High-throughput combinatorial screening of multi-component electrolyte additives to improve the performance of Li metal secondary batteries

Data-driven material discovery has recently become popular in the field of next-generation secondary batteries. However, it is important to obtain large, high quality data sets to apply data-driven methods such as evolutionary algorithms or Bayesian optimization. Combinatorial high-throughput techniques are an effective approach to obtaining large data sets together with reliable quality. In the present study, we developed a combinatorial high-throughput system (HTS) with a throughput of 400 samples/day. The aim was to identify suitable combinations of additives to improve the performance of lithium metal electrodes for use in lithium batteries. Based on the high-throughput screening of 2002 samples, a specific combination of five additives was selected that drastically improved the coulombic efficiency (CE) of a lithium metal electrode. Importantly, the CE was remarkably decreased merely by removing one of these components, highlighting the synergistic basis of this mixture. The results of this study show that the HTS presented herein is a viable means of accelerating the discovery of ideal yet complex electrolytes with multiple components that are very difficult to identify via conventional bottom-up approach.

Unveiling the Intrinsic Cycle Reversibility of a LiCoO2 Electrode at 4.8-V Cutoff Voltage through Subtractive Surface Modification for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The thermodynamic instability of the LiCoO₂ layered structure at >0.5Li extraction has been considered an obstacle for the reversible utilization of its near theoretical capacity at high cutoff voltage (>4.6 V vs Li/Li⁺) in lithium-ion batteries. Many previous studies have focused on resolving this issue by surface modification of LiCoO₂, which has proven to be effective in suppressing phase transformation. To determine the extent to which surface protection of LiCoO₂ is effective despite its thermodynamic instability and presumably incomplete reversibility involving the O1 phase, here we verify the intrinsic reversibility of bulk LiCoO₂ with extended lithium extraction by ruling out the effect of a surface. Specifically, first, we show that, contrary to conventional belief, electrochemical cycling of LiCoO₂ at a cutoff voltage of 4.8 V (vs Li/Li⁺) results in better cycle stability and lower polarizations than those at 4.6 V. We demonstrate, using an exhaustive suite of characterization tools, that the rapid cycle degradation under high-voltage cycling is mostly caused by the formation of a surface resistive layer; however, these damaged surfaces are leached out faster than they are accumulated above a certain potential, which results in superior cyclability compared with that achieved for less oxidative 4.6-V cycling. This beneficial leaching out of the resistive surface layer serves as a "subtractive" surface modification and plays a role in enhancing the cycle stability and is distinguished from conventional "additive" surface modification such as coating. This approach allows us to decouple factors of the bulk and surface degradations that contribute to the capacity fade and leads to the finding that, in the absence of a resistive surface, the capacity retention of a LiCoO₂ electrode with 4.8-V cutoff cycling can be intrinsically high, indicating that the instability of the crystalline Li _xCoO₂ ( x < 0.5) has a limited effect on the cycle stability. Our findings also explain why the strategy of coating foreign materials on the surface of LiCoO₂ can improve the high-voltage cycling to some extent despite the expected thermodynamic instability of the highly charged phase.