubina
- †A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Ibargüen C, Guerra D, Hadad CZ, Restrepo A. Very weak interactions: structures, energies and bonding in the tetramers and pentamers of hydrogen sulfide. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Amini SK. A systematic investigation of cooperativity between two types of hydrogen bonding in the nonlinear clusters of an aromatic molecule: Pyrazole. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cukrowski I, de Lange JH, Mitoraj M. Physical Nature of Interactions in ZnII Complexes with 2,2′-Bipyridyl: Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA), Noncovalent Interactions (NCI), and Extended Transition State Coupled with Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence (ETS-NOCV) Comparative Studies. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:623-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410744x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Cukrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Jurgens H. de Lange
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Mariusz Mitoraj
- K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena
3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
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Wolstenholme DJ, Roy MMD, Thomas ME, McGrady GS. Desorption of hydrogen from light metal hydrides: concerted electronic rearrangement and role of H⋯H interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3820-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00987h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synergic interplay of H⋯H and M–H interactions in the evolution of H2 from binary metal hydrides is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton, Canada E3B 5A3
| | - Michael E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton, Canada E3B 5A3
| | - G. Sean McGrady
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton, Canada E3B 5A3
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Parafiniuk M, Mitoraj MP. Origin of Binding of Ammonia–Borane to Transition-Metal-Based Catalysts: An Insight from the Charge and Energy Decomposition Method ETS-NOCV. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Parafiniuk
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow,
Poland
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mariusz Paweł Mitoraj
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow,
Poland
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Wolstenholme DJ, Flogeras J, Che FN, Decken A, McGrady GS. Homopolar Dihydrogen Bonding in Alkali Metal Amidoboranes: Crystal Engineering of Low-Dimensional Molecular Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2439-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311778k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Wolstenholme
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada
E3B 5A3
| | - Jenna Flogeras
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada
E3B 5A3
| | - Franklin N. Che
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada
E3B 5A3
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada
E3B 5A3
| | - G. Sean McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada
E3B 5A3
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